-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Context:Overt hypothyroidism in pregnant women is associated with poorer neurodevelopment in their children. Findings from studies investigating the effect of less severe impairments in the maternal thyroid function on cognitive functioning in offspring are difficult to interpret for a number of reasons, including lack of objective cognitive tests, preschool age at assessment, and small sample sizes.Objective:We aimed to assess the effect of the maternal thyroid status in early pregnancy on their offspring's cognitive performance at 5 to 6 years of age.Design and Participants:This was a prospective study that included the data of 1765 healthy 5- to 6-year-old children from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study. Maternal serum free T4 and TSH were obtained at a median gestational age of 90 (interquartile range, 83 to 100) days.Main Outcome Measures:Cognitive performance was tested using a computerized assessment program that measured response speed, response speed stability, visuomotor skills, response selection, and response inhibition.Results:Maternal hypothyroxinemia (ie, maternal free T4 in the lowest 10% of distribution) was associated with a 41.3 (95% confidence interval, 20.3-62.4) ms slower response speed in a simple reaction time task. In this test, it was also associated with a decreased stability in response speed. The relations found persisted after adjustment for family background and perinatal conditions. The effect of hypothyroxinemia on these outcomes was dependent on its interaction with TSH level.Conclusions:Lower maternal free T4 concentration at the end of the first trimester predicted slower response speed and decreased stability in response speed in offspring at 5 to 6 years of age.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 02/2013; · 6.50 Impact Factor
-
European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 11/2012; · 1.97 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Preterm birth is associated with short stature, abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, and hypertension, resembling effects of increased glucocorticoid bioactivity. Although antenatal glucocorticoid treatment does not substantially contribute to these associations, it is unknown whether genetic variants in the glucocorticoid receptor gene could modulate the effects of antenatal glucocorticoid treatment on the above phenotype.
Our objective was to test the effects of the R23K and N363S variants, associated with decreased and increased sensitivity to cortisol, respectively, on the metabolic profile in adults born preterm of whom some had been treated with glucocorticoids antenatally and/or in the early postnatal phase.
This was a prospective follow-up study that included 263 19-year-olds born at a gestational age under 32 wk from the Dutch Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants cohort.
This was a nationwide multicenter follow-up study.
Adult height and body composition, fasting serum glucose, insulin and cholesterol levels, and blood pressure were evaluated.
At 19 yr of age, waist circumference was 1.67 ± 0.90 sd score in 363S carriers who had been treated antenatally with glucocorticoids (n = 4), which was much higher than that of the other groups (P for interaction = 0.03). A similar association was found for the waist-to-hip ratio sd score (P = 0.03). Similar associations were absent with the R23K polymorphism. There was no interaction between these genotypes and postnatal glucocorticoid treatment on serum levels of glucose, insulin, and cholesterol or blood pressure.
In prematurely born individuals carrying the 363S variant, antenatal glucocorticoid treatment predisposes to abdominal adiposity at age 19 yr.
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 08/2011; 96(10):E1650-5. · 6.50 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: It is not exactly known how many children develop the triphasic response (diabetes insipidus (DI)/hyponatremia/DI) immediately after surgery for childhood craniopharyngioma; neither is it known which factors predict this. We studied the occurrence of the triphasic response after primary surgery for craniopharyngioma in children, and aimed to identify possible predictors.
Patients <18 years old who had undergone a primary craniopharyngioma resection between January 1990 and February 2010 in either of the 2 academic centers in Amsterdam were studied retrospectively.
Twenty-one patients (5 males) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median age at surgery was 9.1 (range: 4.0-15.1) years. Six patients developed a triphasic response (29%). Of all factors, only the duration of surgery was found to be a predictor of a triphasic response: 8.5 (6.0-11.0) versus 4.6 (3.5-11.5) h in patients who did not develop a triphasic response (p = 0.03).
After primary surgery for a craniopharyngioma, a considerable number of patients develop a triphasic response in the regulation of the sodium and water balance. This is predicted by (factors associated with) a longer duration of surgery. Other predictors could not be identified, which may be due to the small sample size.
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 06/2011; 76(1):22-6.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Background: Major defects in the IGF1 gene are associated with severely reduced cranial and linear growth. The association between IGF1 promoter polymorphisms and growth is uncertain. Aims: To test the effect of the IGF1 192-bp allele on cranial and linear growth and body mass index (BMI) from birth until age 5 years, and on IQ and serum IGF-1 at age 19 years. Methods: In a birth cohort, including 285 individuals born at a gestational age <32 weeks from the Project On Preterm and Small-for-gestational age infants (POPS), cohort anthropometric measurements were analyzed. At age 19 years IGF1 genotype, serum IGF-1 level and IQ were determined. Regression analyses were performed with mixed models. Results: Homozygotes for the 192-bp allele had a slower cranial growth from birth until age 5 years, and a tendency towards less brain sparing and a slower linear growth compared to the other 2 genotype groups. IGF1 genotype was not associated with IQ or BMI development. Head circumference SDS at age 5 years was positively associated with IQ at age 19 years. Conclusion: Homozygosity for the IGF1 192-bp allele is associated with a slower cranial growth from birth until age 5 years in individuals born very preterm.
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 03/2011; 76(1):27-34.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Being born small for gestational age (SGA), a proxy for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and prenatal famine exposure are both associated with a greater risk of metabolic disease. Both associations have been hypothesized to involve epigenetic mechanisms. We investigated whether prenatal growth restriction early in pregnancy was associated with changes in DNA methylation at loci that were previously shown to be sensitive to early gestational famine exposure. We compared 38 individuals born preterm (< 32 weeks) and with a birth weight too low for their gestational age (-1SDS) and a normal postnatal growth (>-1SDS at 3 months post term; AGA). The SGA individuals were not only lighter at birth, but also had a smaller length (P=3.3x10 (-13) ) and head circumference at birth (P=4.1x10 (-13) ). The DNA methylation levels of IGF2, GNASAS, INSIGF and LEP were 48.5%, 47.5%, 79.4% and 25.7% respectively. This was not significantly different between SGA and AGA individuals. Risk factors for being born SGA, including preeclampsia and maternal smoking, were also not associated with DNA methylation at these loci. Growth restriction early in development is not associated with DNA methylation at loci shown to be affected by prenatal famine exposure. Our and previous results by others indicate that prenatal growth restriction and famine exposure may be associated with different epigenetic changes or non epigenetic mechanisms that may lead to similar later health outcomes.
Epigenetics: official journal of the DNA Methylation Society 02/2011; 6(2):171-6. · 4.58 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: There is some evidence for elevated thyrotropin (TSH) levels in children born preterm, but follow-up studies into adulthood are lacking. We tested whether thyroid function in young adults born at a gestational age < 32 weeks, with either an appropriate (appropriate for gestational age, AGA) or low birth weight for gestational age (small for gestational age, SGA), differed from that in age-matched controls. We made our measurements when the study participants reached 21 years of age. Serum concentrations of TSH and free T4 (fT4) and body composition were measured in subjects born preterm and AGA (n = 29) or SGA (n = 28), and in non-preterm controls (n = 30). The TSH and fT4 concentrations of participants were within normal limits. Free T4 levels in subjects born preterm were slightly higher than those in controls: 17.0 +/- 2.4 (AGA) and 17.2 +/- 1.7 (SGA) vs. 16.1 +/- 1.9 pmo/L (p = 0.04). TSH concentrations did not differ between groups. From these preliminary data, we conclude that young adults born preterm have a normal thyroid function.
Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism: JPEM 01/2011; 24(11-12):887-91. · 0.88 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The long-term effects of perinatal growth and corticosteroid exposure on adrenal steroid concentrations in adults born very preterm are uncertain.
To examine the effect of birth weight, early postnatal growth, and pre- and postnatal corticosteroid administration on serum adrenal steroids in 19-year-old subjects born very preterm.
Subjects born before 32 weeks of gestation in The Netherlands participating in the Project on Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infants (POPS) were investigated at 19 years of age. Serum cortisol, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenedione (Adione) concentrations were measured in 393 out of 676 eligible subjects, compared with controls, and associated with perinatal growth and pre- and postnatal corticosteroids administration using multiple linear regression analyses.
Serum DHEAS and Adione in men and women were higher than in controls. In the multiple regression analyses, birth weight SDS showed a statistically significant negative association with serum DHEAS concentrations in women (β: -0.865, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.254 to -0.476) and in men (β: -0.758, 95% CI: -1.247 to -0.268) and with serum Adione concentrations in women (β: -0.337, 95% CI: -0.593 to -0.082). Early postnatal weight gain showed no association with any of measured adrenal markers. In women, serum Adione was associated with postnatal dexamethasone exposure (β: 0.932, 95% CI: 0.022 - 1.843).
Young adults born very preterm show elevated adrenal androgens, particularly when born small for gestational age. Postnatal corticosteroid administration is positively associated with serum Adione in young women.
European Journal of Endocrinology 10/2010; 163(4):681-9. · 3.42 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A 6-year-old girl was admitted to our hospital for excessive weight gain. On presentation, she had a typical Cushingoid appearance and hypertension. Laboratory analysis was indicative for an exogenous glucocorticoid source, showing values that were low for serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropin and for 24-h urinary glucocorticoid (metabolite) excretion. Five and 2 months before presentation, she was treated with intradermal triamcinolone acetonide for keloid scars. Recovery of intrinsic cortisol production occurred 12 months after the last steroid dose. Intradermal triamcinolone acetonide for keloid scars in children should be used with care taking into account the here reported complication.
European Journal of Pediatrics 02/2010; 169(9):1147-9. · 1.88 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The hypothesis of intrauterine origin of adult disease is debated. We tested whether intrauterine growth restriction is associated with later kidney function.
Prospective cohort study.
7,457 Norwegian adults aged 20 to 30 years participating in the population-based Nord Trøndelag Health Study (1995-1997) with data for birth weight, gestational age, and maternal and perinatal risk factors registered at the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.
Birth weight expressed as an SD score (SDS) to adjust for gestational age and sex. Subjects with a birth weight SDS less than -2.0, -2.0 to -1.3, and -1.3 to 1.3 were defined as very small, small, and appropriate for gestational age, corresponding to less than the 3rd, 3rd to 10th, and 10th to 90th percentiles, respectively.
Kidney function estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault and isotope dilution mass spectrometry-traceable 4-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation. Values less than the sex-specific 10th percentile were defined as low-normal kidney function.
Compared with men with birth weight appropriate for gestational age (n = 2,755), odds ratios for low-normal creatinine clearance (<100 mL/min) were 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 2.37) if small for gestational age (n = 261) and 2.40 (95% CI, 1.46 to 3.94) if very small for gestational age (n = 101). Kidney function estimated using the MDRD Study equation gave similar results. Women (n = 3,126, 283, and 112, respectively) had odds ratios of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.17 to 2.35) and 2.00 (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.29) for low-normal creatinine clearance (<80 mL/min), whereas the association was not significant using the MDRD Study equation. Using linear regression, creatinine clearance decreased by 4.0 mL/min (95% CI, 3.3 to 4.6) in men and 2.9 mL/min (95% CI, 2.2 to 3.5) in women per 1-SDS decrease. Adjusting for possible confounders did not influence results.
Selection bias could be a problem because the participation rate was 49%, but there were no statistically significant differences between participants and nonparticipants regarding maternal and perinatal characteristics. Adjusting kidney function for body size can be a special problem in people with intrauterine growth restriction.
Although effects were still small in young adulthood, intrauterine growth restriction was significantly associated with low-normal kidney function. The effect was weaker and less consistent in women compared with men.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases 02/2008; 51(1):10-20. · 5.43 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Preterm birth is associated with postnatal growth failure, abdominal fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and hypertension, resembling increased glucocorticoid bioactivity.
We tested the effects of the R23K and N363S polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, associated with decreased and increased sensitivity to cortisol, respectively, on linear growth and the adult metabolic profile in a cohort (n = 249) of men and women born less than 32 gestational weeks and followed up prospectively from birth until 19 yr of age.
This was a birth cohort study that included 249 19-yr-old survivors born at a gestational age less than 32 wk from the Dutch Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants cohort.
This project was a nationwide multicenter follow-up study.
Linear growth and adult body composition, fasting cortisol, glucose, insulin, and cholesterol concentrations, and blood pressure were measured.
The 23K variant (n = 24) was associated with lower fasting insulin levels [mean difference after log transformation: -0.09 (95% confidence interval -0.16, -0.01) mU/liter] and a lower homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index [mean difference after log transformation: -0.09 (95% confidence interval -0.16, -0.01)] as well as with a taller stature departing from the age of 1 yr onward. 23K carriers showed complete catch-up growth between the ages of 3 months and 1 yr, and attained height was similar to the population reference mean, whereas stature in noncarriers was on average 0.5 sd below this mean. In contrast, the N363S polymorphism was not associated with any of the outcomes.
Carriers of the 23K variant are, at least in part, protected against postnatal growth failure and insulin resistance after preterm birth.
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 01/2008; 92(12):4777-82. · 6.50 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Reliability studies are frequently organized within the context of a large (multicenter) study, with only a small sample of subjects measured by the observers of the large study. To estimate interobserver reliability, data from the large study are not frequently used. In this article, the advantages of combining data from the reliability study and the large study to improve the estimation of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) are highlighted.
This was done within the scope of estimating fat percentages in the Project On Preterm and Small-for-gestational-age infants-19 (POPS-19) study and with simulations. To calculate ICCs, three approaches were used: (1) the classical approach using data from a reliability study only, (2) the combined variances approach using inter-subject variances from the POPS-19 study, and (3) the maximum likelihood approach using all data.
The ICCs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for fat percentage calculated by the three approaches were 0.84 (0.57, 0.99), 0.94 (0.90, 0.97), and 0.94 (0.88, 0.97), respectively.
The efficient use of data by combining data from a small reliability study with the data from the large study itself for the calculation of ICCs will lead to more precise ICCs.
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 11/2007; 60(10):1010-4. · 4.27 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: It is unknown whether children born very preterm (< 32 weeks' gestation) with appropriate size for gestational age, who grow poorly in the first postnatal months (ie, preterm growth restraint), show a similar growth pattern as children born small for gestational age.
Childhood growth and adult height of children with preterm growth restraint were compared to those of very preterm small-for-gestational-age and non-preterm-growth-restraint children.
Data were drawn from the Project on Preterm and Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants cohort. Preterm growth restraint was considered to have occurred after appropriate-size-for-gestational-age birth and if length and/or weight was below -2 SD score at 3 months postterm.
Among 380 very preterm children, 274 experienced no preterm growth restraint and showed near-normal growth, whereas 79 (21%) experienced preterm growth restraint and subsequently displayed a growth pattern similar to that of very preterm small-for-gestational-age children (n = 27). Adult height of these children was -1.1 to -1.2 SD score. Very preterm small-for-gestational-age and preterm-growth-restraint children with a height below -2 SD score at 5 years had an adult height of approximately -2.5 SD score.
Childhood growth and adult height were similar in very preterm small-for-gestational-age and preterm-growth-restraint children. These long-term findings further strengthen the plausibility of extending the small-for-gestational-age indication for growth hormone therapy in such a way that preterm-growth-restraint children are no longer excluded if they have a short stature persisting beyond the age of approximately 5 years.
PEDIATRICS 08/2006; 118(2):640-3. · 4.47 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The postcoital test has poor diagnostic and prognostic characteristics. Nevertheless, some physicians believe it can identify scanty or abnormal mucus that might impair fertility. One way to avoid "hostile" cervical mucus is intrauterine insemination. With this technique, the physician injects sperm directly into the uterine cavity through a small catheter passed through the cervix; the theory is to bypass the "hostile" cervical mucus. Although most gynecologic societies do not endorse use of intrauterine insemination for hostile cervical mucus, some physicians consider it an effective treatment for women with infertility thought the result of cervical mucus problems. The aim of this review was to determine the effectiveness of intrauterine insemination with or without ovarian stimulation in women with cervical hostility who failed to conceive.We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2005, MEDLINE (1966 to June 2005), EMBASE (1980 to June 2005), POPLINE (to June 2005), and LILACS (to June 2005). In addition, we contacted experts and searched the reference list of relevant articles and book chapters. We included randomized and quasirandomized, controlled trials comparing intrauterine insemination with intercourse timed at the presumed fertile period. Participants were women with cervical hostility who failed to conceive for at least 1 year. We assessed the titles and abstracts of 386 publications and 2 reviewers independently abstracted data on methods and results from 5 studies identified for inclusion. The main outcome is pregnancy rate per couple. We did not pool the outcomes of the included 5 studies in a meta-analysis resulting from the methodological quality of the trials and variations in the patient characteristics and interventions. Narrative summaries of the outcomes are provided. Each study was too small for a clinically relevant conclusion. None of the studies provided information on important outcomes such as spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancies, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. There is no evidence from the published studies that intrauterine insemination is an effective treatment for cervical hostility. Given the poor diagnostic and prognostic properties of the postcoital test and the observation that the test has no benefit on pregnancy rates, intrauterine insemination (with or without ovarian stimulation) is unlikely to be a useful treatment for putative problems identified by postcoital testing. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall that there is a lack of adequate studies that support that intrauterine insemination (IUI) is an effective treatment of cervical hostility, explain that the postcoital test has poor diagnostic and prognostic properties, and state that the use of both tests has no benefit on pregnancy rates. EDITOR'S NOTE: Although many assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs no longer perform postcoital tests, many perform intrauterine insemination (IUI), often with gonadotropins or clomiphene citrate, in their subfertile patients. Therefore, this review article will be of value to our readers who treat subfertile patients with IUI, whether or not they perform postcoital tests. For additional explanations of the statistical tests employed in this review, see D. Grimes, KF Schulz, Obstetrical and Gynecologic Survey, 57; Supplement 3: S35, September 2002; and D. Grimes, KF Schulz, Obstetrical and Gynecologic Survey, Supplement 2, S53-S69, September 2005.-RBJ.
Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 06/2006; 61(6):402-14; quiz 423. · 2.51 Impact Factor
-
Martijn J J Finken,
Akin Inderson,
Nadine Van Montfoort,
Mandy G Keijzer-Veen,
Anton W M van Weert,
Nermin Carfil,
Marijke Frölich,
Elysée T M Hille,
Johannes A Romijn,
Friedo W Dekker,
Jan M Wit
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with prenatal and infancy growth. However, the relative importance of these time periods for the CVD risk is uncertain. To elucidate this, we tested in a very preterm cohort the effects of birth weight for gestational age and weight gain between birth and 3 mo post-term (early postnatal weight gain) and between 3 mo and 1 y post-term (late infancy weight gain) on the lipid profile and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at age 19 y. A less favorable lipid profile was strongly associated with higher current body mass index (BMI), greater waist circumference, and greater absolute fat mass. CIMT was positively associated with current height, and with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels, and LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and ApoB/apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) ratios. Lipid profile and CIMT were unrelated to gestational age, birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) and early postnatal weight gain. CIMT was positively associated with late infancy weight gain, but the relationship disappeared after correction for current height. Our findings in 19 y olds born very preterm argue for an effect of current body composition, rather than of early growth, on the CVD risk. Attempts to reduce the CVD risk in this specific population should focus on weight reduction in young adulthood rather than on optimizing the early growth pattern.
Pediatric Research 05/2006; 59(4 Pt 1):604-9. · 2.70 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To determine whether intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a predisposing factor for high blood pressure (BP) in 19-year-olds who were born (very) preterm.
A prospective follow-up study was conducted at age 19 in individuals who born preterm in the Netherlands in 1983. Systolic, diastolic, and mean BP values and plasma renin activity concentration were obtained in 422 young adults who were born with a gestational age (GA) <32 weeks. BP values were also measured in 174 individuals who born with a GA of > or =32 weeks and a birth weight of <1500 g.
An increased prevalence of hypertension and probably also of prehypertensive stage was found. IUGR, birth weight, GA, and plasma renin activity were not associated with BP. Current weight and BMI were the best predicting factors for systolic BP at the age of 19 years.
The prevalence of hypertension is high in individuals who were born preterm when compared with the general population. In the individuals who were born very preterm, no support to the hypothesis that low birth weight is associated with increased BP at young adult age can be given.
PEDIATRICS 10/2005; 116(3):725-31. · 4.47 Impact Factor
-
Pediatric endocrinology reviews: PER 10/2005; 3(1):52-3; author reply 54.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This prospective follow-up study of 422 19-yr-old subjects born very preterm in The Netherlands was performed to determine whether intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) predisposes to abnormal GFR and microalbuminuria in adolescents. GFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, and albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) was calculated in a cohort of 19-yr-old subjects born very preterm (gestational age <32 wk) in 1983. Birth weights were adjusted for gestational age and expressed as standard deviation scores (sds) as a measure of IUGR. All subjects had normal renal function. Birth weight (sds) was associated negatively with serum creatinine concentration (micromol/L) (beta = -1.0 micromol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.9 to -0.2), positively with GFR (beta = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7 to 4.2), and negatively with the logarithm of albumin-creatinine ratio (beta = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.01) in young adults born very preterm. IUGR is associated with unfavorable renal functions at young adult age in subjects born very premature. These data suggest that intrauterine growth-retarded subjects born very premature have an increased risk to develop progressive renal failure in later life.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 09/2005; 16(9):2762-8. · 9.66 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Increasing evidence indicates that adult body composition is associated with prenatal and infancy weight gain, but the relative importance of different time periods has not been elucidated.
The objective was to study the association between prenatal, early postnatal, and late infancy weight gain and body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat distribution in young adulthood.
We included 403 men and women aged 19 y from a Dutch national prospective follow-up study who were born at <32 wk of gestation. BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio SD scores and subscapular-to-triceps ratio, percentage body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass at age 19 y were studied in relation to birth weight SD scores, weight gain from preterm birth until 3 mo postterm (early postnatal weight gain), and weight gain from 3 mo until 1 y postterm (late infancy weight gain).
Birth weight SD scores were positively associated with weight, height, BMI SD scores, and fat-free mass at age 19 y but not with fat mass, percentage body fat, or fat distribution. Early postnatal and late infancy weight gain were positively associated with adult height, weight, BMI, waist circumference SD scores, fat mass, fat-free mass, and percentage body fat but not with waist-to-hip ratio SD scores or subscapular-to-triceps ratio.
In infants born very preterm, weight gain before 32 wk of gestation is positively associated with adult body size but not with body composition and fat distribution. More early postnatal and, to a lesser extent, late infancy weight gain are associated with higher BMI SD scores and percentage body fat and more abdominal fat at age 19 y.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 02/2005; 81(2):480-7. · 6.67 Impact Factor
