Publications (36)240.85 Total impact
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Article: Identifying leukocyte populations in fresh and cryopreserved sputum using flow cytometry.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Airway inflammation is commonly assessed by sputum induction followed by a differential cell count (DCC) using light microscopy. This method is prone to intercounter variability and poor reproducibility. We aimed to develop a more objective method using flow cytometry (FCM). METHODS: Fifty-six sputum inductions were conducted in 41 adults (23 asthmatics). Sputum was processed, a cytospin prepared for DCC, and the remainder immunolabeled for FCM using CD45, CD14, and CD16-specific antibodies to distinguish major leukocyte populations. Aliquots of 15 samples were frozen at -80°C to assess the effects of cryostorage. DCC and FCM were compared, and viability of individual cell populations was determined by FCM. RESULTS: FCM and DCC, and fresh and frozen samples, were significantly correlated, R = 0.54-0.87; all P < 0.0001, and R = 0.57 to 1; P < 0.005, respectively. There was a significant neutrophil loss after cryostorage (from median 30.5-17.4% of total leukocytes; P < 0.0001). Cell viability was higher for lymphocytes compared to granulocytes or macrophages (P < 0.001). With the exception of the expected higher levels of eosinophils (P < 0.005), no significant difference in cell differentials or viability was observed between asthmatics and nonasthmatics using either DCC or FCM. CONCLUSIONS: FCM is a suitable means of assessing leukocyte populations in induced sputum. Sample storage at -80°C prior to FCM is feasible, but may be detrimental to neutrophils, although good correlations were still observed between fresh and frozen samples. Large differences in viability were found between individual cell populations suggesting that viability dye use may be necessary. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society.Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry 01/2013; · 2.53 Impact Factor -
Article: Strongly magnetic iron nanoparticles improve the diagnosis of small tumours in the reticuloendothelial system by magnetic resonance imaging.
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ABSTRACT: Despite advances in non-invasive medical imaging, accurate nodal staging of malignancy continues to rely on surgery. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) with lymphotropic qualities have shown some promise as contrast agents for MRI of the lymph nodes, but recent large-scale studies failed to show consistent detection of tumours below 5 mm. Herein we compare imaging of splenic and lymph node tissue using iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles (Fe NP) that have superior magnetic qualities to IONP, to determine whether improved negative contrast in T(2)-weighted MRI can enhance the diagnosis of small tumours in the reticuloendothelial system. To provide an in vivo pre-clinical model of human lymph node micrometastases, breast cancer cells were injected into the spleens of mice, providing localised areas of tumour growth. MR images of groups of tumour-bearing and sham-treated animals were generated using a 1.5 T imaging system and analysed by two independent, blinded radiologists. Fe NP improved the sensitivity and specificity of MRI when compared to IONP, enabling accurate detection of tumours as small as 1-3 mm. The use of Fe NP as contrast agents have the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in cancer patients, leading to more rapid and effective treatment.PLoS ONE 01/2013; 8(2):e56572. · 4.09 Impact Factor -
Article: Vaccination with Irradiated Tumor Cells Pulsed with an Adjuvant That Stimulates NKT Cells Is an Effective Treatment for Glioma.
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ABSTRACT: PURPOSE: The prognosis for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains extremely poor despite recent treatment advances. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapies for this disease.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We used the implantable GL261 murine glioma model to investigate the therapeutic potential of a vaccine consisting of intravenous injection of irradiated whole tumor cells pulsed with the immuno-adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer).RESULTS: Vaccine treatment alone was highly effective in a prophylactic setting. In a more stringent therapeutic setting, administration of one dose of vaccine combined with depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) resulted in 43% long-term survival and the disappearance of mass lesions detected by MRI. Mechanistically, the α-GalCer component was shown to act by stimulating "invariant" natural killer-like T cells (iNKT cells) in a CD1d-restricted manner, which in turn supported the development of a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Pulsing α-GalCer onto tumor cells avoided the profound iNKT cell anergy induced by free α-GalCer. To investigate the potential for clinical application of this vaccine, the number and function of iNKT cells was assessed in patients with GBM and shown to be similar to age-matched healthy volunteers. Furthermore, irradiated GBM tumor cells pulsed with α-GalCer were able to stimulate iNKT cells and augment a T-cell response in vitro.CONCLUSIONS: Injection of irradiated tumor cells loaded with α-GalCer is a simple procedure that could provide effective immunotherapy for patients with high-grade glioma. Clin Cancer Res; 18(23); 1-14. ©2012 AACR.Clinical Cancer Research 11/2012; · 7.74 Impact Factor -
Article: Functional invariant natural killer T cell and CD1d axis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implications for immunotherapy.
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ABSTRACT: Background Invariant natural killer T cells recognise glycolipid antigens such as α- galactosylceramide presented by CD1d. In preclinical models of B cell malignancies, α-galactosylceramide is an adjuvant to tumor vaccination, enhancing tumor-specific T cell responses and prolonging survival. However, numerical and functional invariant natural killer T cell defects exist in patients with some cancers. We aimed to assess this axis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Design and methods Circulating invariant natural killer T cell numbers and antigen presenting cell CD1d expression were measured in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and age-matched controls. Cytokine profile and in vitro proliferative capacity were determined. Patient- and control-derived invariant natural killer T cell lines were generated and characterized, and allogeneic and autologous responses to α-galactosylceramide-treated leukemia cells were assessed. Results Absolute numbers and phenotype of invariant natural killer T cells were normal in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and cytokine profile and proliferative capacity were intact. Chemotherapy-treated patients had reduced invariant natural killer T and myeloid dendritic cell numbers, but α- galactosylceramide-induced proliferation was preserved. Invariant natural killer T cell lines from patients lysed CD1d-expressing targets. Irradiated α-galactosylceramide- treated leukemic cells elicited allogeneic and autologous invariant natural killer T cell proliferation, and α-galactosylceramide treatment led to increased proliferation of conventional T cells in response to tumor. Conclusions The invariant natural killer T cell and CD1d axis is fundamentally intact in patients with early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and despite reduced circulating numbers, function is retained in fludarabine-treated patients. Immunotherapies exploiting the adjuvant effect of α-galactosylceramide may be feasible.Haematologica 10/2012; · 6.42 Impact Factor -
Article: Immature murine NKT cells pass through a stage of developmentally programmed innate IL-4 secretion.
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ABSTRACT: We assessed the production of the canonical Th2 cytokine IL-4 by NKT cells directly in vivo using IL-4-substituting strains of reporter mice that provide faithful and sensitive readouts of cytokine production without the confounding effects of in vitro stimulation. Analysis in naïve animals revealed an "innate" phase of IL-4 secretion that did not need to be triggered by administration of a known NKT cell ligand. This secretion was by immature NKT cells spanning Stage 1 of the maturation process in the thymus (CD4(+) CD44(lo) NK1.1(-) cells) and Stage 2 (CD4(+) CD44(hi) NK1.1(-) cells) in the spleen. Like ligand-induced IL-4 production by mature cells, this innate activity was independent of an initial source of IL-4 protein and did not require STAT6 signaling. A more sustained level of innate IL-4 production was observed in animals on a BALB/c background compared with a C57BL/6 background, suggesting a level of genetic regulation that may contribute to the "Th2-prone" phenotype in BALB/c animals. These observations indicate a regulated pattern of IL-4 expression by maturing NKT cells, which may endow these cells with a capacity to influence the development of surrounding cells in the thymus.Journal of leukocyte biology 08/2012; · 4.99 Impact Factor -
Article: Species-specific activity of glycolipid ligands for invariant NKT cells.
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ABSTRACT: The immunomodulatory glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) binds to CD1d and exhibits potent activity as a ligand for invariant CD1d-restricted natural killer-like T cells (iNKT cells). Structural analogues of α-GalCer have been synthesised to determine which components are required for CD1d presentation and iNKT cell activation, however, to date the importance of the phytosphingosine 4-hydroxyl for iNKT cell activation has been disputed. To clarify this, we synthesised two 4-deoxy α-GalCer analogues (sphinganine and sphingosine) and investigated their ability to activate murine and human iNKT cells. Analysis revealed that the analogues possessed comparable activity to α-GalCer in stimulating murine iNKT cells, but were severely compromised in their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. Here we determined that species-specific glycolipid activity was due to a lack of recognition of the analogues by the T-cell receptors on human iNKT cells rather than insufficient presentation of the analogues on human CD1d molecules. From these results we suggest that glycolipids developed for potent iNKT cell activity in humans should contain a phytosphingosine base.ChemBioChem 05/2012; 13(9):1349-56. · 3.94 Impact Factor -
Article: Synthesis and stability of highly crystalline and stable iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles for biomedical applications
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ABSTRACT: Strike while the iron is hot: Stable core/shell nanoparticles of single-crystal iron core are shown to produce much greater contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging of cells, compared to that produced by pure iron oxides without increase in cytotoxicity.ChemPlusChem. 02/2012; 77(2):135-140. -
Article: Hot-injection synthesis of iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles for T2 contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.
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ABSTRACT: Here we report a new, bench-top synthesis for iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles via the thermal decomposition of Fe(η(5)-C(6)H(3)Me(4))(2). The iron/iron oxide core/shell nanoparticles are superparamagnetic at room temperature and show improved negative contrast in T(2)-weighted MR imaging compared to pure iron oxides nanoparticles, and have a transverse relaxivity (r(2)) of 332 mM(-1) s(-1).Chemical Communications 08/2011; 47(32):9221-3. · 6.17 Impact Factor -
Article: Simple synthesis and functionalization of iron nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 04/2011; 50(18):4206-9. · 13.45 Impact Factor -
Article: Side population is not necessary or sufficient for a cancer stem cell phenotype in glioblastoma multiforme.
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ABSTRACT: There is strong evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). These cells have stem-like self-renewal activity and increased tumor initiation capacity and are believed to be responsible for recurrence due to their resistance to therapy. Several techniques have been used to enrich for CSC, including growth in serum-free defined media to induce sphere formation, and isolation of a stem-like cell using exclusion of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, the side population (SP). We show that sphere formation in GBM cell lines and primary GBM cells enriches for a CSC-like phenotype of increased self-renewal gene expression in vitro and increased tumor initiation in vivo. However, the SP was absent from all sphere cultures. Direct isolation of the SP from the GBM lines did not enrich for stem-like activity in vitro, and tumor-initiating activity was lower in sorted SP compared with non-SP and parental cells. Transient exposure to doxorubicin enhanced both CSC and SP frequency. However, doxorubicin treatment altered the cytometric profile and obscured the SP demonstrating the difficulty of identifying SP in cells under stress. Doxorubicin-exposed cells showed a transient increase in SP, but the doxorubicin-SP cells were still not enriched for a stem-like self-renewal phenotype. These data demonstrate that the GBM SP does not necessarily contribute to self-renewal or tumor initiation, key properties of a CSC, and we advise against using SP to enumerate or isolate CSC.Stem Cells 03/2011; 29(3):452-61. · 7.78 Impact Factor -
Article: Administration of alpha-galactosylceramide impairs the survival of dendritic cell subpopulations in vivo.
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ABSTRACT: In this study, we examine whether recognition of α-GalCer presented on CD1d-expressing DCs and B cells in vivo elicits the cytotoxic activity of iNKT cells and elimination of α-GalCer-presenting cells. We report that i.v. injection of α-GalCer induced a decrease in the percentage and number of splenic CD8(+)Langerin(+) DCs, while CD8(-) DCs were not affected. The decline in CD8(+) DC numbers was clearly detectable by 15 h after α-GalCer injection, was maximal at 24-48 h, returned to normal by day 7, and was accompanied by a reduced cross-presentation of OVA protein given i.v. to specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro. The decrease in the numbers of CD8(+) DCs required iNKT cells but was independent of perforin, Fas, or IFN-γ, as it was observed in mice deficient in each of these molecules. In contrast, treatment with a TNF-α-neutralizing antibody was effective at reducing the decline in CD8(+) DC numbers and DC activation. Treatment with immunostimulatory CpG ODN also resulted in DC activation and a decreased number of CD8(+) DCs; however, the decline in DC number was a result of down-regulation of CD11c and CD8 and did not require iNKT cells or TNF-α. Although CD8(+)Langerin(+) DCs appeared to be selectively affected by α-GalCer treatment, they were not required for early iNKT cell responses, as their prior depletion did not prevent the increase in serum TNF-α and IL-4 observed after α-GalCer treatment. Thus, iNKT cells regulate the survival of CD8(+) DCs through a mechanism that does not appear to involve direct cell killing.Journal of leukocyte biology 02/2011; 89(5):753-62. · 4.99 Impact Factor -
Article: An improved synthesis of dansylated α-galactosylceramide and its use as a fluorescent probe for the monitoring of glycolipid uptake by cells.
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ABSTRACT: A highly efficient synthesis of the biologically important fluorescent probe dansyl α-GalCer is presented. Key in our strategy is the incorporation of the fluorescent dansyl group at an early stage in the synthesis to facilitate in the monitoring and purification of intermediates via TLC and flash column chromatography, respectively, and the use of a high yielding α-selective glycosylation reaction between the phytosphingosine lipid and a galactosyl iodide donor. The ability of dansyl α-GalCer to activate iNKT cells and to serve as a fluorescent marker for the uptake of glycolipid by dendritic cells is also presented.Carbohydrate research 02/2011; 346(7):914-26. · 2.03 Impact Factor -
Article: Exploiting the role of endogenous lymphoid-resident dendritic cells in the priming of NKT cells and CD8+ T cells to dendritic cell-based vaccines.
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ABSTRACT: Transfer of antigen between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is potentially a physiologically relevant mechanism to spread antigen to cells with specialized stimulatory functions. Here we show that specific CD8+ T cell responses induced in response to intravenous administration of antigen-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), were ablated in mice selectively depleted of endogenous lymphoid-resident langerin+ CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that the antigen is transferred from the injected cells to resident APCs. In contrast, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were primed predominantly by the injected BM-DCs, with only very weak contribution of resident APCs. Crucially, resident langerin+ CD8α+ DCs only contributed to the priming of CD8+ T cells in the presence of maturation stimuli such as intravenous injection of TLR ligands, or by loading the BM-DCs with the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to recruit the adjuvant activity of activated invariant natural killer-like T (iNKT) cells. In fact, injection of α-GalCer-loaded CD1d-/- BM-DCs resulted in potent iNKT cell activation, suggesting that this glycolipid antigen can also be transferred to resident CD1d+ APCs. While iNKT cell activation per se was independent of langerin+ CD8α+ DCs, some iNKT cell-mediated activities were reduced, notably release of IL-12p70 and transactivation of NK cells. We conclude that both protein and glycolipid antigens can be exchanged between distinct DC species. These data suggest that the efficacy of DC-based vaccination strategies may be improved by the incorporation of a systemic maturation signal aimed to engage resident APCs in CD8+ T cell priming, and α-GalCer may be particularly well suited to this purpose.PLoS ONE 01/2011; 6(3):e17657. · 4.09 Impact Factor -
Article: Invariant natural killer T cells and asthma: immunologic reality or methodologic artifact?
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 10/2010; 126(4):882-5. · 9.17 Impact Factor -
Article: MIS416, a non-toxic microparticle adjuvant derived from Propionibacterium acnes comprising immunostimulatory muramyl dipeptide and bacterial DNA promotes cross-priming and Th1 immunity.
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ABSTRACT: Propionibacterium acnes was modified using biochemical extraction methods generating a suspension of microparticles (MIS416) comprising a minimal cell wall skeleton rich in immunostimulatory crosslinked muramyl dipeptide repeats and native bacterial DNA fragments, each which have known adjuvant activity. In vitro studies demonstrated that MIS416 was readily internalized by human myeloid and plasmacytoid DC inducing cytokine secretion and cell activation/maturation. Vaccination studies in mice using OVA as a model antigen demonstrated that MIS416 acts as a Th1 adjuvant, promoting cross-priming of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses and enhanced anti-tumour immunity. Covalent attachment of OVA to MIS416 enabling simultaneous delivery of antigen and adjuvant to the antigen presentation system resulted in a dose-sparing vaccine formulation. Preclinical GLP toxicology studies demonstrated that MIS416 has a favorable safety profile in mouse and rabbit supporting its use in human vaccine formulations.Vaccine 10/2010; 29(3):545-57. · 3.77 Impact Factor -
Article: Potent anti-tumor responses to immunization with dendritic cells loaded with tumor tissue and an NKT cell ligand.
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ABSTRACT: Cancer immunotherapy is well tolerated and specific, but its efficacy remains variable. To enhance anti-tumor CD8(+) T-cell responses induced by immunization with antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs), we explored the impact of eliciting a potent source of T-cell help from activated invariant natural killer (NK)-like T cells (iNKT cells) using the specific glycolipid ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer). As cytokines released by iNKT cells may drive proliferation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), we assessed this immunization strategy in animals treated with anti-CD25 antibody to inactivate Treg function. Combining DC immunization with iNKT cell activation was found to significantly enhance anti-tumor activity, which was improved further by the prior inactivation of Tregs. The improved anti-tumor activity with Treg inactivation was associated with a prolonged proliferative burst of responding CD8(+) T cells. We could find no evidence that inclusion of alpha-GalCer in the vaccine enhanced Treg numbers, or that the 'helper' function of iNKT cells was improved in the absence of Treg activity. Rather, the two activities appeared to act independently to improve the tumor-specific T-cell response. Inactivating regulatory T cells and eliciting iNKT cell activation are therefore two useful strategies that can be used in combination to improve anti-tumor immunization with antigen-loaded DCs.Immunology and Cell Biology 02/2010; 88(5):596-604. · 3.66 Impact Factor -
Article: Tumor antigen presentation by dendritic cells.
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ABSTRACT: Tumor cells are generally regarded as poor stimulators of naive T cells. In contrast, dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized in this function, and are therefore likely to be important intermediaries in the process of stimulating T cell responses to tumors. While providing solid evidence that DCs participate in antitumor immunity has proved difficult, several lines of evidence point in this direction. First, animal models involving bone marrow chimeras have shown that cells of hematopoeitic origin are required to elicit T cell responses to whole-tumor vaccines. Second, compared with other cells of hematopoeitic origin, DCs are particularly well-equipped to cross-present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, a critical function if intermediary cells are involved. Third, tumor-infiltrating DCs purified from tumor samples have the capacity to cross-present tumor antigens in vitro. Finally, priming of anti-tumor T cell responses can be abrogated in new in vivo models in which DCs can be specifically depleted. It is therefore significant that DCs in cancer patients are often kept in an immature or dysfunctional state, thereby preventing stimulation of tumor-specific T cells. This review describes the different steps required for DCs to elicit T cell responses to tumor-associated antigens, and highlights processes that are amenable to intervention as therapy. We conclude that effective anti-tumor activity may be dependent on the ability to re-program DCs resident in the host, perhaps even when transferred autologous DCs generated ex vivo are used as vaccines. In this context, recruiting the activity of cells of the innate immune system to condition host DCs may help elicit more effective T cell-mediated responses.Critical Reviews in Immunology 01/2010; 30(4):345-86. · 3.32 Impact Factor -
Article: Langerin+ CD8alpha+ dendritic cells are critical for cross-priming and IL-12 production in response to systemic antigens.
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ABSTRACT: Distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets differ with respect to pathways of Ag uptake and intracellular routing to MHC class I or MHC class II molecules. Murine studies suggest a specialized role for CD8alpha(+) DC in cross-presentation, where exogenous Ags are presented on MHC class I molecules to CD8(+) T cells, while CD8alpha(-) DC are more likely to present extracellular Ags on MHC class II molecules to CD4(+) T cells. As a proportion of CD8alpha(+) DC have been shown to express langerin (CD207), we investigated the role of langerin(+)CD8alpha(+) DC in presenting Ag and priming T cell responses to soluble Ags. When splenic DC populations were sorted from animals administered protein i.v., the ability to cross-present Ag was restricted to the langerin(+) compartment of the CD8alpha(+) DC population. The langerin(+)CD8alpha(+) DC population was also susceptible to depletion following administration of cytochrome c, which is known to trigger apoptosis if diverted to the cytosol. Cross-priming of CTL in the presence of the adjuvant activity of the TLR2 ligand N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-[R]-Cys-[S]-Serl-[S]-Lys4-trihydrochloride or the invariant NKT cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide was severely impaired in animals selectively depleted of langerin(+) cells in vivo. The production of IL-12p40 in response to these systemic activation stimuli was restricted to langerin(+)CD8alpha(+) DC, and the release of IL-12p70 into the serum following invariant NKT cell activation was ablated in the absence of langerin(+) cells. These data suggest a critical role for the langerin(+) compartment of the CD8alpha(+) DC population in cross-priming and IL-12 production.The Journal of Immunology 11/2009; 183(12):7732-42. · 5.79 Impact Factor -
Article: Glycolipids injected into the skin are presented to NKT cells in the draining lymph node independently of migratory skin dendritic cells.
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ABSTRACT: APCs, such as dendritic cells (DC), can present glycolipid Ags on CD1d molecules to NKT cells. This interaction activates DC and NKT cells, leading to release of cytokines and enhanced T cell responses. Thus, glycolipid Ags are currently being tested as adjuvants for immunotherapy. We were interested in the interaction of murine skin DC with NKT cells in skin-draining lymph nodes. We observed that all skin DC subsets expressed CD1d upon migration to the lymph nodes. Moreover, skin DC were able to present the synthetic glycolipid Ag alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) to the NKT cell hybridoma DN32.D3. Intradermally injected alpha-GalCer was presented by migratory skin DC and lymph node DC to NKT hybridoma cells in vitro. When we injected alpha-GalCer intradermally into the skin, the numbers of various leukocyte subsets in the draining lymph nodes did not change significantly. However, T and B cells as well as NKT cells up-regulated the activation marker CD69. Coapplication of alpha-GalCer with the tumor model Ag OVA induced strong cytolytic CD8(+) T cell function that could inhibit the growth of B16 melanoma cells expressing OVA. However, mice that were devoid of migratory skin DC developed similar cytotoxic immune responses after intradermal immunization, indicating that skin DC are not required for the adjuvant properties of NKT cell activation and Ag presentation by this immunization route. In conclusion, migratory skin DC are able to interact with NKT cells; however, intradermally applied glycolipids are presented predominantly by lymph node DC to NKT cells.The Journal of Immunology 07/2009; 182(12):7644-54. · 5.79 Impact Factor -
Article: Targeting antigen to MHC class II molecules promotes efficient cross-presentation and enhances immunotherapy.
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ABSTRACT: An efficient pathway of cross-presentation common to a range of dendritic cell (DC) populations was identified by targeting Ag to MHC class II molecules. This finding was achieved by conjugating Ag to M1, which is a modified version of the superantigen streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z-2 that binds to MHC class II molecules but cannot directly stimulate T cells. M1 conjugates were efficiently presented to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells by bone marrow-derived DC and Langerhans cells in vitro. Whereas nonconjugated Ag was preferentially cross-presented by splenic CD8alpha(+) DC in vivo, M1-conjugated Ag was cross-presented by all dendritic subtypes assessed. Potent effector T cell responses with antitumor activity were elicited when M1 conjugates were injected together with an adjuvant. This method of Ag delivery has significant potential in therapeutic applications.The Journal of Immunology 03/2009; 182(3):1260-9. · 5.79 Impact Factor
Top co-authors
Top Journals
Institutions
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2013
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University of Otago
Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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2011–2012
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Victoria University of Wellington
- School of Biological Sciences
Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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2001–2012
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Malaghan Institute
Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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2002–2007
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John Radcliffe Hospital
- Nuffield Department of Medicine
Oxford, ENG, United Kingdom
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2003–2004
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University of Oxford
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine
Oxford, ENG, United Kingdom
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