-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: With the development of polymer-based biomaterials, aliphatic polyesters have attracted considerable interest because of their non-toxicity, non-allergenic property, and good biocompatibility. However, the hydrophobic nature and the lack of side chain functionalities of aliphatic polyesters limit their biomedical applications. In this study, we prepared four new polyesters: poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphotidylcholine)-, poly(ethylene glycol)-, and quaternized poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]-grafted poly(propargyl glycolide)-co-poly(ɛ-caprolactone). Their synthesis was conducted through ring-opening polymerization of acetylene-functionalized lactones and subsequent graft of bioactive units using click chemistry. The chemical structures of the polyesters were characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and their physical properties (including molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and melting point) were determined using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. For studies on their hydrophilicity, stability, and anti-bioadhesive property, a series of polymeric surfaces of these polyesters was prepared by coating them onto glass substrates. The hydrophilicity and stability of these polyester surfaces were examined by contact angle measurements and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their anti-bioadhesive property was investigated through protein adsorption, as well as cellular and bacterial adhesion assays. The prepared polyesters showed good hydrophilicity and long-lasting stability, as well as significant anti-fouling property. The newly prepared polyesters could be developed as promising anti-fouling materials with extensive biomedical applications.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 02/2013; 108C:34-43. · 2.60 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A series of new matrinic acid derivatives 5a-e was synthesized. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The anti-tumor activities were also investigated in vitro by evaluating the effect of synthesized compounds on the proliferation of A375, A549, HeLa, and HepG2 cells. Compound 5e was found to be the most potent against A375 and HeLa cells, with IC50 values of 37 and 75.5 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 5b, 5c, 5g, and 5h also exhibited antiproliferative activities against A549 cells, with IC50 values within the 36.2-47 μg/mL range. For HepG2 cells, 5e and 5i, with IC50 values of 78.9 and 61 μg/mL, respectively, showed higher antiproliferative activity than taxol.
Molecules 01/2013; 18(5):5420-33. · 2.39 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent microfluidic advancements in oxygen gradients have greatly promoted controllable oxygen-sensitive cellular investigations at microscale resolution. However, multi-gradient integration in a single microfluidic device for tissue-mimicking cell investigation is not yet well established. In this study, we describe a method that can generate oxygen and chemical concentration gradients in a single microfluidic device via the formation of an oxygen gradient in a chamber and a chemical concentration gradient between adjacent chambers. The oxygen gradient dynamics were systematically investigated, and were quantitatively controlled using simple exchange between the aerial oxygen and the oxygen-free conditions in the gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane channel. Meanwhile, the chemical gradient dynamics was generated using a special channel-branched device. For potential medical applications of the established oxygen and chemical concentration gradients, a tumor cell therapy assessment was performed using two antitumor drugs (tirapazamine and bleomycin) and two tumor cell lines (human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells). The results of the proof-of-concept experiment indicate the dose-dependent antitumor effect of the drugs and hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity of tirapazamine. We demonstrate that the integration of oxygen and chemical concentration gradients in a single device can be applied to investigating oxygen- and chemical-sensitive cell events, which can also be valuable in the development of multi-gradient generating procedures and specific drug screening.
Lab on a Chip 12/2012; · 5.67 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the methodological development of a spatiotemporally controllable investigation of the damage events in myocardial infarction remains challengeable. In the present study, we describe a micropillar array-aided tissue interface mimicking microfluidic device for the dynamic study of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury in a microenvironment-controllable manner. The mass distribution in the device was visually characterized, calculated, and systematically evaluated using the micropillar-assisted biomimetic interface, physiologically relevant flows, and multitype transportation. The fluidic microenvironment in the specifically functional chamber for cell positioning and analysis was successfully constructed with high fluidic relevance to the myocardial tissue. We also performed a microenvironment-controlled microfluidic cultivation of myocardial cells with high viability and regular structure integration. Using the well-established culture device with a tissue-mimicking microenvironment, a further on-chip investigation of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury was carried out, and the varying apoptotic responses of myocardial cells were temporally monitored and measured. The results show that the hypoxia directionally resulted in observable cell shrinkage, disintegration of the cytoskeleton, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and obvious activation of Caspase-3, which indicates its significant apoptosis effect on myocardial cells. We believe this microfluidic device can be suitable for temporal investigations of cell activities and responses in myocardial infarction. It is also potentially valuable to the micro-control development of tissue-simulated studies of multiple clinical organ/tissue disease dynamics.
Analytical Chemistry 12/2012; · 5.86 Impact Factor
-
Xueqin Wang,
Qin Tu,
Bin Zhao,
Yanfei An,
Jian-Chun Wang,
Wenming Liu,
Mao-Sen Yuan,
Saeed Mahmoud Ahmed,
Juan Xu, Rui Liu,
Yanrong Zhang,
Jinyi Wang
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been extensively shown to play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. The effects of endogenous ROS on the proliferation and differentiation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have received increasing attention because of the unique properties of these cells that allow them to drive tumor growth and evade conventional cancer therapies. In this study, poly(l-Lysine) (PLL)-modified Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were synthesized to label CSCs derived from U251 glioblastoma multiform. A featured peroxidase-like activity within PLL-modified Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles that could greatly reduce intracellular H(2)O(2) activity was identified. We also found that PLL-modified Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles could accelerate the progression of CSC cell cycle, probably due to the impaired activity of endogenous ROS in CSCs. These results show that growth and proliferation of CSCs could be promoted by Fe(3)O(4) nanocarriers in an ROS-dependent manner, and Fe(3)O(4) nanocarriers may be suitable for certain tumor therapies as a drug delivery system.
Biomaterials 11/2012; · 7.40 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A new antifouling polyester monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-lactide)-b-poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (MPEG-PLA-PSBMA) was obtained by ring-opening polymerization of l-lactide, and subsequent click chemistry to graft the azide end-functionalized poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) moieties onto the alkyne end-functionalized MPEG-PLA (MPEG-PLA-alkyne). The chemical structure of the polymer was characterized using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and its physical properties (including molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and melting point) were determined using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. To investigate its hydrophilicity and stability, as well as its antifouling properties, the polymer was also prepared as a surface coating on glass substrates. The wettability and stability of this polyester was examined by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, its antifouling properties were investigated via protein adsorption, cell adhesion studies, and bacterial attachment assays. The results suggest that the prepared zwitterionic polyester exhibits durable wettability and stability, as well as significant antifouling properties. The new zwitterionic polyester MPEG-PLA-PSBMA could be developed as a promising antifouling material with extensive biomedical applications.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 08/2012; 102C:331-340. · 2.60 Impact Factor
-
Li Li,
Li Ren,
Wenming Liu,
Jian-Chun Wang,
Yaolei Wang,
Qin Tu,
Juan Xu, Rui Liu,
Yanrong Zhang,
Mao-Sen Yuan,
Tianbao Li,
Jinyi Wang
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Studies on the degeneration and regeneration of neurons as individual compartments of axons or somata can provide critical information for the clinical therapy of nervous system diseases. A controllable in vitro platform for multiple purposes is key to such studies. In the present study, we describe an integrated microfluidic device designed for achieving localized stimulation to neuronal axons or somata. We observed neuronal compartment degeneration after localized chemical stimulation and regeneration under the accessorial function of an interesting compound treatment or coculture with desired cells in controllable chambers. In a spatiotemporally controlled manner, this device was used to investigate hippocampal neuronal soma and axon degeneration after acrylamide stimulation, as well as subsequent regeneration after treatment with the monosialoganglioside GM1 or with cocultured glial cells (astrocytes or Schwann cells). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that mediate neuronal injury and regeneration, as well as to investigate whether acrylamide stimulation to neurons induces changes in Ca(2+) concentrations, the related neuronal genes and real-time Ca(2+) signal in neurons were also analyzed. The results showed that neuronal axons were more resistant to acrylamide injury than neuronal somata. Under localized stimulation, axons had self-destruct programs different from somata, and somatic injury caused the secondary response of axon collapse. This study provides a foundation for future in-depth analyses of spatiotemporally controlled and multifactor neuronal compartment regeneration after various injuries. The microfluidic device is also useful in evaluating potential therapeutic strategies to treat chemical injuries involving the central nervous system.
Analytical Chemistry 07/2012; 84(15):6444-53. · 5.86 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Thrombus formation and microbial invasion are two major complications that impede the widespread application of blood-contacting devices. The development of new materials that have blood compatibility and antibacterial adhesion activity has gained increased attention. In this study, a new class of polymers composed of hydrophilic dendronized polyethylene glycol (PEG) methacrylate and hydrophobic octyne monomethyl ether-glycidyl methacrylate was synthesized via click chemistry and free radical polymerization. Different polymers were synthesized by changing the ratio of the two monomers. The structures of the synthesized polymers were characterized by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Their physical properties such as molecular weight, polydispersity, and glass transition temperature were determined using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The synthesized polymers were coated on glass slides to prepare a series of polymeric surfaces. Contact angle measurements and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the polymeric surfaces had long-lasting stability. The introduction of the monomer dendronized PEG methacrylate to the polymers greatly improved the hydrophilicity of the polymeric surfaces. The blood compatibility of the synthesized polymers was evaluated by protein (bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen) adsorption and platelet adhesion assays. Their antibacterial adhesion ability was investigated using the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated that the amount of adsorbed protein, platelets, and bacteria on the polymeric surfaces decreased with increased content of the hydrophilic monomer dendronized PEG methacrylate in the polymers. However, no obvious difference was observed when such content exceeded 50 mol%. The results suggested that the new kind of polymer could be developed as a promising blood-contact coating material that may have extensive medical applications.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 04/2012; 97:226-35. · 2.60 Impact Factor
-
Li Ren,
Jian-Chun Wang,
Wenming Liu,
Qin Tu, Rui Liu,
Xueqin Wang,
Juan Xu,
Yaolei Wang,
Yanrong Zhang,
Li Li,
Jinyi Wang
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The present study presents a new microfluidic device integrated with pneumatic microvalves and a membrane mixer for enzyme-based immunoassay of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) biomarkers, namely, myoglobin, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). Superparamagnetic microspheres with carboxyl groups on their surfaces were used as antibody solid carriers. A membrane mixer consisting of four ψ-type membrane valves was assembled under the reaction chamber for on-chip performing microsphere trapping and reagent mixing. The entire immunoassay process, including microsphere capture, reagent input, mixing, and subsequent reaction, was accomplished on the device either automatically or manually. The post-reaction substrate resultant was analyzed using a microplate reader. The results show that the average absorbance value is correlated with the concentration of cardiac markers, in agreement with the results obtained using a conventional microsphere-based immunoassay; this indicated that the proposed on-chip immunoassay protocol could be used to detect both myoglobin and H-FABP. The minimum detectable concentration is 5 ng/mL for myoglobin and 1 ng/mL for H-FABP.
Biosensors & bioelectronics 02/2012; 35(1):147-54. · 5.43 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A series of nitrogen-containing apigenin analogs 4a-j was synthesized via Mannich reactions to develop anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents from plant-derived flavonoids. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS. The in vitro biological activities of the analogs were evaluated via assays of their antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The prepared apigenin analogs exhibited different antiproliferative activities against four human cancer cell lines, namely human cervical (HeLa), human hepatocellular liver (HepG2), human lung (A549), and human breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. Compound 4i showed the most favorable in vitro antiproliferative activity with IC50 values of 40, 40, 223, and 166 μg/mL against HeLa, HepG2, A549, and MCF-7, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay also showed that 4i had the most potent antioxidant activity, with the smallest IC50 value (334.8 μg/mL). The antibacterial activities of the analogs were determined using a two-fold serial dilution technique against four pathogenic bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the prepared apigenin analogs exhibited more potent activities than the parent apigenin. Compounds 4h and 4j, in particular, exhibited the best inhibitory activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 3.91 and 1.95 μg/mL, respectively.
Molecules 01/2012; 17(12):14748-64. · 2.39 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: On the basis of the host-guest interactions between azobenzenes and cyclodextrins, a new strategy for the preparation of a dually functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surface was investigated using surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and click chemistry. The PDMS substrates were first oxidized in a H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) solution to transform the surface Si-CH(3) groups into Si-OH groups. Then, the SI-ATRP initiator 3-(2-bromoisobutyramido)propyl(trime-thoxy)silane was grafted onto the substrates through a silanization reaction. Sequentially, the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units were introduced onto the PDMS-Br surfaces via SI-ATRP reaction using oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate. Afterward, the bromide groups on the surface were converted to azido groups via nucleophilic substitution reaction with NaN(3). Finally, the azido-grafted PDMS surfaces were subjected to a click reaction with alkynyl and PEG-modified β-cyclodextrins, resulting in the grafting of cyclodextrins onto the PDMS surfaces. The composition and chemical state of the modified surfaces were characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the stability and dynamic characteristics of the cyclodextrin-modified PDMS substrates were investigated via attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and temporal contact angle experiments. The surface morphology of the modified PDMS surfaces was characterized through imaging using a multimode atomic force microscope. A protein adsorption assay using Alexa Fluor594-labeled bovine serum albumin, Alexa Fluor594-labeled chicken egg albumin, and FITC-labeled lysozyme shows that the prepared PDMS surfaces possess good protein-repelling properties. On-surface studies on the interactions between azobenzenes and the cyclodextrin-modified surfaces reveal that the reversible binding of azobenzene to the cyclodextrin-modified PDMS surfaces and its subsequent release can be reversibly controlled using UV irradiation. Sandwich fluoroimmunoassay of the cardiac markers myoglobin and fatty acid-binding protein demonstrates that the cyclodextrin-modified PDMS surfaces can be repeatedly utilized in disease biomarker analysis.
Analytical Chemistry 11/2011; 83(24):9651-9. · 5.86 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The current paper reports the synthesis of a highly hydrophilic, antifouling dendronized poly(3,4,5-tris(2-(2-(2-hydroxylethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)benzyl methacrylate) (PolyPEG) brush using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) on PDMS substrates. The PDMS substrates were first oxidized in H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) solution to transform the Si-CH(3) groups on their surfaces into Si-OH groups. Subsequently, a surface initiator for ATRP was immobilized onto the PDMS surface, and PolyPEG was finally grafted onto the PDMS surface via copper-mediated ATRP. Various characterization techniques, including contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were used to ascertain the successful grafting of the PolyPEG brush onto the PDMS surface. Furthermore, the wettability and stability of the PDMS-PolyPEG surface were examined by contact angle measurements. Anti-adhesion properties were investigated via protein adsorption, as well as bacterial and cell adhesion studies. The results suggest that the PDMS-PolyPEG surface exhibited durable wettability and stability, as well as significantly anti-adhesion properties, compared with native PDMS surfaces. Additionally, our results present possible uses for the PDMS-PolyPEG surface as adhesion barriers and anti-fouling or functional surfaces in biomedical applications.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 06/2011; 88(1):85-92. · 2.60 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Rice-like polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) composed of a new redox-responsive polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) (MPEG-SS-PLA), were prepared to carry paclitaxel (PTX) for glutathione (GSH)-regulated drug delivery. The PTX-loaded MPEG-SS-PLA NPs were fabricated using an optimized oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The size and morphology of the prepared NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results demonstrate that the NPs were dispersed as individual particles and were rice-shaped. The PTX loading efficiency, in vitro release, and stability of the NPs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC results revealed that the NPs released almost 90% PTX within 96 h when GSH presented at intracellular concentrations, whereas only a very small PTX amount was released at plasma GSH levels. The in vitro cytotoxicities of the NPs against A549, MCF-7, and HeLa carcinoma cells were assessed using a standard methyl thiazolyl tetrazoliun (MTT) assay. The MTT assay results show that the NPs caused concentration- and time-dependent changes in cell viability. To investigate the cellular uptake of the PTX-loaded NPs, visual endocytosis assay was performed using the fluorescent dye coumarin-6 as a model drug. The endocytosis assay results reveal rapid penetration and intracellular accumulation of coumarin-6-loaded NPs, as well as rapid coumarin-6 dispersion from the NPs. Overall, these findings establish that the NPs containing the synthesized redox-responsive polymer MPEG-SS-PLA can be used as potential carrier systems for antitumor drug delivery.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 06/2011; 87(2):454-63. · 2.60 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus are common contagious viral diseases of dogs and many other carnivores, and pose a severe threat to the population dynamics of wild carnivores, as well as endangering carnivore conservation. However, clinical diagnosis of these diseases, especially canine distemper and canine parvovirus, is difficult because of the broad spectrum of symptoms that may be confused with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. The most frequently used and proven techniques for diagnosing viral diseases include the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), mouse neutralisation test (MNT), and fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. However, these methods still have some inherent limitations. In this study, a magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay was developed to detect canine virus specific antibodies, human rabies immunoglobulin, CDV McAbs, and CPV McAbs. In this assay, an avidin-biotin system was employed to combine magnetic microbeads and virus antigens (rabies virus, canine distemper virus, and canine parvovirus). Quantification of the targeted virus antibodies was analyzed through indirect fluoroimmunoassay using the specific antigen-antibody reaction, as well as their corresponding FITC-labeled detection antibodies (mouse anti-human IgG/FITC conjugate or rabbit anti-dog IgG/FITC conjugate). The results indicated that the fluorescence intensity increased when a higher concentration of the targeted analyte was used, but the control had almost no fluorescence, much like the conventional ELISA. For human rabies immunoglobulin, CDV McAbs, and CPV McAbs, the minimum detectable concentrations were 0.2 IU/mL, 0.3 ng/mL, and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. All of these results indicate that this assay can be employed to determine the presence of canine virus specific antibodies. In addition, the method devised here can be utilized as a general protocol in other bacterial and viral marker analysis.
Biosensors & bioelectronics 03/2011; 26(7):3353-60. · 5.43 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Driven by clinical needs, nerve regeneration studies have recently become the focus of research and area of growth in tissue engineering. Biomimetic polymer synthesis and functional interface construction is a promising solution to induce neuritic sprouting and guide the regenerating nerve. However, few studies have been made on primary hippocampal neurons. In this study, a new type of acetylcholine-like biomimetic polymers for their potential in biomaterial-modulated nerve regeneration application is synthesized using click chemistry and free radical polymerization. The structure of the synthesized polymers includes a "bioactive" unit (acetylcholine-like unit) and a "bioinert" unit [poly(ethylene glycol) unit]. To explore the effects of the bioactive unit and the bioinert unit on neuronal growth, different ratios of the two initial monomers poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether-glycidyl methacrylate (MePEG-GMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were employed and five different polymers were synthesized. Their chemical structures were characterized using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and their physical properties (including molecular weight, polydispersity, glass transition temperature, and melting point) were determined using gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. Culturing of the primary rat hippocampal neurons on the polymeric surfaces show that the ratio of the two initial monomers utilized for polymer synthesis significantly affects neuronal growth. Rat hippocampal neurons show different growth morphologies on different polymeric surfaces. The polymeric surface prepared with 1:60 (mol/mol) of MePEG-GMA to DMAEMA induces neuronal regenerative responses similar to that on poly-l-lysine, a very common benchmark material for nerve cell cultures. These results suggest that acetylcholine-like biomimetic polymers are potential biomaterials for neural engineering applications, particularly in modulating the growth of hippocampal neurons.
Biomaterials 02/2011; 32(12):3253-64. · 7.40 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Metastasis caused by the entry of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels is a major factor contributing to death in cancer patients. Separation of CTCs and studies on CTC-drug interactions are very important for prognostic and therapeutic implications of metastatic cancer. In this study, an integrated microfluidic device for CTC separation through the combination of lectin and microstructure is presented. This microfluidic device and lectin concanavalin A were utilized for the separation of K562 cells in whole blood samples. The results showed that the separation efficiency can reach 84%, which is much higher than that of an experiment without concanavalin A treatment. To further demonstrate the feasibility of this microfluidic device application in sequential studies after target cells were separated, the interactions of K562 cells and an anticancer drug, cytarabine, were also examined. After 6 h on-chip treatment with cytarabine, the viabilities of K562 cells were 85.29, 77.05, and 40% for drug concentration levels of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L, respectively. This system can facilitate the rapid and efficient in vitro investigation of CTC separation and CTC-related studies.
Electrophoresis 09/2010; 31(18):3159-66. · 3.30 Impact Factor
