-
JACEE collaboration,
T. H. Burnett,
S. Dake, J. H. Derrickson,
W. Fountain,
M. Fuki,
J. C. Gregory,
T. Hayashi,
R. Holynski,
J. Iwai, [......],
T. Saito,
S. Strausz,
T. Tabuki,
Y. Takahashi,
T. Tominaga,
J. W. Watts,
B. Wilczynska,
R. J. Wilkes,
W. Wolter,
B. Wosiek
01/2006: pages 187-195;
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Mark J. Christl,
Adams,
James H,
R. W. Binns, J. H. Derrickson,
W. F. Fountain,
L. W. Howell,
J. C. Gregory,
P. L. Hink,
M. H. Israel,
R. M. Kippen,
Ann F. Whitaker
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Imaging Calorimeter for ACCESS (ICA) utilizes a thin sampling calorimeter concept for direct measurements of high-energy cosmic rays. The ICA design uses arrays of small scintillating fibers to measure the energy and trajectory of the produced cascades. A test instrument has been developed to study the performance of this concept at accelerator energies and for comparison with simulations. Two test exposures have been completed using a CERN test beam. Some results from the accelerator tests are presented.
02/2001;
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T. A. Parnell,
James H. Adams,
R. W. Binns,
M. J. Christl, J. H. Derrickson,
W. F. Fountain,
L. W. Howell,
J. C. Gregory,
P. L. Hink,
M. H. Israel,
Ann F. Whitaker
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A mission concept study to define the "Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for Space Station (ACCESS)" was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The ACCESS instrument complement contains a transition radiation detector and an ionization calorimeter to measure tile spectrum of protons, helium, and heavier nuclei up to approximately 10(exp 15) eV to search for the limit of S/N shock wave acceleration, or evidence for other explanations of the spectra. Several calorimeter configurations have been studied, including the "baseline" totally active bismuth germanate instrument and sampling calorimeters utilizing various detectors. The Imaging Calorimeter for ACCESS (ICA) concept comprises a carbon target and a calorimeter using a high atomic number absorber sampled approximately each radiation length (rl) by thin scintillating fiber (SCIFI) detectors. The main features and options of the ICA instrument configuration are described in this paper. Since direct calibration is not possible over most of the energy range, the best approach must be decided from simulations of calorimeter performance extrapolated from CERN calibrations at 0.375 TeV. This paper presents results from the ICA simulations study.
02/2001;
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and The JACEE Collaboration,
K Asakimori,
T H Burnett,
M L Cherry,
K Chevli,
M J Christl,
S Dake, J H Derrickson,
W F Fountain,
M Fuki, [......],
Y Takahashi,
T Tominaga,
J W Watts,
J P Wefel,
B Wilczynska,
H Wilczynski,
R J Wilkes,
W Wolter,
H Yokomi,
E Zager
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In heavy particle decays found in cosmic ray interactions recorded in the JACEE emulsion chambers, multiple electron pairs were previously reported. These pairs apparently originated from conversions of photons emitted in the decays. It is difficult to explain the overall properties of these decays in terms of known heavy particle decay modes. A recently published compilation of low-energy nuclear data suggests the presence of excess electron pairs with invariant mass of about 9 MeV/c2, which may be explained by postulating the existence of a new neutral boson decaying into the electron pair. The feasibility of explaining the JACEE electron pairs with this hypothesis is presented.
Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics 11/1999; 25(12):L133. · 4.18 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The "all-particle" cosmic ray energy spectrum appears to be exhibiting a significant change in the spectral index just above approximately 3000 TeV. This could indicate (1) a change in the propagation of the cosmic rays in the galactic medium, and/or (2) the upper limit of the supernova shock wave acceleration mechanism, and/or (3) a new source of high-energy cosmic rays. Air shower and JACEE data indicate the spectral change is associated with a composition change to a heavier element mixture whereas DICE does not indicate this. A detector concept will be presented that utilizes the energy dependence of the production of direct Coulomb electron-positron pairs by energetic heavy ions. Monte Carlo simulations of a direct electron pair detector consisting of Pb target foils interleaved with planes of 1-mm square scintillating optical fibers will be discussed. The goal is to design a large area, non-saturating instrument to measure the energy spectrum of the individual cosmic ray elements in the "VH-group" for energies greater than 10 TeV/nucleon.
02/1999;
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J. C. Gregory,
C. Thoburn,
A. E. Smith,
Petruzzo,
J. J,
III,
R. W. Austin, J. H. Derrickson,
T. A. Parnell,
M. R. W. Masheder,
P. H. Fowler
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The design features and operational performance from the test flight of the fourth generation of spherical geometry cosmic ray detectors developed at Bristol University (Bristol University Gas Scintillator 4 - BUGS-4) are presented. The flight from Ft. Sumner (NM) in Sept. 1993 was the premier flight of a large (1m radius) spherical drift chamber which also gave gas scintillation and Cerenkov signals. The combinations of this chamber with one gas and two solid Cerenkov radiators lead to a large aperture factor (4.5 m2sr), but low (approximately 3.5 g/sq cm) instrument mass over the energy sensitive range 1 to several hundred GeV/a. Moreover, one simple timing measurement determined the impact parameter which provided a trajectory (path length) correction for all detector elements. This innovative and efficient design will be of interest to experimental groups engaged in studies of energetic charged particles. Although there were technical problems on the flight, which were compounded by the total destruction of BUGS-4 by fire while landing in Oklahoma, there was a period of stable operation during which the instrument was exposed at float altitude (approximately 125,000 ft.) to high energy cosmic rays. We present the performance of the instrument as determined from the analysis of these data and an appraisal of its novel design features. Suggestions for design improvements in a future instrument are made.
12/1997;
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Yoshiyuki Takahashi,
J. N. Capdevielle,
A. Kawahara,
Y. Takao,
T. Sugitate,
O. Miyamura,
T. Ogata,
B. L. Dong,
Y. Takahashi,
K. Asakimori, [......],
T. A. Parnell,
S. C. Strausz,
T. Tominaga,
J. P. Wefel,
B. Wilczynska,
H. Wilczynski,
R. J. Wilkes,
W. Wolter,
H. Yokomi,
E. Zager
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The search for cosmic strangelet nuclei was carried out by two experiments with emulsion chambers. A balloon-borne JACEE emulsion
chamber was flown at 3.5 g/cm2 for 200 h in Antarctica (JACEE-10 experiment) and the Concorde flights were made by ECHOS at an atmospheric depth of 110
g/cm2 between Paris and New York. No nuclei withZ⩾30 survived after traversing 60–120 g/cm2 of the detector materials in the JACEE instruments. No evidence for a long mean free path were found in the zenith angle
distribution forZ/β⩾26 nuclei. The exposure factor used by the JACEE was 72 m2hsr. The intensity upperbounds,I⩽(2.2–9.7)×10−2/m2h sr, were obtained for strangelets having an atmospheric attenuation length of 220−50 g/cm2, which corresponds to the case for mass numberA=100–10000 andZ/β > 13. Concorde experiments (ECHOS) used both a thin and a thick emulsion chamber. The total exposure was 209 m2 h sr and no candidates with chargeZ⩾30 were found. The largest track hadZ/β=28.6±1.29 withβ ∼ 1. Nuclei observed with charge 13⩽Z⩽30 were consistent with the survival intensity of ordinary nuclei. The flux bounds from the ECHOS experiments were I⩽(2.1–5.0)
x 10−2/m2h for strangelets with mass number 100⩽A⩽1000.
Hyperfine Interactions 11/1996; 103(1):99-111. · 0.21 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Measurements of direct Coulomb electron-positron pair production have been made on the tracks of relativistic heavy ions in nuclear track emulsion. Tracks of 0(16) and S(32) at 200 GeV/nucleon were studied. The measured total cross sections and energy and emission angle distributions for the pair members are compared to theoretical predictions. The data are consistent with some recent calculations when knock-on electron contamination is accounted for.
03/1995;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Cosmic ray interactions, at energies above 1 TeV/nucleon, in emulsion chambers flown on high altitude balloons have yielded two events showing apparent decays of a heavy particle into one charged particle and four photons. The photons converted into electron pairs very close to the decay vertex. Attempts to explain this decay topology with known particle decays are presented. Unless both events represent a b yields u transition, which is statistically unlikely, then other known decay modes for charmed or bottom particles do not account satisfactorily for these observations. This could indicate, possibly, a new decay channel.
04/1994;
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E. V. Benton,
I. Csige,
K. Oda,
R. P. Henke,
A. L. Frank,
E. R. Benton,
L. A. Frigo,
T. A. Parnell,
Watts, J. W., Jr, J. H. Derrickson
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Measurements are under way of the charged particle radiation environment
of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite using stacks of
plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTD's) placed in different locations
of the satellite. In the initial work the charge, energy, and linear
energy transfer (LET) spectra of charged particles were measured with
CR-39 double layer PNTD's located on the west side of the satellite
(Experiment P0006). Primary and secondary stopping heavy ions were
measured separately from the more energetic particles. Both trapped and
galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles are included, with the latter
component being dominated by relativistic iron particles. The results
from the P0006 experiment will be compared with similar measurements in
other locations on LDEF with different orientation and shielding
conditions. The remarkably detailed investigation of the charged
particle radiation environment of the LDEF satellite will lead to a
better understanding of the radiation environment of the Space Station
Freedom. It will enable more accurate prediction of single event upsets
(SEU's) in microelectronics and, especially, more accurate assessment of
the risk - contributed by different components of the radiation field
(GCR's, trapped protons, secondaries and heavy recoils, etc.) - to the
health and safety of crew members.
03/1993; -1:171-180.
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E V Benton,
I. Csige,
K Oda,
R P Henke,
A L Frank,
E R Benton,
L A Frigo,
T. A. Parnell,
Watts,
J. W, J. H. Derrickson
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Measurements are under way of the charged particle radiation environment of the LDEF satellite using stacks of plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) placed in different locations of the satellite. In the initial work, the charge, energy, and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra of charged particles were measured with CR-39 double layer PNTDs located on the west end of the satellite. Primary and secondary stopping heavy ions as well as relativistic galactic cosmic rays (mostly iron particles) were measured separately. The results will be compared with similar measurements in other locations on LDEF with different orientation and shielding conditions. The remarkably detailed study of the charged particle radiation environment of the LDEF satellite will lead to a better understanding of the radiation environment of the Space Station Freedom. It will enable more accurate prediction of single event upsets (SEUs) in microelectronics and, especially, more accurate assessment of the risk, contributed by the different components of the radiation field to the health and safety of crew members.
07/1992;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An instrument designed to measure elemental cosmic ray abundances from boron to nickel in the energy region 0.5-2.0 GeV/nucl was flown on a high altitude balloon from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on 30 September through 1 October 1976 at an average atmospheric depth of about 5 g/sq cm. Differential energy spectra of B, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, were measured. The float altitude exposure of 17 h ended near Alpena, Michigan. The flight trajectory maintained a north easterly heading out of Sioux Falls traversing the upper midwest region between 84 and 97 deg west longitude while remaining between 43.5 and 45 deg north latitude. The maximum vertical cut-off for this flight path was 1.77 GV or 0.35 GeV/nucl.
02/1992;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The long duration exposure facility (LDEF), launched into a 258 nautical mile orbit with an inclination of 28.5 degrees, remained in space for nearly 6 yr. The 21,500 lb NASA satellite was one of the largest payloads ever deployed by the Space Shuttle. LDEF completed 32,422 orbits and carried 57 major experiments representing more than 200 investigators from 33 private companies, 21 universities and nine countries. The experiments covered a wide range of disciplines including basic science, electronics, optics, materials, structures and power and propulsion. A number of the experiments were specifically designed to measure the radiation environment. These experiments are of specific interest, since the LDEF orbit is essentially the same as that of the Space Station Freedom. Consequently, the radiation measurements on LDEF will play a significant role in the design of radiation shielding of the space station. The contributions of the various authors presented here attempt to predict the major aspects of the radiation exposure received by the various LDEF experiments and therefore should be helpful to investigators who are in the process of analyzing experiments which may have been affected by exposure to ionizing radiation. The paper discusses the various types and sources of ionizing radiation including cosmic rays, trapped particles (both protons and electrons) and secondary particles (including neutrons, spallation products and high-LET recoils), as well as doses and LET spectra as a function of shielding. Projections of the induced radioactivity of LDEF are also discussed.
Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982) 02/1992; 20(1):75-100.
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K. Asakimori,
T. H. Burnett,
M. L. Cherry,
M. J. Christl,
S. Dake, J. H. Derrickson,
W. F. Fountain,
M. Fuki,
J. C. Gregory,
T. Hayashi, [......],
J. P. Wefel,
M. Wilbur,
B. Wilczynska,
H. Wilcyznski,
R. J. Wilkes,
W. Wolter,
B. Wosiek,
A. Yamamoto,
H. Yokomi,
T. Yuda
07/1991; 2:567.
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T. A. Parnell,
T. H. Burnett,
M. C. Cherry,
S. Dake, J. H. Derrickson,
W. F. Fountain,
M. Fuki,
J. C. Gregory,
T. Hayashi,
R. Holynski, [......],
J. W. Watts,
J. P. Wefel,
B. Wilczynska,
H. Wilczynski,
R. J. Wilkes,
W. Wolter,
T. Wosiek,
A. Yamamoto,
H. Yokomi,
T. Yuda
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Emulsion chambers will be flown in the Astromag Facility to measure the cosmic ray composition (H through Fe) and spectra to 1015 eV total energy and to definitively study the characteristics of nucleus–nucleus interactions above 1012 eV/n. Two configurations of emulsion chambers will be flown in the SCIN/MAGIC experiment. One chamber has an emulsion target and a calorimeter similar to those recently flown on balloons for composition and spectra measurements. The other has an identical calorimeter and a low‐density target section optimized for performing rigidity measurements on charged particles produced in interactions. The transverse momenta of charged and neutral mesons, direct hadronic pairs from resonance decays and interference effects, and possible charge clustering in high density states of matter will be studied. The magnetic field allows more definitive tests of heavy nucleus interaction models at high energy, and enhances searches for evidence of nuclear matter phase change such as a quark‐gluon plasma or chiral symmetry. These interaction studies are important for energy measurements below and above 1015 eV using ionization calorimetry, including air shower experiments.
AIP Conference Proceedings. 03/1990; 203(1):89-100.
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Direct measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei above 1 TeV/nucleon have been performed in a series of balloon-borne experiments with emulsion chambers. The observed all-particle spectrum above 20 TeV is consistent with the results of the Proton satellite and many air shower experiments. The proton spectrum is consistent with a power law having an index of 2.76 + or - 0.09 up to at least 100 TeV, but an overabundance of helium by a factor of 2 above 2 TeV per nucleon is found when compared with the extrapolation from the low energies. For heavy elements (C through Fe), the intensities around 1 TeV/nucleon are consistent, within the statistical errors, with the extrapolation from lower energy data using the Spacelab 2 spectral indices. An enhancement for the medium-heavy components (C through Ca) above 200 TeV is indicated. The mean mass above 50 TeV indicates slightly higher values than the results of the air shower experiments.
02/1990;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Emulsion chambers will be flown in the Astromag Facility to measure the cosmic ray composition and spectra to 10 exp 15 eV total energy and to definitively study the characteristics of nucleus-nucleus interactions above 10 exp 12 eV/n. Two configurations of emulsion chambers will be flown in the SCIN/MAGIC experiment. One chamber has an emulsion target and a calorimeter similar to those recently flown on balloons for composition and spectra measurements. The other has an identical calorimeter and a low-density target section optimized for performing rigidity measurements on charged particles produced in interactions. The transverse momenta of charged and neutral mesons, direct hadronic pairs from resonance decays and interference effects, and possible charge clustering in high-density states of matter will be studied.
02/1990;
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T. H. Burnett,
S. Dake, J. H. Derrickson,
W. F. Fountain,
M. Fuki,
J. C. Gregory,
T. Hayashi,
R. Holynski,
J. Iwai,
W. V. Jones, [......],
Y. Takahashi,
T. Tominaga,
J. W. Watts,
J. P. Wefel,
B. Wilczynska,
H. Wilczynski,
R. J. Wilkes,
W. Wolter,
B. Wosiek,
JACEE Collaboration
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Direct measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei above 1 TeV/nucleon have been
performed in a series of balloon-borne experiments with emulsion
chambers. The observed all-particle spectrum above 20 TeV is consistent
with the results of the Proton satellite and many air shower
experiments. The proton spectrum is consistent with a power law having
an index of 2.76 + or - 0.09 up to at least 100 TeV, but an
overabundance of helium by a factor of 2 above 2 TeV per nucleon is
found when compared with the extrapolation from the low energies. For
heavy elements (C through Fe), the intensities around 1 TeV/nucleon are
consistent, within the statistical errors, with the extrapolation from
lower energy data using the Spacelab 2 spectral indices. An enhancement
for the medium-heavy components (C through Ca) above 200 TeV is
indicated. The mean mass above 50 TeV indicates slightly higher values
than the results of the air shower experiments.
The Astrophysical Journal 12/1989; 349:L25-L28. · 6.02 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: No significant changes in spectral index for protons up to 500 TeV and higher intensity for helium above 2 TeV were observed. For heavier elements, a general tendency of intensity enhancement of medium heavies in the relative abundance above about 10 TeV/amu was observed.
02/1989;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recently, new calculations were made of the direct Coulomb pair cross section that rely less in arbitrary parameters. More accurate calculations of the cross section down to low pair energies were made. New measurements of the total direct electron pair yield, and the energy and angular distribution of the electron pairs in emulsion were made for O-16 at 60 and 200 GeV/amu at S-32 at 200 GeV/amu which give satisfactory agreement with the new calculations. These calculations and measurements are presented along with previous accelerator measurements made of this effect during the last 40 years. The microscope scanning criteria used to identify the direct electron pairs is described. Prospects for application of the pair method to cosmic ray energy measurements in the region 10 (exp 13) to 10 (exp 15) eV/amu are discussed.
02/1989;
