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ABSTRACT: Radon and its decay products have been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. Thoron is an isotope of radon. With increased awareness of radon, questions related to thoron are arising from the public. Currently, only radon detectors are commonly available to Canadian homeowners. A study on the thoron sensitivities of those radon detectors was undertaken. The average thoron sensitivity relative to radon varied from a factor of 0.012 to 0.74 for the five commonly available types of alpha track radon detectors. The potential impact of thoron sensitivity on radon test results is discussed.
Journal of Radiological Protection 10/2012; 32(4):419-425. · 1.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To provide detailed information for bronchial dose estimates, aerosol particle size distributions, and radon gas concentration, measurements were made in six residential homes and three laboratory rooms in different office buildings in the city of Ottawa. In the literature, most particle size distribution measurements are taken with samplers operating for a few days at most. In this study, the particle size samplers collected the samples from 77 to 162 d. The equilibrium factor determined from the long-term measurements ranged from 0.6 to almost 1 with an average of 0.75. Even though radon concentrations were quite different between residential setting and office buildings, the average equilibrium factor was similar in the two different indoor environments. The results suggest that at least in some basements, if they were occupied, the radon dose would be about twice as high as normally estimated from the conventional F(eq) value of 0.4.
Health physics 04/2012; 102(4):459-62. · 0.92 Impact Factor
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Radiation Protection Dosimetry 01/2012; 152(1-3):1. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To better understand the effect of various test durations on indoor radon measurement results in Canada, Monte Carlo simulations were performed for test durations of 1 month (30 d), 2 months (61 d), 3 months (91 d) and 6 months (183 d). For each of the specified test durations, a total of 1500 Monte Carlo simulations were performed. Each simulation was compared with the result of a 1-y measurement. On average, the radon concentration estimated from a 30-d test differed by about ±22 % from the value of a 1-y measurement. The difference reduced to about ±17 % for a 61-d test, ±14 % for a 91-d test and ±9 % for a half-year test. Health Canada's recommendation of a 3-month radon test performed during the heating season resulted in an estimated radon concentration, on average, ∼20 % higher than the value determined from a 1-y measurement. This ensures a conservative estimate of the annual average radon concentration, as there is some risk at any radon level. Therefore, to avoid an underestimation of radon exposure and to ensure appropriate levels of precision and accuracy are met, the results from this study suggest that a radon measurement duration of 3 months or longer during the heating season (from October through to April) is needed.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 10/2011; 150(2):248-58. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Based on new scientific information and broad public consultation, the Government of Canada updated the guideline for exposure to indoor radon and launched a multi-year radon program in 2007. Major achievements accomplished in the past 3 y and current activities underway are highlighted here.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 07/2011; 146(1-3):14-8. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In Canada, a radon and radon progeny survey was carried out in the 1970s in 19 cities. To the authors' knowledge, this is the only large survey of simultaneous radon and radon progeny measurements up to the present time. However, the survey was carried out for the purpose of establishing geographic variation of radon and radon progeny; therefore, radon equilibrium factors, F, were not assessed at that time. From the summary results of this large simultaneous radon and radon progeny survey, the characteristics of radon equilibrium factor were assessed. The average F factor assessed from this survey in 12,576 houses is 0.54. The current assessment may indicate that the typical F value of 0.4 recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) could lead to a downward bias in the estimation of radon doses to the lung.
Biophysik 06/2011; 50(4):597-601. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: With 3-month simultaneous measurements of thoron and its progeny concentrations in the lowest floors of 109 homes, the geometric mean (GM) of thoron equilibrium factor was determined to be 0.019 with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.63. Combined with the analysis from results obtained from a previous study in 138 homes, the GM of thoron equilibrium factor was determined to be 0.022 with a GSD of 3.02. The results indicate that the F value of 0.02 for thoron recommended by UNSCEAR is a reasonable value for those Canadian homes tested.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 05/2011; 149(2):155-8. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Naturally occurring isotopes of radon in indoor air are identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. Radon-222 (radon gas) and radon-220 (thoron gas) are the most common isotopes of radon. While the radon equilibrium factor is well established, the equilibrium factor between thoron progeny and thoron gas is still not well known. Thoron gas and progeny concentrations were determined in the lowest floors of 138 Canadian homes simultaneously. While thoron gas was only detectable in about 52% of the homes, thoron progeny concentrations were measured in every home surveyed. Thoron concentrations, thoron progeny concentrations, and the equilibrium factors varied widely and were log-normally distributed. With a 3 months simultaneous measurement of thoron and thoron progeny concentrations, the equilibrium factor was determined to be 0.024 with a geometric standard deviation of 2.7.
Biophysik 03/2011; 50(1):85-9. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Naturally occurring isotopes of radon in indoor air are identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking. Radon-222 (radon gas) and radon-220 (thoron gas) are the most common isotopes of radon. While extensive radon surveys have been conducted, indoor thoron data are very limited. To better assess thoron exposure in Canada, radon/thoron discriminating detectors were deployed in 45 homes in Fredericton and 65 homes in Halifax for a period of 3 months. In this study, radon concentrations ranged from 16 to 1374 Bq m(-3) with a geometric mean (GM) of 82 Bq m(-3) and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 2.56 in Fredericton, and from 4 to 2341 Bq m(-3) with a GM of 107 Bq m(-3) and a GSD of 3.67 in Halifax. It is estimated that 18 % of Fredericton homes and 32 % of Halifax homes could have radon concentrations above the Canadian indoor radon guideline of 200 Bq m(-3). This conclusion is significantly higher than the previous estimates made 30 y ago with short-term radon measurements. Thoron concentrations were below the detection limit in 62 % of homes in both cities. Among the homes with detectable thoron concentrations, the values varied from 12 to 1977 Bq m(-3) in Fredericton and from 6 to 206 Bq m(-3) in Halifax. The GM and GSD were 86 Bq m(-3) and 3.19 for Fredericton, and 35 Bq m(-3) and 2.35 for Halifax, respectively. On the basis of these results, together with previous measurements in Ottawa, Winnipeg and the Mont-Laurier region of Quebec, it is estimated that thoron contributes ∼8 % of the radiation dose due to indoor radon exposure in Canada.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 01/2011; 147(4):541-7. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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Jing Chen
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ABSTRACT: Proton beams are of growing interest for radiation therapy due to their special physical and radiobiological properties. Microdosimetric characteristics of proton beams have strong influence on the relative biological effectiveness for each biological system. This study focused on the microdosimetric characteristics of monoenergetic protons from 50 keV to 200 MeV. Monte Carlo techniques were used to simulate track segments of protons in water. Dose mean lineal energies were derived to characterise proton beams with changing kinetic energy and changing radiation qualities at various depths and within spread-out Bragg peaks of clinic interests.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 12/2010; 143(2-4):436-9. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In order for Canada to be better prepared to respond quickly to a radiological or nuclear emergency detailed knowledge regarding the locations and capacities of hospitals, relevant medical supplies and radiological or nuclear professionals is needed. These key points of information were identified at a CRTI workshop in 2009, and it was proposed that a medical resource database (MRD) was required. This database is in addition to the development of a radiation accident registry which was also proposed at the CRTI Workshop in 2009. The MRD has been designed, built and populated where possible; it is now ready for field testing and deployment. The creation of the database is one more step towards a better and more effective response in a radiological or nuclear emergency. In order to maintain this database and keep it up to date, contributions from all levels of radiation protection professionals will be needed. In this paper, the database structure and the data collected will be presented and discussed.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 11/2010; 142(1):29-32. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In order to provide effective monitoring and follow-up on the health effects of individuals accidentally exposed to ionising radiation, a Radiation Accident Registry (RAR) has been designed and constructed as an extension to the existing National Dose Registry (NDR). The RAR has basic functions of recording, monitoring and reporting. This type of registry is able to assist responders in preparing for and managing situations during radiological events and in providing effective follow-up on the long-term health effects of persons exposed to ionising radiation. It is especially important to register radiation-exposed people in vulnerable population groups, such as children and pregnant women, to ensure proper long-term health care and protection. Even though radiation accidents are rare, a registry prepared for such accidents could involve a large population and, in some cases, require lifetime monitoring for individuals. One of the most challenging tasks associated with RAR is the assessment of radiation dose resulting from accidents. In some cases, the assessment of radiation doses to individuals could be a process requiring the involvement of various methods. The development of fast and accurate dose assessment tools will remain a long-term challenge associated with the RAR. To meet this challenge, further research activities in radiation dosimetry for individual monitoring are needed.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 11/2010; 144(1-4):551-4. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To aid in protecting patients from unnecessary exposures and to reduce radiation burdens to the public, a system for tracking a patient's medical exposure history and related radiation doses would be a useful tool. A patient-centred exposure registry, the Patient Exposure Registry (PER), is a mechanism that provides this tracking. This article outlines the objectives of the proposed Canadian PER together with considerations and preliminary design of the registry. Implementation strategy is discussed. The strategy will allow many initiatives progressing in parallel such as backward data mining and forward development in order to make this important registry a reality in the near future.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 10/2010; 142(2-4):255-64. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to assess the annual per capita effective dose from medical diagnostic procedures using computed tomography (CT) in Canada. Relevant data concerning the nature and the frequency of various diagnostic CT examinations were obtained from the reports on Medical Imaging in Canada and Diagnostic Services in Ontario. Doses associated with examinations of different types were based primarily on typical effective doses used in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report 160 with considerations of limited dose information surveyed in Canada. The results show that the per capita annual effective dose from diagnostic CT exams was 0.74 mSv in 2006, up from 0.19 mSv in 1991. This significant increase in population radiation dose from CT scans is due mainly to a more than doubling in the examination rate and to a higher radiation dose per procedure from the newer generation of multi-detector CTs.
Journal of Radiological Protection 06/2010; 30(2):131-7. · 1.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Based on data from a national residential radon survey performed in 18 cities in Canada in the 1970s, an annual effective dose to the Canadian population due to indoor radon exposure was estimated at 0.71 mSv. An updated estimate of radon exposure in Canada has been made using additional indoor radon data from recent surveys in Ontario and Nova Scotia, and in 28 communities of British Columbia and 15 regions of Quebec. The associated annual effective dose to the Canadian population is now estimated to be 1.15 mSv. The percentage of homes in Canada with radon concentrations above the Canadian Radon Guideline of 200 Bq m(-3) is estimated to be about 3.3 %. As might be expected, this number varies significantly (from a low of 1 % of homes above the Guideline to a high of 19 %) from region to region. Because more radon data are included in the current assessment, and the data set covers broader geographical areas, the current assessment better represents the radon exposure in Canada.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 02/2010; 140(2):166-70. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This note discusses the significant impact on effective doses received during commercial flights calculated using the new International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) radiation weighting factors. It also provides an update on adult effective doses given in a previous article in Health Physics when the old ICRP radiation weighting factors were used.
Health physics 01/2010; 98(1):74-6. · 0.92 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Radon decays to a long-lived isotope 210Pb with a half-life of about 22 years. Measuring concentrations of 210Pb in household dust could be an alternative method of determining indoor radon levels. This novel method for estimating long-term radon concentration was explored in over a hundred Canadian residential homes. The results demonstrate that 210Pb concentrations in household dust relate reasonably well to radon concentrations in homes.
Biophysik 09/2009; 48(4):427-32. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The alpha-track detector was well designed for long-term radon measurements in the 1992 Winnipeg case-control study. However, its diffusion characteristic for thoron in comparison to radon was yet unknown. An investigation on radon and thoron response of these detectors was undertaken. The results showed that the relative sensitivity between thoron and radon is 2 %, i.e. the detector sensitivity to radon is about 50 times higher than the sensitivity to thoron. It can be concluded that there was no significant influence of thoron on the radon measurements with these detectors.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 09/2009; 138(1):83-6. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Soil gas radon and soil gas permeability measurements were conducted at 32 sites across the five most populated communities in the city of Ottawa where indoor radon measurements were available for 167 houses. A soil radon index (SRI) determined from the soil radon concentration and the soil gas permeability was used to characterise radon availability from soil to air. This study demonstrated that the average SRI in a community area correlates with the indoor radon potential (the percentage of homes above 200 Bq m(-3)) in that community. Soil gas radon concentrations together with soil gas permeability measurements can be a useful tool for the prediction of the indoor radon potential in the development of a Canadian radon risk map.
Radiation Protection Dosimetry 08/2009; 136(1):56-60. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The worldwide average exposure to cosmic rays contributes to about 16% of the annual effective dose from natural radiation sources. At ground level, doses from cosmic ray exposure depend strongly on altitude, and weakly on geographical location and solar activity. With the analytical model PARMA developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, annual effective doses due to cosmic ray exposure at ground level were calculated for more than 1,500 communities across Canada which cover more than 85% of the Canadian population. The annual effective doses from cosmic ray exposure in the year 2000 during solar maximum ranged from 0.27 to 0.72 mSv with the population-weighted national average of 0.30 mSv. For the year 2006 during solar minimum, the doses varied between 0.30 and 0.84 mSv, and the population-weighted national average was 0.33 mSv. Averaged over solar activity, the Canadian population-weighted average annual effective dose due to cosmic ray exposure at ground level is estimated to be 0.31 mSv.
Biophysik 05/2009; 48(3):317-22. · 1.70 Impact Factor
