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D.J. Blumenthal,
J. Barton,
N. Beheshti,
J.E. Bowers,
E. Burmeister,
L.A. Coldren,
M. Dummer,
G. Epps,
A. Fang,
Y. Ganjali, [......],
J. Mack,
M. Mašanović,
N. McKeown,
K. Nguyen,
S.C. Nicholes,
Hyundai Park,
B. Stamenic,
A. Tauke-Pedretti,
H. Poulsen,
M. Sysak
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ABSTRACT: Communications interconnects and networks will continue to play a large role in contributing to the global carbon footprint, especially in data center and cloud-computing applications exponential growth in capacity. Key to maximizing the benefits of photonics technology is highly functional, lower power, and large-scale photonics integration. In this paper, we report on the latest advances in the photonic integration technologies used for asynchronous optical packet switching using an example photonic integrated switched optical router, the label switched optical router architecture. We report measurements of the power consumed by the photonic circuits in performing their intended function, the electronics required to bias the photonics, processing electronics, and required cooling technology. Data is presented to show that there is room (potentially greater than 10 ×) for improvement in the router packet-forwarding plane. The purpose of this exercise is not to provide a comparison of all-optical versus electronic routers, rather to present a data point on actual measurements of the power contributions for various photonic integration technologies of an all-optical packet router that has been demonstrated and conclude, where the technology can move to reduce power consumption for high-capacity packet routing systems.
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 05/2011; · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We report on the latest advances in implementation of integrated photonic components required for optical routing and switching: tunable wavelength converters, mode-locked lasers, active optical switches and optical buffers.
Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2011 and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference; 04/2011
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ABSTRACT: Synchronous optical packet buffering is presented as a solution for asynchronous time division multiplexed (TDM) optical packet switched networks. Truly asynchronous optical packet synchronization and buffering are demonstrated using multiple independent transmitters, synchronous optical buffers, and a burst mode receiver. Optical packet synchronizers are used to dynamically align incoming asynchronous packets to local timeslots for synchronous loading of buffers. Multiple optical buffers based on integrated InP technology resolve contention of packets destined for the same output port at the same time. TDM asynchronous optical packets are detected on a per packet basis using a burst mode receiver with better than 99.9% packet recovery. An analysis of power consumption of the synchronous buffers is presented and potential power reductions are discussed.
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 11/2010; · 3.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The characteristics of a low loss buried optical waveguide with a nano-core-layer of SiN is analyzed. With such a low-loss optical waveguide, directional couplers are also designed, fabricated and characterized.
Group IV Photonics (GFP), 2010 7th IEEE International Conference on; 10/2010
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ABSTRACT: Large-scale photonic integration depends on robust epitaxial design and fabrication techniques. This paper reviews the integration strategy we developed to demonstrate an 8×8 InP-based monolithic tunable optical router capable of 40 Gbps operation per port.
Indium Phosphide & Related Materials (IPRM), 2010 International Conference on; 07/2010
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we demonstrate single-channel operation of the first InP monolithic tunable optical router (MOTOR) chip designed to function as the packet forwarding engine of an all-optical router. The device has eight-input and eight-output ports and is capable of 40-Gb/s operation per port with bit-error rates below 1E-9. MOTOR integrates eight wavelength-tunable differential Mach-Zehnder semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) wavelength converters with preamplifiers and a passive 8 ?? 8 arrayed-waveguide grating router. Each wavelength converter employs a widely tunable sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser for efficient wavelength switching across the C band and other functions required for 40-Gb/s wavelength conversion. Active and passive regions of the chip are defined through a robust quantum well intermixing process to optimize the gain in the wavelength converters and minimize the propagation losses in passive sections of the chip. The device is one of the most complex photonic integrated circuits (PICs) reported to date, with dimensions of 4.25 mm ?? 14.5 mm and more than 200 functional elements integrated on-chip. We demonstrate single-channel wavelength conversion and channel switching with this device using 2<sup>31</sup> - 1 pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) data at 40 Gb/s. A power penalty as low as 4.5 dB was achieved with less than 2-W drive power per channel.
Journal of Lightwave Technology 03/2010; · 2.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We demonstrate a novel technique for free-carrier absorption reduction using an InP buffer layer with quantum well intermixing. Application of this technique enabled fabrication of monolithic tunable optical routers with more than 200 functions.
Indium Phosphide & Related Materials, 2009. IPRM '09. IEEE International Conference on; 06/2009
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ABSTRACT: Synchronous optical packet buffering is demonstrated utilizing a fiber-based synchronizer with a photonic integrated circuit packet buffer. Asynchronously arriving packets are optically synchronized to a local frame clock and loaded synchronously into the optical buffer. The synchronizer is a four-stage design with a resolution of 853 ps and a dynamic tuning range of 12.8 ns. The optical packet buffer consists of an integrated 2 × 2 InP switch coupled to a silica-on-silicon 12.8-ns delay line. Packet recovery measurements of 40-B return-to-zero packets at 40 Gb/s show-error free performance for several combinations of synchronizer and buffer delays.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12/2008; · 2.19 Impact Factor
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Laser & Photonics Review 11/2008; 3(4):355 - 369. · 7.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The first integrated synchronizer is demonstrated using silica delays coupled to an InP switch. Error-free performance is presented for delays of 0, 2.96, 6.56 and 9.52 ns.
Optical Communication, 2008. ECOC 2008. 34th European Conference on; 10/2008
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ABSTRACT: A mode-locked silicon evanescent laser is used to generate over 100 wavelengths evenly spaced by 10 GHz. Optical injection locking reduces the linewidths of the remaining 30 modes to less than 100 kHz.
Group IV Photonics, 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on; 10/2008
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, an improved performance of mode locked lasers using silicon evanescent laser approach is shown. Its potential application as multiple wavelength WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) sources is presented. Results from a hybrid silicon evanescent mode locked laser (ML-SEL) that creates a comb of over 100 optical modes within 10-dB of the peak mode output power are also presented. The linewidth and OSNR of several longitudinal modes across the spectrum of this comb are examined as well as the results from CW laser seed light injection into the ML-SEL in stabilizing the modes.
Semiconductor Laser Conference, 2008. ISLC 2008. IEEE 21st International; 10/2008
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ABSTRACT: We describe the design and results of several hybrid silicon devices that combine benefits of III-V semiconductors with silicon-based platforms. Presented work includes a silicon-on-insulator evanescent phase modulator and a recirculating buffer using silica waveguides.
Photonics in Switching, 2008. PS 2008. International Conference on; 09/2008
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ABSTRACT: In this talk we review the latest progress on the DOD-N LASOR optical router project. Architectural studies including design and buffering will be discussed as well as prototype node performance. Recent results in integration in InP and Si/InP platforms will be described.
Photonics in Switching, 2008. PS 2008. International Conference on; 09/2008
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ABSTRACT: Synchronization of asynchronously arriving variable length Internet Protocol packets to a local clock is demonstrated using a fiber-based optical synchronizer. The synchronizer is a four-stage feed-forward design with a resolution of 853 ps and a dynamic tuning range of 12.8 ns. The arrival time of packets is determined on a per packet basis using a payload envelope detection technique. The synchronizer state is dynamically configured on a per packet basis determined from the arrival time. Layer-1 (bit-error-rate) measurements are presented with power penalties 0.5 dB and an input power dynamic range 15 dB. Layer-2 (packet recovery) measurements are presented with power penalties 1.5 dB.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 08/2008; · 2.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A compact recirculating buffer using an InP-based 2times2 switch with gain and a fiber delay line is demonstrated at 40 Gb/s. Packet throughput of 98% is measured for up to 8 circulations, or 0.18 mus.
Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2008. OFC/NFOEC 2008. Conference on; 03/2008
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we present the details of a monolithically integrated filterless wavelength converter based on photocurrent-driven technology. The device consists of an integrated tunable laser transmitter and an optical receiver. The transmitter includes a sampled-grating distributed-Bragg-reflector laser, an electroabsorption modulator, and a semiconductor optical amplifier. The optical receiver employs two semiconductor optical amplifiers and a quantum-well p-i-n photodetector. The wavelength converter is characterized at 10 Gb/s over a variety of bias conditions at various input-power levels in various digital-system experiments. Bit-error-rate measurements at 10 Gb/s over an output tuning range of 32 nm between 1531 and 1563 nm show power penalties less than 1 dB. Similar experiments over an input wavelength range of 25 nm from 1535 to 1560 nm show a power penalty less than 2.5 dB. For a wavelength conversion from 1548 nm to a range of output wavelengths between 1531 and 1563 nm, the facet-to-facet gain ranges from 9 to 13 dB, neglecting fiber coupling losses.
Journal of Lightwave Technology 01/2008; 25(12):3748-3759. · 2.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We present the first two-stage all-optical push-pull wavelength converter, which has been monolithically integrated in indium phosphide, using an offset quantum-well platform. The device incorporates two cascaded wavelength converters, each with an integrated tunable sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser, and deeply etched total internal reflection mirrors for a compact layout. The device, under push-pull operation, is demonstrated to reduce converted signal pattern dependence at 10 Gb/s, while providing improved phase swing compared to previous offset quantum-well designs. The device is shown to achieve full pi phase swing in the second-stage wavelength converter over a 12-dB input power range.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12/2007; · 2.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We study the impact of input signal suppression on the performance of a two-stage cascaded SOA-based wavelength converter. Error-free operation at 2.5 Gbps is shown for suppression as small as 6.5 dB.
Photonics in Switching, 2007; 09/2007
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ABSTRACT: We report on the design and testing of a novel two-stage wavelength-converter architecture, monolithically fabricated in indium phosphide. Two widely tunable integrated sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector lasers are utilized on chip as probes in both converter stages. The architecture provides a first-stage tunable signal that is internal to the chip (lambda<sub>internal</sub>), facilitating cascaded integration of wavelength-sensitive structures, or allowing wavelength conversion for cases where the input wavelength is equal to the output wavelength (lambda<sub>input</sub> = lambda<sub>output</sub>). Output wavelength tuning over 35 nm is shown, and error-free wavelength conversion for lambda<sub>input</sub> = lambda<sub>output</sub> is demonstrated for four wavelengths over a 20-nm range at 2.5 Gb/s. Dynamic range measurements show less than 2 dB of power penalty over a 15-dB variation in input power.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 09/2007; · 2.19 Impact Factor
