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ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine whether abdominal microbial profiles in early severe secondary peritonitis are associated with ongoing infection or death. The study is performed within a randomized study comparing two surgical treatment strategies in patients with severe secondary peritonitis (n = 229). The microbial profiles of cultures retrieved from initial emergency laparotomy were tested with logistic regression analysis for association with 'ongoing infection needing relaparotomy' and in-hospital death. No microbial profile or the presence of yeast or Pseudomonas spp. was related to the risk of ongoing infection needing relaparotomy. Resistance to empiric therapy for gram positive cocci and coliforms was moderately associated with ongoing abdominal infection (OR 3.43 95%CI 0.95-12.38 and OR 7.61, 95%CI 0.75-76.94). Presence of only gram positive cocci, predominantly Enterococcus spp, was borderline independently associated with in-hospital death (OR 3.69, 95%CI 0.99-13.80). In secondary peritonitis microbial profiles do not predict ongoing abdominal infection after initial emergency laparotomy. However, the moderate association of ongoing infection with resistance to the empiric therapy compels to more attention for resistance when selecting empiric antibiotic coverage.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 07/2011; 31(5):671-82. · 2.86 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) after an endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) has higher rates for complications and conversion caused by unpredictable adhesions. The risk factors for an adverse outcome of LC after an ERC were analyzed.
Variables from patients treated by LC after ERC for cholelithiasis in two clinics from 1996 to 2003 were retrospectively stored in a database. Complications and conversions were recorded.
A total of 140 patients underwent LC after ERC (83 from clinic A and 57 from clinic B), 31% (44/140) of whom were men. Peri- or postoperative complications occurred for 28 patients (20%). For 19 patients (14%), a conversion was necessary. Significant variables associated with complications and conversions were an elevated level of C-reactive protein (CRP) at the time of LC (odds ratio [OR], 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-91, P = 0.037 for both) and severe adhesions during laparoscopy (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.5-8.6; P = 0.003 and OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.9-14.4; P = 0.002, respectively). Male gender (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.6; P = 0.037) and serum bilirubin level at the time of ERC (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.24-11; P = 0.014) were associated with conversion only. Time after ERC (LC within 1 week vs. >1 week or < or = 2 weeks vs. 2-6 weeks vs. >6 weeks or < or = 6 weeks vs. >6 weeks) was not associated with complications or conversion. Multivariate regression analysis showed a pre-LC CRP exceeding 6 to be predictive of complications (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 1.1-95; P = 0.040) and conversion (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.1-99; P = 0.034).
Male gender, bilirubin levels during ERC, severe adhesions during LC, and pre-LC CRP levels were associated with an adverse outcome for an LC after endoscopic cholangiography. The time between LC and ERC failed to be a significant risk factor in this larger series.
Surgical Endoscopy 09/2009; 24(4):798-804. · 4.01 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To provide a qualitative ranking of clinical variables by surgeons that influence their decision for reoperation and to evaluate whether these variables are related to positive findings at relaparotomy.
Importance in decision making for relaparotomy was evaluated for 21 factors using a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS). Variables with median VAS scores >5.0 were labeled 'important'. Predictive value for positive findings was evaluated by multivariate analysis.
The response rate was 64%. For each variable, a wide range of VAS scores was given. Of variables labeled 'important', a diffuse extent of abdominal contamination (odds ratio, OR 1.9; 95% CI 0.99-3.8; p = 0.052), localization of the infectious focus (upper gastrointestinal tract including small bowel: OR 2.6, 95% CI 0.98-7.0, p = 0.055; colon: OR 2.4, 95% CI 0.93-6.0, p = 0.071), and both low (<3 x 10(9)/l: OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.3-17, p = 0.021) and high (>20 x 10(9)/l: OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.9, p = 0.042) leukocyte counts independently predicted positive relaparotomy. As a set, these variables had only moderate predictive accuracy (c-statistic 0.69).
There was no consensus among surgeons which variables were important in decision making for relaparotomy. Only three out of ten variables labeled as 'important' were indeed independently predictive, but even as a set had only moderate predictive accuracy.
Digestive surgery 11/2008; 25(5):339-46. · 1.37 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Secondary peritonitis is associated with serious morbidity and a persistent high mortality in recent decades, this despite improvement in antibiotic, intensive care and surgical treatment. The available literature regarding the surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis was searched through Pubmed (1966- January 2005) as well as a hand search of references of retrieved articles. Definitions, pathophysiology and classification of secondary peritonitis are discussed, as well as the scientific rationale for the surgical treatment in secondary peritonitis. The historical development and the scientific foundation of present-day relaparotomy strategies in secondary peritonitis are evaluated, with an emphasis on two frequently applied surgical treatment strategies: planned relaparotomy and relaparotomy on demand. Criteria for relaparotomy after the initial laparotomy and potential areas for further research to reduce both morbidity and mortality are discussed. Furthermore, the care of patients with secondary peritonitis is evolving from a surgical entity to a more multidisciplinary challenge uniting surgeons, intensivists, radiologists and microbiologists. Research needs to be expanded into novel fields to further decrease morbidity and mortality.
Der Chirurg 10/2005; 76(9):856-67. · 0.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: There is controversy about performing either a planned relaparotomy (PR) or relaparotomy on demand (ROD) in patients with secondary peritonitis. Subjective factors influencing surgeons in decision making for either surgical treatment strategy have never been studied.
All 858 surgeons of the Association of Surgeons of The Netherlands were sent a survey with 16 case vignettes simulating peritonitis patients and evaluating the preference for PR or ROD.
Sixty-two percent of surgeons responded to the survey. Of the returned surveys, 407 were eligible for evaluation. The responding surgeons had a slight overall preference for the ROD strategy, as shown by the mean overall preference score of 5.2 (range 3.54-6.52, with a maximal score of 7). Gastrointestinal surgeons and surgeons working in regional and smaller hospitals were significantly more in favour of a ROD strategy than their counterparts. Factors significantly influencing the preference towards PR were ischaemia as aetiology and performing a primary anastomosis; as for ROD, it was small bowel as focus, local extent of contamination and the question whether abdominal closure was possible. However, there was a considerable variability in treatment decisions by surgeons.
The majority of responding surgeons would make a choice for a particular treatment strategy based on peritonitis and surgical treatment characteristics. There was a slight overall preference towards the ROD strategy despite the considerable variability per case vignette.
Digestive Surgery 02/2004; 21(5-6):387-94; discussion 394-5. · 1.22 Impact Factor
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K.R. Boer, O. van Ruler,
A.A.P. Emmerik,
M.A. Sprangers,
S.E. Rooij,
M.B. Vroom,
C.A. de Borgie,
M A Boermeester,
H G Gooszen,
K.W.W. Lansink,
L.P.H. Leenen,
J B Reitsma
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B C Opmeer,
K.R. Boer, O. van Ruler,
J B Reitsma,
H G Gooszen,
P W de Graaf,
B Lamme,
M F Gerhards,
E.P. Steller,
C.M. Mahler,
H Obertop,
D J Gouma,
P M M Bossuyt,
C.A. de Borgie,
M A Boermeester
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K.R. Boer, O. van Ruler,
J B Reitsma,
C W Mahler,
B C Opmeer,
E.A. Reuland,
H G Gooszen,
P W de Graaf,
E J Hesselink,
M F Gerhards, [......],
H. Rommes,
R J Oostenbroek,
L. te Velde,
G. Govaert,
H. Ponssen,
M.K. Dinkelman,
L.P.H. Leenen,
E G J M Pierik,
K.W.W. Lansink,
K. Bakker
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: To compare health related quality of life (HR-QoL) in patients surgically treated for secondary peritonitis to that of a healthy population. And to prospectively identify factors associated with poorer (lower) HR-QoL. DESIGN: A prospective cohort of secondary peritonitis patients was mailed the EQ-5D and EQ-VAS 6-months following initial laparotomy. SETTING: Multicenter study in two academic and seven regional teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: 130 of the 155 eligible patients (84%) responded to the HR-QoL questionnaires. RESULTS: HR-QoL was significantly worse on all dimensions in peritonitis patients than in a healthy reference population. Peritonitis characteristics at initial presentation were not associated with HR-QoL at six months. A more complicated course of the disease leading to longer hospitalization times and patients with an enterostomy had a negative impact on the mobility (p = 0.02), self-care (p < 0.001) and daily activities: (p = 0.01). In a multivariate analysis for the EQ-VAS every doubling of hospital stay decreases the EQ-VAS by 3.8 points (p = 0.015). Morbidity during the six-month follow-up was not found to be predictive for the EQ-5D or EQ-VAS. CONCLUSION: Six months following initial surgery, patients with secondary peritonitis report more problems in HR-QoL than a healthy reference population. Unfavorable disease characteristics at initial presentation were not predictive for poorer HR-QoL, but a more complicated course of the disease was most predictive of HR-QoL at 6 months.
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O. van Ruler,
C W Mahler,
K.R. Boer,
E.A. Reuland,
H G Gooszen,
B C Opmeer,
P W de Graaf,
B Lamme,
M F Gerhards,
E.P. Steller,
J.W. van Till,
C.J. de Borgie,
D J Gouma,
J B Reitsma,
M A Boermeester
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ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: In patients with severe secondary peritonitis, there are 2 surgical treatment strategies following an initial emergency laparotomy: planned relaparotomy and relaparotomy only when the patient's condition demands it ("on-demand"). The on-demand strategy may reduce mortality, morbidity, health care utilization, and costs. However, randomized trials have not been performed. OBJECTIVE: To compare patient outcome, health care utilization, and costs of on-demand and planned relaparotomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Randomized, nonblinded clinical trial at 2 academic and 5 regional teaching hospitals in the Netherlands from November 2001 through February 2005. Patients had severe secondary peritonitis and an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II) score of 11 or greater. INTERVENTION: Random allocation to on-demand or planned relaparotomy strategy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was death and/or peritonitis-related morbidity within a 12-month follow-up period. Secondary end points included health care utilization and costs. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients (116 on-demand and 116 planned) were randomized. One patient in the on-demand group was excluded due to an operative diagnosis of pancreatitis and 3 in each group withdrew or were lost to follow-up. There was no significant difference in primary end point (57% on-demand [n = 64] vs 65% planned [n = 73]; P = .25) or in mortality alone (29% on-demand [n = 32] vs 36% planned [n = 41]; P = .22) or morbidity alone (40% on-demand [n = 32] vs 44% planned [n = 32]; P = .58). A total of 42% of the on-demand patients had a relaparotomy vs 94% of the planned relaparotomy group. A total of 31% of first relaparotomies were negative in the on-demand group vs 66% in the planned group (P <.001). Patients in the on-demand group had shorter median intensive care unit stays (7 vs 11 days; P = .001) and shorter median hospital stays (27 vs 35 days; P = .008). Direct medical costs per patient were reduced by 23% using the on-demand strategy. CONCLUSION: Patients in the on-demand relaparotomy group did not have a significantly lower rate of death or major peritonitis-related morbidity compared with the planned relaparotomy group but did have a substantial reduction in relaparotomies, health care utilization, and medical costs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN51729393.
