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ABSTRACT: Our objective in this study was to evaluate whether a group of paternally related, subadult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) would preferentially interact with kin or nonkin when they had been raised apart from kin other than their mothers. Subjects and their mothers were removed from the breeding group and placed in alternate housing within 24 h after birth to ensure that the subjects would not have a social history with either their sire or their half-siblings. At 90 days of age, the 23 subjects were separated from their mothers and assigned to a peer-peer social group. Behavioral performance was measured using focal animal sampling techniques and 12 molecular behavioral criteria. Analyses of the data indicate that in dyadic interactions kin did not interact more frequently than nonkin in performance of affiliative, sociosexual, and agonistic behaviors. The hypothesis that baboons recognize kin in the absence of maternal associations was not supported by the data; moreover, we suggest that social learning and social history are the most likely mechanisms for kin recognition.
American Journal of Primatology 02/1997; 43(2):147-57. · 2.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Our previous research has demonstrated that 30 or 60 kV/m electric fields (EF) reliably produce temporary increases in the performance of three categories of baboon social behavior: Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. The experimental design included 6 week preexposure, exposure, and postexposure periods with experimental and control groups, each with eight subjects. Here, we report two experiments that evaluated the effects of combined EF and magnetic fields (MF) on baboon social behavior. One experiment demonstrated that exposure to 6 kV/m EF and 50 microT (0.5 G) MF produced Period x Group interactions for Stereotypy and Attack, but the previously observed increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy did not occur. A second experiment demonstrated that exposure to 30 kV/m EF and 100 microT 1.0 G MF did not produce the same magnitude of increases in Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy observed previously with 30 kV/m EF alone. The exposed group exhibited decreased performance rates for several behavior categories during exposure with further declines during postexposure. The control group showed fewer downward trends across periods.
Bioelectromagnetics 02/1995; Suppl 3:71-92. · 1.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We evaluated training adaptations by 18 baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) to low and moderate quadrupedal walking exercise on a motorized treadmill. Moderate training produced 47% increases in lactate threshold, 63% increases in muscle citrate synthetase activity, increases in percentage of Type IIc muscle fibers, and reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Low training produced only reduced plasma insulin concentrations. Only results indicate that the baboon response to exercise training was similar to that of Homo sapiens, and dependent on exercise intensity.
Journal of Medical Primatology 11/1994; 23(8):442-9. · 1.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A series of pioneering electric and magnetic field experiments were completed using nonhuman primates and a unique, well-engineered, and reliable exposure facility. Effects of operant behavior, social behavior, and serum melatonin concentration were examined using 60 Hz field combinations of other 6 W/m and 0.6 G or 30 W/m and 1.0 G. Observations noted in the course of this study include: Combines electric and magnetic field exposure does not have any important effect on short-term memory; the transitory increases in social behavior observed in previous electric fields did not occur; combined electric and magnetic field exposure might lead to reduced behavioral frequency in baboon social groups; three experiments clearly establish that one set of exposure conditions does not produce molatonin suppression in nonhuman primates; and a small pilot experiment suggests that a different exposure protocol might result in melatonin suppression.
09/1992;
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ABSTRACT: Using a crossover experimental design, we evaluated our earlier findings that exposure to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 12 hours per day, 7 days per week for 6 weeks produced significant changes in the performance rates of social behaviors among young adult male baboons. In the crossover experiment, the former control group was exposed to a 30 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field for 3 weeks. Only an extremely small, incidental magnetic field was generated by the exposure apparatus. We found that electric-field exposure again produced increases in the performance rates that index Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. These findings, combined with results from our other electric-field experiments, indicate that exposure to strong electric fields, in the absence of associated magnetic fields, consistently produces effects that are expressed as increases in rates of performance of social behaviors in young adult male baboons.
Bioelectromagnetics 02/1992; 13(5):395-400. · 1.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We tested the hypothesis that exposure to a 30-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field produces significant change (stress) in the social behavior of adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). One group of eight baboons was exposed to an electric field (12 hours per day, 7 days per week for 6 weeks) while a second group of eight baboons was maintained in a sham-exposure (control) condition. Exposed subjects and control subjects were compared over three, six-week experimental periods (pre-exposure, exposure, and post-exposure). Performance rates of six categories of social behaviors (passive affinity, active affinity, approach, tension, threat, and attack) and four categories of nonsocial behaviors (forage, manipulate, posture, and stereotypy) were used to compare the two groups. The results of our study indicate that 1) there were no significant differences between the two groups during the pre-exposure or post-exposure periods; 2) during the exposure period, experimental and control groups exhibited statistically significant differences in the mean performance rates of three behavior categories; 3) within-group comparisons across periods indicate that the experimentally exposed group exhibited statistically significant changes in passive affinity, tension, and stereotypy; and 4) changes in behavior performance among the exposed subjects reflect a stress response to the electric field.
Bioelectromagnetics 02/1991; 12(2):117-35. · 1.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We found in a previously reported study that exposure to a 30-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field had significant effects on the social behavior of baboons. However, it was not established whether or not the effects were related specifically to the 30-kV/m intensity of the field. A new experiment was conducted to determine whether or not exposure to a 60-Hz electric field at 60 kV/m would produce like changes in the baboons' social behavior. We exposed one group of eight male baboons to an electric field 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks. A second group of eight animals was maintained under sham-exposure (control) conditions. Rates of performing on each of six categories of social behavior and on four categories of nonsocial behavior were used as criteria for comparing exposed with unexposed subjects and for within-group comparisons during three six-week experimental periods: Pre-Exposure, Exposure, and Post-Exposure. The results indicate that (1) during the exposure period, exposed animals exhibited statistically significant differences from controls in means of performance rates based on several behavioral categories; (2) across all three periods, within-group comparisons revealed that behaviors of exposed baboons were significantly affected by exposure to the electric field; (3) changes in performance levels probably reflect a stress response to the electric field; and (4) the means of response rates of animals exposed at 60 kV/m were higher, but not double, those of animals exposed at 30 kV/m. As in the 30-kV/m experiment, animals exposed at 60 kV/m exhibited significant differences in performances of Passive Affinity, Tension, and Stereotypy. Mean rates of performing these categories were 122% (Passive Affinity), 48% (Tension), and 40% (Stereotypy) higher in the exposed group than in the control group during exposure to the 60-kV/m field.
Bioelectromagnetics 02/1991; 12(6):361-75. · 1.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Lipsmacking is performed by many Old World monkey species, and some studies of baboons and macaques suggest that lipsmacking may be associated with social status. We studied 60 adult anubis baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) for 18 months, measured social status and the rate of lipsmacking, and used these data to test the hypothesis that lipsmacking is related to social status. Our results indicate that social status and lipsmacking were not significantly correlated for either males or females. Analysis of lipsmacking in relation to social class (high vs. low) showed no significant difference between status classes for either sex. Lipsmacking was, however, found to be positively associated with affinitive behaviors. These results suggest that baboon lipsmacking provides positive social communication independently of social status.
Folia Primatologica 02/1991; 56(4):190-201. · 1.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A housing and tether system was designed to permit sampling of body fluids, chronic monitoring of physiologic parameters (e.g. blood pressure, heart rate), performance of species typical behavioral interactions (aggression, affiliation, reproduction, etc), physical exercise (work on a motorized treadmill), assessment of water and diet consumption, as well as feces and urine collection. The system provided primates with the opportunity to engage in species typical social behavior and thereby minimized conditions which have been identified as contributing to the development of abnormal behaviors associated with individual housing. The system consisted of two parts: (a) a specialized cage system for housing small social groups of primates and (b) a tether and indwelling catheter system. Each modular system permitted four adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) to be tethered and housed in a social group. Each cage was 2.44 x 2.44 x 1.22 m (L x W x H) and could be subdivided by means of woven wire wall partitions. The tether system consisted of a backpack, a cloth jacket, a stainless-steel flexible cable containing electrical cables and catheters, and a saline infusion pump mounted on top of the cage. The system provides laboratory primates with the ability to socially interact with other nonhuman primates. The social cage tether system represents an example of a housing environment which could conform to both the letter and spirit of the new animal welfare legislation and still remain compatible with the objective of obtaining scientific data.
Laboratory animal science 08/1990; 40(4):388-94.
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ABSTRACT: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that among unrelated male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in single-gender social groups there is no significant association between dominance status and allogrooming performance. The hypothesis was tested using behavioral measures obtained by focal animal sampling techniques. The results indicate that unrelated male baboons established well-defined linear dominance hierarchies, formed allogrooming relationships with one another, and exhibited a nonrandom distribution of allogrooming; however, there were no significant relationships between dominance rank and the frequency of allogrooming. We further tested our results by grouping individuals into three dominance status classes (high, middle, and low) and comparing the classes. Analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences in rates of allogrooming by dominance class. These results suggest that dominance did not account for the variation in observed allogrooming behavior: Dominance status did not appear to determine the frequency with which animals groomed others, the number of grooming partners, or frequency of grooming that any individual received in comparison to that performed. High-ranking animals did not have significantly more grooming partners than low-ranking animals, and there appeared to be little competition within the groups for subordinates to groom high-ranking animals. When age, kinship, and group tenure are controlled, performance and reception of allogrooming are not strongly associated with dominance in single-gender social groups of male anubis baboons.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 12/1989; 80(3):353-68. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Morphometric data collected from 118 male and 169 female savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) aged between birth and 5.5 years were analyzed to describe the morphology and physical growth of this species. Measurements included weight, crown-rump length, triceps circumference, and skinfolds at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps anatomical sites. Principal components analyses were applied to the data to provide multivariate assessments of morphological patterning among the variables. These analyses resulted in the extraction of two unrotated orthogonal components that accounted for 88% of the overall sample variation. The first component accounted for 77% of the variation and represents an axis of overall body size. The second component represents an axis of shape variation that contrasts body size with fat patterning, and was interpreted as a measure of body leanness. Individual component scores were computed for determining age, gender, and age-by-gender interaction effects. Both components were found to be age dependent for both genders. Males and females shared similar age patterning along the two components; however, gender differences did occur in patterning along the two components; however, gender differences did occur in respect to leanness. The multivariate measure of overall body size increased for both genders similarly with advancing age. Age patterning along the leanness component was described as a decrease from birth to 1 year, followed by an increase in leanness in older ages. Females had a delayed and significantly less intense increase in leanness relative to males.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 02/1987; 72(1):59-66. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Mixed-longitudinal data on adiposity and body size were taken on 250 male and 452 female olive baboons aged between birth and 8 years. Adiposity was measured as skinfold thickness at the neck, subscapular, suprailiac, and triceps sites; body size measures included weight, crown-rump length, and triceps circumference. Males and females were treated independently and compared for gender differences. Data were tabulated to examine the relation of the somatometric variables to age and the patterns of association among the variables. Females averaged larger skinfold values at all sites for most ages. Males were significantly heavier, longer, and exhibited greater triceps girth at all ages except birth and 1 year where no significant gender difference was found for crown-rump length. In general the three measures of body size were significantly correlated at all ages as were the four measures of adiposity. Significant associations between adiposity and body size measures were not consistent among various ages.
Growth 02/1984; 48(4):445-54.
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ABSTRACT: Postnatal growth in body weight, from birth to 7 years, was studied longitudinally in a sample of savannah baboons. Measurements of weight were collected on 45 male and 42 female baboons at 12-week intervals. The weights of males and females were treated independently and compared for gender differences. Distance and mean increment curves were used to describe the pattern and changes in the rate of growth. The results demonstrated that the savannah baboon shares a pattern of weight growth similar to that of other anthropoid primates including humans. An adolescent growth spurt was observed for both genders. The intensity of the growth spurt was substantially greater for males. Differential growth rates between genders during adolescence were responsible for the extensive sexual dimorphism exhibited in adult weight. Females were advanced over males in their percentage of adult growth attainment at all ages.
Growth 02/1984; 48(4):425-33.
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ABSTRACT: Performance of perception of threat, attack, and subordinate behaviors at different phases of the perineal cycle in 24 female group papio monkeys (super-species Papio cynocephalus) was compared. The subjects ranged in age from 36 to 42 months at the inception of the study and were observed over a 2-year period. Females performed significantly fewer threat and attack behaviors during the swollen phase of the perineal cycle and showed no significant differences in the reception of the three behavioral measures. The reduction in the performance of aggression that occurs during the swollen phase of the perineal cycle reflects a shift in the focus of interactions during consortship to a single male.
Archives of Sexual Behavior 03/1982; 11(1):65-72. · 3.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, responses to the formation of social groups were compared between adult male and female Papio cynocephalus anubis. Quantitative behavioral data based on systematic focal animal sampling were used to test the hypothesis that adult male and female olive baboons are similar in their behavioral response to (1) the formation of monosexual social groups and (2) the simultaneous reduction of social unit and habitat size. Males and females differed (t test, p less than 0.05) in performance of sexual, tension, and stereotypy behavior during large group formations. During small group formations, males and females differed in play, subordinate, locomotion, manipulation, sexual, tension, and stereotypy behavior. Our observations, clearly indicate that in captivity, under conditions of identical housing, social structure, and social unit history, males and females differ in their behavior performance. Our data suggest that some socioenvironmental conditions, such as the lack of heterosexual grouping, may exaggerate those differences.
Archives of Sexual Behavior 03/1981; 10(1):79-91. · 3.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Data obtained during a field study of two species of nonhuman primates (Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi) living in the Tikal National Park in Guatemala are used to suggest an answer to the question: To what extent is the existence of a particular form of social organization (group size, structure, and composition) an indication of the amount of energy in the form of food resources available to animals in a particular habitat? Seven researchers working in teams spent 2,318 hours in the field, 1,145 hours of which were in contact with the monkeys. Comparisons of dietary data, estimated energy expenditures, and habitat productivity provide indications of the degree to which a habitat is capable of supporting the energy and other nutritional requirements of howler and spider monkeys living within the study area. These data suggest that much larger populations and different forms of social organizations can be supported by resources available within the habitat.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 04/1977; 46(2):253-64. · 2.82 Impact Factor
