-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The influence of the Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles for joints is well known but has not been explored for dynamic sports movements. The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles of the ankle, knee, and hip of the support leg and pelvis during dynamic sports movements, typified by a maximal instep kick in soccer. We found that: (a) the X (flexion/extension) axis rotations provide data that are robust for any sequence used other than the YXZ sequence, although the Y (abduction/adduction) and Z (internal/external) axes rotations are variable in both shape and offset magnitude; (b) the preferred rotation sequence is either XYZ or XZY for dynamic sports movements, although for the soccer kick the XYZ rotation sequence has been widely used and so this is recommended as a standard; and (c) most uncertainties exist in the Y and Z axes and are most apparent at the beginning of the movement. Where uncertainty exists in identifying Y and Z axes orientations, the integrated angular velocity may be considered as an alternative to determine the relative changes in segment orientation.
Journal of Sports Sciences 02/2010; 28(4):445-50. · 1.93 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The CAREN system is a new and unique device for use in postural and balance research in clinical settings due to its ability to independently perturb the support surface in each of six degrees of freedom. Users of this system need knowledge of its technical performance which is not available. The aim of this study was to determine the technical performance of the CAREN system by defining its kinematic response characteristics to two commonly used input functions (sine and ramp) for each of its six translational and rotational axes. The translational and rotational displacement, velocity and acceleration limits of the CAREN system suggest that it is a mid-range system with regard to single degree of freedom moving platform devices reported in the literature. The maximum average displacement cross-talk was 1.5% of the viable working range in any specified direction. The maximum average velocity cross-talk was 3.3% of its maximum velocity in any specified direction. The CAREN system was able to respond to ramp input functions within its displacement and velocity limits although, for short duration ramps, there was evidence that target velocity was not reached. It is concluded that the CAREN system is an appropriate device for postural and balance research with some unique features. This specification of its technical performance should help researchers to identify the tasks for which it is most suitable.
Medical Engineering & Physics 07/2007; 29(5):629-35. · 1.62 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study, the challenge to maximise the potential of gait analysis by employing advanced methods was addressed by using self-organising neural networks to quantify the deviation of patients' gait from normal. Data including three-dimensional joint angles, moments and powers of the two lower limbs and the pelvis were used to train Kohonen artificial neural networks to learn an abstract definition of normal gait. Subsequently, data from patients with gait problems were presented to the network which quantified the quality of gait in the form of a single curve by calculating the quantisation error during the gait cycle. A sensitivity analysis involving the manipulation of gait variables' weighting was able to highlight specific causes of the deviation including the anatomical location and the timing of wrong gait patterns. Use of the quantisation error can be regarded as an extension of previously described gait indices because it measures the goodness of gait and additionally provides information related to the causes underlying gait deviations.
Gait & Posture 04/2007; 25(3):374-9. · 2.12 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Self-organising artificial neural networks were used to reduce the complexity of joint kinematic and kinetic data, which form part of a typical instrumented gait assessment. Three-dimensional joint angles, moments and powers during the gait cycle were projected from the multi-dimensional data space onto a topological neural map, which thereby identified gait stem-patterns. Patients were positioned on the map in relation to each other and this enabled them to be compared from their gait patterns. The visualisation of large amounts of complex data in a two-dimensional map labelled with gait patterns is a step towards more objective analysis protocols which may enhance decision making.
Gait & Posture 09/2006; 24(1):46-53. · 2.12 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The perceptual-cognitive information used to support pattern-recognition skill in soccer was examined. In experiment 1, skilled players were quicker and more accurate than less-skilled players at recognising familiar and unfamiliar soccer action sequences presented on film. In experiment 2, these action sequences were converted into point-light displays, with superficial display features removed and the positions of players and the relational information between them made more salient. Skilled players were more accurate than less-skilled players in recognising sequences presented in point-light form, implying that each pattern of play can be defined by the unique relations between players. In experiment 3, various offensive and defensive players were occluded for the duration of each trial in an attempt to identify the most important sources of information underpinning successful performance. A decrease in response accuracy was observed under occluded compared with non-occluded conditions and the expertise effect was no longer observed. The relational information between certain key players, team-mates and their defensive counterparts may provide the essential information for effective pattern-recognition skill in soccer. Structural feature analysis, temporal phase relations, and knowledge-based information are effectively integrated to facilitate pattern recognition in dynamic sport tasks.
Perception 02/2006; 35(3):317-32. · 1.31 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Abdominal exercises are widely used to develop the anterior muscles of the trunk. These exercises can be undertaken without the aid of equipment, but increasingly manufacturers are developing equipment which purportedly enhances the training effect for abdominal muscles. As there are many different products and exercises used for abdominal muscle development, it is likely that some are more effective than others. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of five commonly performed abdominal exercises. A second aim was to investigate the effects of fatigue on these exercises. Five different types of abdominal exercise [standard crunch (sit-up) with bent knees, gym ball crunch, crunch with 5 kg weight held behind the head, legs raised crunch and a commercially manufactured roller crunch] were examined using integrated surface electromyography (IEMG). The lower rectus abdominis (LRA), upper rectus abdominis (URA) and obliquus externus abdominis (EO) of 15 healthy male participants [age (mean +/- SD) 22.2 +/- 6.8 years; height 1.77 +/- 0.06 m; mass 79.3 +/- 10.7 kg] were monitored using a four-channel special purpose EMG data logger. Three trials of each exercise were performed in random order and normalized to enable comparisons between muscles and exercises. At a later date, ten participants were then re-tested when fresh and after a 30 min whole-body fatigue protocol that specifically targeted the abdominal muscles. Two exercises were evaluated, the abdominal roller crunch and legs raised crunch, which were judged to be the least and most effective, respectively, of the five exercises previously used. The normalized IEMG showed significant (p < 0.001) differences between exercises (gym ball crunch = 86.0 +/- 7.5%; legs raised crunch = 79.9 +/- 5.1%; 5 kg weight crunch = 65.1 +/- 13.4%; standard crunch = 56.2 +/- 3.2%; and roller crunch = 45.0 +/- 11.4%). Post-fatigue, the normalized mean IEMG for both exercises increased significantly (p < 0.05) for LRA and URA muscles but not for the EO (p > 0.05). It was concluded that exercises can be constructed to provide a greater challenge to abdominal muscles, commercially available roller-type equipment appears to be little different from the standard abdominal crunch with bent knees, and fatiguing exercise results in the LRA and URA being more highly activated. These findings provide more detailed knowledge and understanding of the effects of different forms of abdominal exercise.
Ergonomics 48(11-14):1604-12. · 1.41 Impact Factor
