R P Blackwell

Publications of R P Blackwell

• Public exposure to radio waves near GSM microcell and picocell base stations.

  Authors: T G Cooper, S M Mann, M Khalid, R P Blackwell

  Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection. 07/2006; 26(2):199-211.

  Exposures of the general public to radio waves at locations near 20 randomly selected GSM microcell and picocell base stations in the UK have been assessed in the context of the InternationalExposures of the general public to radio waves at locations near 20 randomly selected GSM microcell and picocell base stations in the UK have been assessed in the context of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. Compliance distances were calculated for the antennas of the base stations from their reported radiated powers. Under pessimistic assumptions that would maximise exposures, the minimum height at which the general public reference level could potentially be exceeded near any of the base station antennas was calculated to be 2.4 m above ground level. The power densities of the broadcast carriers transmitted by the base stations have been measured and scaled to include all other possible carriers. Exposures were generally in the range 0.002-2% of the ICNIRP general public reference level, and the greatest exposure quotient near any of the base stations was 8.6%. Exposures close to microcell base stations were found to be generally greater than those close to macrocell base stations.

• Assessment of occupational exposure to radiofrequency fields and radiation.

  Authors: T G Cooper, S G Allen, R P Blackwell, I Litchfield, S M Mann, J M Pope, M J A van Tongeren

  Radiation protection dosimetry. 02/2004; 111(2):191-203.

  The use of personal monitors for the assessment of exposure to radiofrequency fields and radiation in potential future epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed populations has beenThe use of personal monitors for the assessment of exposure to radiofrequency fields and radiation in potential future epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed populations has been investigated. Data loggers have been developed for use with a commercially available personal monitor and these allowed personal exposure records consisting of time-tagged measurements of electric and magnetic field strength to be accrued over extended periods of the working day. The instrumentation was worn by workers carrying out tasks representative of some of their typical daily activities at a variety of radio sites. The results indicated significant differences in the exposures of workers in various RF environments. A number of measures of exposure have been examined with a view to assessing possible exposure metrics for epidemiological studies. There was generally a good correlation between a given measure of electric field strength and the same measure of magnetic field strength.

• Exposure to power frequency electric fields and the risk of childhood cancer in the UK.

  Authors: J Skinner, T J Mee, R P Blackwell, M P Maslanyj, J Simpson, S G Allen, N E Day, K K Cheng, E Gilman, D Williams [......] M Mott, C E D Chilvers, K Muir, R Doll, C M Taylor, M Greaves, D Goodhead, F A Fry, G Adams, G Law

  British journal of cancer. 11/2002; 87(11):1257-66.

  The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study covering the whole of Great Britain, incorporated a pilot study measuring electric fields. Measurements were made inThe United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study covering the whole of Great Britain, incorporated a pilot study measuring electric fields. Measurements were made in the homes of 473 children who were diagnosed with a malignant neoplasm between 1992 and 1996 and who were aged 0-14 at diagnosis, together with 453 controls matched on age, sex and geographical location. Exposure assessments comprised resultant spot measurements in the child's bedroom and the family living-room. Temporal stability of bedroom fields was investigated through continuous logging of the 48-h vertical component at the child's bedside supported by repeat spot measurements. The principal exposure metric used was the mean of the pillow and bed centre measurements. For the 273 cases and 276 controls with fully validated measures, comparing those with a measured electric field exposure >/=20 V m(-1) to those in a reference category of exposure <10 V m(-1), odds ratios of 1.31 (95% confidence interval 0.68-2.54) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 1.32 (95% confidence interval 0.73-2.39) for total leukaemia, 2.12 (95% confidence interval 0.78-5.78) for central nervous system cancers and 1.26 (95% confidence interval 0.77-2.07) for all malignancies were obtained. When considering the 426 cases and 419 controls with no invalid measures, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.49-1.51) for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 0.93 (95% confidence interval 0.56-1.54) for total leukaemia, 1.43 (95% confidence interval 0.68-3.02) for central nervous system cancers and 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.59-1.35) for all malignancies. With exposure modelled as a continuous variable, odds ratios for an increase in the principal metric of 10 V m(-1) were close to unity for all disease categories, never differing significantly from one.

• Low-level exposure to pulsed 900 MHz microwave radiation does not cause deficits in the performance of a spatial learning task in mice.

  Authors: Z J Sienkiewicz, R P Blackwell, R G Haylock, R D Saunders, B L Cobb

  Bioelectromagnetics. 05/2000; 21(3):151-8.

  There is some concern that short-term memory loss or other cognitive effects may be associated with the use of mobile cellular telephones. In this experiment, the effect of repeated, acute exposureThere is some concern that short-term memory loss or other cognitive effects may be associated with the use of mobile cellular telephones. In this experiment, the effect of repeated, acute exposure to a low intensity 900 MHz radiofrequency (RF) field pulsed at 217 Hz was explored using an appetitively-motivated spatial learning and working memory task. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed under far field conditions in a GTEM cell for 45 min each day for 10 days at an average whole-body specific energy absorption rate (SAR) of 0.05 W/kg. Their performance in an 8-arm radial maze was compared to that of sham-exposed control animals. All behavioral assessments were performed without handlers having knowledge of the exposure status of the animals. Animals were tested in the maze immediately following exposure or after a delay of 15 or 30 min. No significant field-dependent effects on performance were observed in choice accuracy or in total times to complete the task across the experiment. These results suggest that exposure to RF radiation simulating a digital wireless telephone (GSM) signal under the conditions of this experiment does not affect the acquisition of the learned response. Further studies are planned to explore the effects of other SARs on learned behavior. Bioelectromagnetics 21:151-158, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

• SCALC: low-cost microwave network analysis and optimisation

  Authors: R.P. Blackwell, I.F. White

  Effective Microwave CAD Tools (Ref. No. 1999/064), IEE Colloquium on; 02/1999

  SCALC is low-cost analysis and optimisation package for linear (small-signal) RF networks. It makes extensive use of S-parameters, and thus SCALC is particularly suitable for applications in the VHFSCALC is low-cost analysis and optimisation package for linear (small-signal) RF networks. It makes extensive use of S-parameters, and thus SCALC is particularly suitable for applications in the VHF to microwave region. SCALC can analyse networks of up to 20 circuit elements, comprising passive components (with parasitic reactances and finite Q) and active components that are characterised by files of frequency-dependent S-parameter data. The results of an SCALC analysis are also S-parameters, which can be saved to similar datafiles, and can later be recalled into a higher-level system analysis. Unlike most low-cost analysis packages, SCALC includes a powerful optimiser. This paper will introduce the main features of SCALC and present some simple examples of its use

• The effects of low-level radiofrequency and microwave radiation on brain tissue and animal behaviour.

  Authors: R P Blackwell, R D Saunders

  International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine. 12/1986; 50(5):761-87.

  There has been much public interest and controversy about the effects of exposure to low levels of microwave and radiofrequency radiation. Of particular interest are reports of radiation-inducedThere has been much public interest and controversy about the effects of exposure to low levels of microwave and radiofrequency radiation. Of particular interest are reports of radiation-induced changes in brain tissue and animal behaviour. This review considers the evidence supporting some of these effects. The main conclusions of the review are: The levels of tracer substances in the brain tissue of conscious or anaesthetized animals can be altered by acute exposure to microwave radiation that is sufficient to raise the brain temperature by several degrees Celsius. However, the results of such experiments are difficult to interpret, being in some cases contradictory or influenced by various confounding factors, and the data cannot be considered sufficient to recommend a threshold for human tolerance. The evidence that calcium ion exchange in living nervous tissues is affected by amplitude-modulated radiofrequency and microwave radiation is inconclusive. Exposure sufficient to cause an increase in core temperature of about 1 degree C, corresponding to specific energy absorption rates of about 2-8 W kg-1 may adversely affect animal behaviour.

• Effects of extremely-low-frequency electric fields on neuronal activity in rat brain.

  Authors: R P Blackwell

  Bioelectromagnetics. 02/1986; 7(4):425-34.

  The effects of 50-, 30-, and 15-Hz electric field exposure on the activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the brain of anaesthetized rats were studied. Exposure to fields of 100 V/mThe effects of 50-, 30-, and 15-Hz electric field exposure on the activity of spontaneously firing neurons in the brain of anaesthetized rats were studied. Exposure to fields of 100 V/m (peak-to-peak, in air) produced no effect on the overall rate of neuronal firing, but some synchronicity with the period of the exposure waveform was seen with 15- and 30-Hz electric fields.

• Effects of electric field exposure on some indices of CNS arousal in the mouse.

  Authors: R P Blackwell, A L Reed

  Bioelectromagnetics. 02/1985; 6(1):105-7.

  Mice given ELF electric field exposures of 50-400 Vm-1 at frequencies of 15, 30, and 50 Hz failed to display any significant changes in barbiturate sleeping time or exploratory activity.

• Standards for microwave radiation.

  Authors: R P Blackwell

  Nature. 12/1979; 282(5737):360.