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ABSTRACT: Data from subjects with normal and partially obstructed airways were used to compare the goodness of fit and sensitivity to abnormal air flow from Rohrer's equation and a right hyperbolic equation. The two goodness of fit measures used (adjusted R <sup>2</sup> and standard error of the estimate) indicate that the right hyperbole did not fit the data significantly better than Rohrer's equation. Only parameters derived from Rohrer's equation could discriminate between the normal and partially obstructed airways
Bioengineering Conference, 1990., Proceedings of the 1990 Sixteenth Annual Northeast; 04/1990
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ABSTRACT: Little is known about the influence of cigarette smoking on the ability to smell; previous studies on this topic have led to contradictory findings and have failed to take into account smoking dose and duration. In the present study, the 40-odorant University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was administered to 638 subjects for whom detailed smoking histories were available. Smoking was found to be adversely associated with odor identification ability in a dose-related manner in both current and previous cigarette smokers. Among previous smokers, improvement in olfactory function was related to the time elapsed since the cessation of smoking. Logistic regression analysis found current smokers to be nearly twice as likely to evidence an olfactory deficit than persons who have never smoked. Overall, the data suggest that (1) smoking causes long-term but reversible adverse effects on the ability to smell and (2) the failure of some studies to demonstrate smoking effects may be caused by the inclusion of persons with a history of smoking in the nonsmoking groups.
JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association 04/1990; 263(9):1233-6. · 30.03 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Fluprazine hydrochloride (DU 27716) decreases copulatory and offensive attack behaviors of male rats and increases their latency to locate buried food in an open field. Since such behaviors are mediated to some degree by the olfactory system, several investigators have hypothesized that this drug may produce an overall impairment in olfactory sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, the influences of five doses of fluprazine hydrochloride (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg IP) on the odor detection performance of 12 adult male Long Evans rats was assessed, relative to saline, using high precision olfactometry and a go/no-go operant odor detection task. Treatments were administered every 3rd day in counterbalanced order, with the drug or saline injections occurring 30 minutes before the 260-trial test sessions. No significant influence of fluprazine was observed on odor detection performance, as measured by the nonparametric signal detection sensitivity index SI and the percentage of correct trials. These results indicate that fluprazine does not induce generalized olfactory impairment.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 04/1990; 35(3):699-703. · 2.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of adult castration on the male rat's ability to detect ethyl acetate odor was measured with high-precision olfactometry and a go-no-go signal detection task. Castration was found to significantly mitigate the tendency observed in sham castrates to improve detection performance across an 18-week postoperative test period. No significant castration-related alterations on the responsivity or S+ response latency measures were observed. These findings indicate that castration influences the male rat's ability to improve odor detection performance over time, although it is not known whether this effect is attributable to sensory or to memory mechanisms.
Behavioral Neuroscience 07/1989; 103(3):691-4. · 2.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An investigation of the olfactory function of 731 workers at a chemical facility which manufacturers acrylates and methacrylates was undertaken using a standardized quantitative test. In a cross-sectional analysis of the data, no associations of chemical exposure with olfactory test scores were observed. A nested case-control study designed to evaluate the cumulative effects of exposure on olfactory function, however, revealed elevated crude exposure odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.0 (1.1, 3.8) for all workers and 6.0 (1.7, 21.5) for workers who never smoked cigarettes. Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for multiple confounders, revealed exposure odds ratios of 2.8 (1.1, 7.0) and 13.5 (2.1, 87.6) in these same groups, respectively, and a dose-response relationship between olfactory dysfunction and cumulative exposure scores--semi-quantitative indices of lifetime exposure to the acrylates. The data also revealed decreasing exposure odds ratios with increasing duration since last exposure to these chemicals, suggesting that the effects may be reversible.
American Journal of Public Health 06/1989; 79(5):613-8. · 3.93 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The internal consistency reliability (ICR) of the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fractions was explored, as well as the relationships between the fractions and the entire 40-item test. Pearson correlation coefficients (rs) were computed among all independent combinations and permutations of the four 10-item UPSIT booklets using data from 774 subjects. The median r values of the 10- and 20-item combinations were used to establish the ICRs of the 10- and 20-item tests. The ICRs of the 30- and 40-item tests were estimated using the Spearman-Brown formula and the median rs of the 20-item combinations. Additional ICR estimates of the 40-item UPSIT were obtained from nonsymmetrical fractions using the Horst formula. The ICRs for the UPSIT and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fractions were 0.922, 0.752, 0.855 and 0.898, respectively. No major sex differences emerged. Estimates of correlations between (1) single booklets and two-booklet combinations and (2) the 40-item UPSIT using Guilford's (1953) correction for nonindependence ranged from 0.812 to 0.871. Overall, these results indicate that (1) the UPSIT and its 10-, 20-, and 30-item fragments have very high ICRs and (2) individual UPSIT booklets or their combinations can be used to assess smell function in a reliable manner where extreme time constraints are present (e.g., in surveys and in brief neuropsychological test batteries).
Perception & Psychophysics 06/1989; 45(5):381-4. · 1.37 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This article has reviewed studies that document a relationship between loss of smell function and disturbances in nasal airflow function. In some cases (for example, hypertrophied adenoids and nasal sinus disease), medical or surgical intervention appears to be useful in restoring some, if not all, of the smell loss associated with the disorder. In other cases (for example, septoplasty), empirical evidence of such efficacy is wanting. Given the current research interest on these topics, however, a clear understanding of both the positive and negative influences of surgical and medical interventions in most cases of obstructive nasal disease or malformities will be forthcoming.
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 05/1989; 22(2):397-411. · 1.65 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The shelf life of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was studied by comparing, using a within-subjects design, scores for tests manufactured within 2 months of the time of testing, 2 1/2 years before the time of testing, and 4 years before testing. A three-way analysis of variance (test age by gender by booklet presentation order) revealed no significant effects of test age, presentation order, or any of the interactions on the average test scores. However, a significant gender main effect was observed (the women outperformed the men). The number of persons who correctly identified each test item was examined using the Cochran Q test. A significant difference was found among the three groups for only one of the 40 items (lemon). The percentage of persons who correctly identified lemon was lowest with the 4-year-old tests (respective percentages of correct values for the recent, 2 1/2-year, and 4-year tests were 100%, 97%, and 67%). It is not clear, however, whether this variation is the result of test age, per se, or vagaries in the manufacturing process. Overall, the data indicate that tests stored in a dry place at room temperature have a long shelf life and can be validly used for assessing patient smell function.
The Laryngoscope 05/1989; 99(4):402-4. · 1.75 Impact Factor
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Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 05/1989; 100(4):287-9. · 1.72 Impact Factor
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R L Doty
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ABSTRACT: It is clear from this review that olfactory function is markedly altered in old age and in a number of age-related diseases. The deficits appear to be rather general and detectable by several types of olfactory tests. Considerable interindividual variability exists, however, and the physiologic bases of these changes are not clear. In many healthy elderly persons, smell loss appears to occur as a result of one or more causes, including viral insult, cumulated exposure to toxic fumes, head trauma, and calcification of the cribriform plate. Several reviews have appeared suggesting that the olfactory system may be a center of primary involvement in AD. Of particular interest is the hypothesis that environmental agents (related etiologically to the disease process) pass into the central nervous system via the highly active transport mechanisms of the olfactory receptors. This latter notion, although attractive, must be viewed conservatively, as it is possible that the olfactory pathways are simply selectively vulnerable to destruction by various disease processes. This may explain why Huntington's chorea and multiinfarct dementia, in addition to AD and PD, are associated with alterations in smell function. Although it is tempting to assume, as have authors such as Koss et al., that alterations in threshold function reflect peripheral olfactory dysfunction and that alterations in odor identification and other more demanding tasks reflect central olfactory dysfunction, there is little empirical support for such a simple dichotomy. Despite the fact that a peripheral/central distinction is useful in clinical audiology (where threshold loss is commonly associated with CN VIII pathology), an evaluation of the utility of this distinction in olfaction requires further research. The limited data suggest that both identification and detection deficits commonly arise from damage to the olfactory epithelium, even though identification deficits unassociated with detection deficits may occur in some central brain disorders. It is apparent from the studies reviewed in this chapter that considerable progress has been made during the last decade in elucidating the nature and prevalence of olfactory disturbances in elderly patients, as well as in patients with dementia-related diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 02/1989; 561:76-86. · 3.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A frequent, if not predominant, complaint of persons reporting symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) is that of heightened sensitivity to smells. In this study odor detection thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol (a major component of rose oil) and methyl ethyl ketone (a common solvent) were measured in 18 persons exhibiting symptoms of MCS and in 18 matched normal controls. In addition, nasal resistance, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate were determined before and after the olfactory tests. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were obtained prior to testing. Although olfactory thresholds were equivalent in the two study groups, the MCS group evidenced significantly higher nasal resistances, respiration rates and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Decreases in systolic blood pressure and pulse were noted in both groups across the test sessions. These results do not support the hypothesis that MCS is associated with greater olfactory threshold sensitivity (at least to the two target chemicals), but do suggest that MCS is associated with depression, increased respiration rate, and decreased nasal airway patency.
Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 01/1989; 114(12):1422-7. · 1.63 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To explore the nature of the olfactory dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), 81 PD patients who scored well on a cognitive screening test were administered the 40-odorant University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; 38 were additionally given a forced-choice phenylethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test. Clinical ratings of 11 neurologic symptoms (three bilateral) were obtained at the time of testing, and odor identification was retested in 24 patients at intervals ranging from 5 to 39 months. Relative to matched controls, the PD patients exhibited consistent and marked decrements on both types of olfactory tests (ps less than 0.0001). The odor identification deficit was not restricted to any subset of odorants and did not evidence longitudinal change. A factor analysis of the intercorrelations among the variables yielded six easily interpretable factors: general motor, oral motor, olfactory function, cognitive function, tremor, and gender. Olfactory test scores were independent of all other measures, including disease stage and duration. Seventy-two percent of the PD patients were unaware of a smell disorder before testing; those who were aware had significantly lower test scores. A statistical comparison of PD patients' olfactory test scores to those obtained from Alzheimer's disease patients found the olfactory disorders of these diseases to be indistinguishable. The data support the hypothesis that the olfactory deficit of PD is a general and stable one which likely occurs early in the disease process.
Neurology 09/1988; 38(8):1237-44. · 8.31 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Odor identification performance, nasal airflow resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate were assessed in 8 men and 8 women in the following body tilt positions within the sagittal plane: 0 degree (upright), 90 degrees (supine), 135 degrees, and 180 degrees (upside down). The order of testing across the tilt conditions was systematically counterbalanced using a Latin square procedure. Average odor identification performance decreased monotonically as a function of increased body tilt. Significant decreases in heart rate and blood pressure were observed as the body was tilted from the upright condition, although blood pressure was equivalent in the upright and upside down conditions. Nasal resistance was highly variable and was not systematically altered as a function of body tilt. These data support the hypothesis that olfactory function, like visual, auditory, and vestibular function, is significantly influenced by body position within a gravitational field.
Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 09/1988; 59(8):734-7. · 0.88 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The function of norepinephrine-containing neurons which project to the olfactory bulb is poorly understood. Although there has been suggestion that norepinephrine (NE) may modulate general olfactory sensitivity by attenuating the inhibitory feedback of granule cells upon mitral and tufted cells, behavioral indices of olfactory sensitivity have not been measured in animals with depletions of bulbar NE. The present experiment used computerized olfactometry and signal detection methodology to assess the odor detection performance of castrate and non-castrate male rats to a range of perithreshold concentrations of ethyl acetate following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) depletion of bulbar NE. Such depletion had no significant influence on odor detection performance at any of the odorant concentrations examined in either castrate or non-castrate animals, as indexed by the non-parametric sensitivity measure SI. This observation implies that general olfactory sensitivity is unaltered by major depletion of intrabulbar NE, but does not preclude the possibility that NE modulates sensitivity to select odorants or odorant mixtures, or alters detection ability under atypical states of arousal.
Brain Research 04/1988; 444(1):95-103. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Examined sucrose taste perception and odor identification in 2 experiments, using a total of 87 adult depressed (MDD) patients and 70 adult controls. Ss rated the perceived intensity and pleasantness of 7 concentrations of sucrose dissolved in deionized water or completed a forced-choice odor recognition test. Results show alterations of suprathreshold measures of sucrose taste intensity and pleasantness in some MDD Ss compared with controls. No significant differences were found between MDD Ss and controls in odor recognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Biological Psychiatry 01/1988; 22(12):1481-5. · 8.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effects ofd-amphetamine sulfate (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/kg SC) on the odor detection performance of 16 adult male Long Evans rats
was assessed using high precision olfactometry and a go/no-go operant signal detection task. The drug or saline was administered
every 3rd day in a counterbalanced order, with the injections occurring 5 min before each 260-trial test session. Relative
to saline, enhanced detection performance to the target stimulus (ethyl acetate), as measured by a non-parametric signal detection
index (SI), was observed following administration of 0.2 mg/kg of the drug, whereas decreased detection performance was observed
following administration of 1.6 mg/kg of the drug. Significant increases in the responsivity index (RI) occurred at the higher
drug dosages for the lower odorant concentrations. In addition, small but statistically significant increases in the latency
to respond in the presence of the odor (i.e., S+ response latency) were present at the higher drug dosages. Overall, these
data suggest that (a) odor detection performance is enhanced by low doses of amphetamine, (b) odor detection performance is
depressed by moderate doses of amphetamine, and (c) drug-related alterations in response criteria occur following the administration
of moderate doses of amphetamine.
Psychopharmacologia 08/1987; 93(1):87-93. · 4.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effects of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/kg SC) on the odor detection performance of 16 adult male Long Evans rats was assessed using high precision olfactometry and a go/no-go operant signal detection task. The drug or saline was administered every 3rd day in a counterbalanced order, with the injections occurring 5 min before each 260-trial test session. Relative to saline, enhanced detection performance to the target stimulus (ethyl acetate), as measured by a non-parametric signal detection index (SI), was observed following administration of 0.2 mg/kg of the drug, whereas decreased detection performance was observed following administration of 1.6 mg/kg of the drug. Significant increases in the responsivity index (RI) occurred at the higher drug dosages for the lower odorant concentrations. In addition, small but statistically significant increases in the latency to respond in the presence of the odor (i.e., S+ response latency) were present at the higher drug dosages. Overall, these data suggest that (a) odor detection performance is enhanced by low doses of amphetamine, (b) odor detection performance is depressed by moderate doses of amphetamine, and (c) drug-related alterations in response criteria occur following the administration of moderate doses of amphetamine.
Psychopharmacologia 02/1987; 93(1):87-93. · 4.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In Experiment 1, a taste quality fractionation procedure was used to establish the degree to which sour and non-sour taste sensations are elicited by six concentrations of each of seven acids: citric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, lactic, malic, phosphoric and tartaric. In general, the acids differed significantly in their ability to elicit sour, salty and bitter sensations, with sulfuric and hydrochloric acids producing the smallest proportions of perceived sourness. Bitterness was found to be the largest non-sour sensation produced, followed by saltiness. The perceived taste qualities of the acids were stable across a wide range of concentrations. In Experiment 2 the extent to which the vapors of these test acids produce detectable intranasal non-gustatory sensations at concentration levels used in many human taste experiments was examined. All acids induced clear intranasal sensations at concentration levels used in some suprathreshold taste paradigms. The results suggest that a number of measures of sour taste sensation may be confounded by non-sour chemosensory factors, including intranasal stimulation.
Physiology & Behavior 02/1986; 36(4):619-23. · 2.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Smell identification ability was measured in 1955 persons ranging in age from 5 to 99 years. On the average, women outperformed men at all ages, and nonsmokers outperformed smokers. Peak performance occurred in the third through fifth decades and declined markedly after the seventh. More than half of those 65 to 80 years old evidenced major olfactory impairment. After 80 years, more than three-quarters evidenced major impairment. Given these findings, it is not surprising that many elderly persons complain that food lacks flavor and that the elderly account for a disproportionate number of accidental gas poisoning cases each year.
Science 01/1985; 226(4681):1441-3. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that clinical otolaryngologists are often presented with complaints of olfactory dysfunction, they have limited means to diagnose these problems. A major reason has been the lack of a clinically-useful and reliable quantitative test of olfactory function. Recent work at our Clinical Research Center has resulted in the development of such a test. This test--the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT)--can be self-administered and uses microencapsulated odorants which are released by scratching standardized odor-impregnated test booklets. As indicated in this paper, studies have demonstrated that the UPSIT can identify most malingerers and is sensitive to age, gender, smoking habits, and a wide variety of olfactory disorders. A description of this new test, along with some of its applications, is presented.
The Laryngoscope 03/1984; 94(2 Pt 1):176-8. · 1.75 Impact Factor
