V Haufroid

Publications of V Haufroid

• Worrying exposure to trace elements in the population of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

  Authors: J Tuakuila, D Lison, A-C Lantin, F Mbuyi, G Deumer, V Haufroid, P Hoet

  International archives of occupational and environmental health. 01/2012;

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The particularly high rate of urbanization in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) is associated with environmental degradation. Outdoor and indoor air pollution, asBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The particularly high rate of urbanization in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) is associated with environmental degradation. Outdoor and indoor air pollution, as well as water pollution and waste accumulation, are issues of major concern. However, little documented information exists on the nature and extent of this pollution. A biomonitoring study was conducted to document exposure to trace elements in a representative sample of the population in Kinshasa. METHODS: Fifteen trace elements were measured by ICP-MS, CV-AAS, or HG-AFS in spot urine samples from 220 individuals (50.5% women) aged 6-70 years living in the urban area and from 50 additional subjects from the rural area of Kinshasa. Data were compiled as geometric means and selected percentiles, expressed without (μg/L) or with creatinine adjustment (μg/g cr). RESULTS: Overall, living in urban Kinshasa was associated with elevated levels of several parameters in urine as compared to the population living in the rural area (Asi, Ba, Cd, Cr, and V) as well as compared to an urban population of the southeast of Congo (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn). Elevated levels were also found by comparison with the reference values in databases involving American, Canadian, French, or German populations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first biomonitoring database in the population of Kinshasa, revealing elevated levels for most urinary TE as compared to other databases. Toxicologically relevant elements such as Al, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg reach levels of public health concern.

• Validation and clinical application of a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative determination of 10 anti-retrovirals in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

  Authors: L Elens, S Veriter, J C Yombi, V Di Fazio, R Vanbinst, D Lison, P Wallemacq, B Vandercam, V Haufroid

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 08/2009; 877(20-21):1805-14.

  This paper reports the validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that allows the quantification of 10 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in peripheral blood mononuclearThis paper reports the validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that allows the quantification of 10 antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using 6 different isotopic internal standards (IS) and its clinical application. PBMCs are isolated from blood by density gradient centrifugation and drugs are extracted with a 60% methanol (MeOH) solution containing the 6 IS. The cell extract is then injected in the HPLC system and analytes are separated on a Symmetry Shield RP18 2.1 mm x 50 mm column. The different molecules are then detected by MS/MS in electrospray positive or negative ionisation modes and data are recorded using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Calibration curves are constructed in the range of 0.25-125 ng/ml of cell extract by a 1/x(2) weighted quadratic regression. The regression coefficients obtained are always greater than 0.99 and back calculated values always comprised in the range of +/-15% from their nominal concentration. Mean extraction recoveries are greater than 80% for all analytes and the method is accurate and precise with CV and bias lower than 9.4%. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) of the different drugs range from 0.0125 to 0.2 ng/ml of cell extract. This method was successfully applied to a cohort of 98 HIV-infected patients treated with Kaletra (400/100 mg of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) twice a day, n=48) or with Stocrin (600 mg once a day, n=50) and has been tested for cellular quantification of tipranavir (TPV) in 2 patients treated with Aptivus (500 mg twice a day). The patients treated by Kaletra showed mean cell-associated concentrations (CC) of 1819.0 and 917.2 ng/ml, for LPV and RTV, respectively. Patients treated with Stocrin showed mean CC of 2388.11 ng/ml while both patients under Aptivus showed TPV CC of 4322.7 and 1078.0 ng/ml, respectively. This method can be used to analyze ARV drug concentrations within the target tissue.

• Cadmium, lead and endometriosis.

  Authors: J F Heilier, J Donnez, V Verougstraete, O Donnez, F Grandjean, V Haufroid, F Nackers, D Lison

  International archives of occupational and environmental health. 12/2006; 80(2):149-53.

  OBJECTIVES: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have been demonstrated to exert endocrine disrupting activities. Their possible role in endometriosis, an oestrogen-dependent disease, is unknown. METHODS: WeOBJECTIVES: Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) have been demonstrated to exert endocrine disrupting activities. Their possible role in endometriosis, an oestrogen-dependent disease, is unknown. METHODS: We compared cadmium urinary excretion (CdU) and blood concentration of cadmium (CdB) and lead (PbB) in 119 patients with peritoneal endometriosis and/or deep endometriotic (adenomyotic) nodules of the rectovaginal septum and 25 controls. RESULTS: The mean levels of cadmium in urine and blood did not differ among the groups. Women suffering from endometriotic diseases showed lower levels of PbB than controls. CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support a role for cadmium in the onset or the growth of endometriotic diseases but suggest a possible relationship with lead.

• CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms and tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant candidates: guidelines from an experimental study.

  Authors: V Haufroid, P Wallemacq, V VanKerckhove, L Elens, M De Meyer, D C Eddour, J Malaise, D Lison, M Mourad

  American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 12/2006; 6(11):2706-13.

  Genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzyme CYP3A5 (6986G > A, CYP3A5*3; 14690A > G, CYP3A5*6) and drug transporter ABCB1 (1236C > T; 2677G > T/A; 3435C > T) are known to influence tacrolimusGenetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzyme CYP3A5 (6986G > A, CYP3A5*3; 14690A > G, CYP3A5*6) and drug transporter ABCB1 (1236C > T; 2677G > T/A; 3435C > T) are known to influence tacrolimus (Tac) dose requirements and trough blood levels in stable transplant patients. In a group of 19 volunteers selected with relevant genotypes among a list of 221 adult renal transplant candidates, we evaluated whether consideration of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms could explain the interindividual variability in Tac pharmacokinetics after the first administration of a standard dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight twice a day). Lower area under the time versus blood concentration curves (AUC) or lower trough concentrations were observed among CYP3A5 expressors (n = 9) than among nonexpressors (n = 10) using two different analytical methods for Tac determination (liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoassay). The median AUC(0-infinity) was 2.6- and 2.1-fold higher in nonexpressors for LC-MS/MS and immunologic methods, respectively. No difference was observed in Tac pharmacokinetic parameters in relation to ABCB1 polymorphisms. In conclusion, our study confirms the very significant effect of CYP3A5 polymorphism early after the first administration of Tac. It also provides a strong argument for a doubling of the loading dose in patients early identified a priori on the transplantation list as possessing at least one CYP3A5*1 allele.

• Mercapturic acids revisited as biomarkers of exposure to reactive chemicals in occupational toxicology: a minireview.

  Authors: V Haufroid, D Lison

  International archives of occupational and environmental health. 07/2005; 78(5):343-54.

  A minireview is presented concerning the use of mercapturic acids as biological exposure index for electrophilic chemicals. Besides pure analytical aspects, this minireview considers possible issuesA minireview is presented concerning the use of mercapturic acids as biological exposure index for electrophilic chemicals. Besides pure analytical aspects, this minireview considers possible issues in relation to (a) the added value of mercapturic acids as compared to other well validated biomarkers of exposure and (b) the high inter-individual variability in mercapturic acids excretion. Recent field and/or experimental studies confirm the usefulness of mercapturic acids as biological exposure index for electrophilic chemicals and suggest the interest of a toxicogenetic approach for a better interpretation of the results of biological monitoring.

• Formate kinetics in methanol poisoning.

  Authors: P Hantson, V Haufroid, P Wallemacq

  Human & experimental toxicology. 02/2005; 24(2):55-9.

  OBJECTIVE: The objective is to describe the kinetics of formate, the main toxic metabolite of methanol, in a series of consecutive patients treated in the same intensive care unit for severe methanolOBJECTIVE: The objective is to describe the kinetics of formate, the main toxic metabolite of methanol, in a series of consecutive patients treated in the same intensive care unit for severe methanol poisoning. METHODS: The charts of the patients admitted between 1987 and 2001 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were: a history of deliberate methanol ingestion, with a blood methanol concentration greater than 20 mg/dL (6.2 mmol/L) or a high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Indications for hemodialysis were: blood methanol concentration >50 mg/dL (15.8 mmol/L), metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate <15 mmol/L, arterial pH <7.30), visual toxicity. Antidotal therapy included ethanol administration in 22 cases, and fomepizole in three cases. Serial blood measurements were obtained for pH, bicarbonate, methanol and formate. Endogenous and hemodialysis elimination half-lives were calculated as t1/2 =0.693/Ke. Fick principle was applied for hemodialysis clearance calculation. RESULTS: The records of 25 methanol poisoned patients were analysed. Among them, 18 patients had sufficient data to allow accurate determinations of formate kinetics. Formate half-life elimination during hemodialysis was 1.80+/-0.78 h, which was statistically different from the values observed before or in the absence of dialysis (6.04+/-3.26 h, P =0.004). The mean hemodialysis formate clearance rate calculated in eight cases was 176+/-43 mL/min. A rebound in plasma formate concentration was observed in three patients after the discontinuation of hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with previous isolated case reports and in contrast with a recent case series, our data document that hemodiaysis is effective in reducing formate elimination half-life. The impact on clinical outcome is still debatable.

• Hexavalent chromium ingestion: biological markers of nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity.

  Authors: Ph Hantson, O Van Caenegem, I Decordier, V Haufroid, D Lison

  Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 02/2005; 43(2):111-2.

• Survival after a lethal dose of arsenic trioxide.

  Authors: Barbara Vantroyen, J F Heilier, Agnes Meulemans, Arnold Michels, J P Buchet, Steven Vanderschueren, V Haufroid, Marc Sabbe

  Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology. 02/2004; 42(6):889-95.

  A case of a 27-year-old woman who ingested 9000 mg arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is reported. Classical symptoms of an acute arsenicum (As) poisoning such as gastrointestinal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea,A case of a 27-year-old woman who ingested 9000 mg arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is reported. Classical symptoms of an acute arsenicum (As) poisoning such as gastrointestinal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, ECG changes and disturbed liver function tests were observed. The absorption of the ingested As was minimalized by a continuous gastric irrigation with highly concentrated NaHCO3 and intestinal cleansing with NaHCO3 and polyethyleneglycol was performed. Forced diuresis, BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) and DMSA (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) were started and therapy to enhance the formation of methylated As derivatives, which are potentially less toxic and which can be excreted more easily, was then administered. The patient survived this massive dose of ingested inorganic As with only polyneuropathy one year later.

• Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats.

  Authors: J A J Vanoirbeek, P H M Hoet, B Nemery, E K Verbeken, V Haufroid, D Lison, D Dinsdale

  Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A. 03/2003; 66(4):393-409.

  Chromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may beChromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may be occupationally exposed to such compounds. Therefore, the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of chromium were studied in male Wistar rats after a single intratracheal instillation (2 ml/kg body weight) of various doses (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) of the catalyst (approximately 1% chromium bound to an amorphous silica matrix), either before (CAT-Cr[III]) or after (CAT-Cr[VI]) heat treatment. The results were compared with those of equivalent amounts of two chromium salts (CrCl(3) and K(2) Cr(2) O (7). Each dose group was composed of three rats. The concentration of chromium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in urine (collected daily for 7 d) and in plasma, erythrocytes, lung, and liver tissue obtained 2 d (only highest concentration) and 7 d after dosing. On d 2, a significant increase in lung weight was found in the animals treated with the highest dose of the hexavalent Cr products. On d 7, on the basis of body weights, lung weights, and lung histology, there was no overt toxicity, except after the highest dose of CAT-Cr(VI). The elimination of all forms of chromium was apparently monoexponential, with calculated half-life elimination times in urine of 4-11 h for Cr(III) (CAT-Cr[III] and CrCl3 ) and 8-21 h for Cr(VI) (CAT-Cr[VI] and K(2) Cr(2) O(7). On d 2, the erythro-cytes Cr concentrations were significantly higher for the hexavalent Cr products than for the trivalent Cr products. After 7 d, the erythrocytes Cr concentrations were significantly increased above control values (3 microg/L) only in rats treated with the 2 highest doses of Cr( VI) compounds (12 and 64 microg/L for K(2) Cr(2) O(7), and 14 and 79 microg/L for CAT-Cr[VI]). The present study shows that intratracheally instilled Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have different toxicokinetic profiles and that the Cr(VI) catalyst has the same bioavailability and excretion kinetics as a water-soluble Cr(VI) salt. Exposure to chromium compounds could be monitored by measuring Cr concen-trations in urine (shortly after exposure) and in erythrocytes (also at later time points after high Cr[VI] exposure).

• Quantitative determination of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone in urine for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone exposure.

  Authors: D Ligocka, D Lison, V Haufroid

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 11/2002; 778(1-2):223-30.

  The aim of this work was to validate a sensitive method for quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone (5-HNMP) in urine. This compound has been recommended as a marker for biologicalThe aim of this work was to validate a sensitive method for quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone (5-HNMP) in urine. This compound has been recommended as a marker for biological monitoring of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) exposure. Different solvents and alternative methods of extraction including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) on Chem Elut and solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB columns were tested. The most efficient extraction of 5-HNMP in urine was LLE with Chem Elut columns and dichloromethane as a solvent (consistently 22% of recovery). The urinary extracts were derivatized by bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with tetradeutered 5-HNMP as an internal standard. The detection limit of this method is 0.017 mg/l urine with an intraassay precision of 1.6-2.6%. The proposed method of extraction is simple and reproducible. Four different m/z signal ratios of TMS-5-HNMP and tetralabelled TMS-5-HNMP have been validated and could be indifferently used in case of unexpected impurities from urine matrix.

• Ethanol therapy for methanol poisoning: duration and problems.

  Authors: P Hantson, X Wittebole, V Haufroid

  European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 10/2002; 9(3):278-9.

• Insertion polymorphism of CYP2E1 and urinary N-methylformamide after N,N- dimethylformamide exposure in Japanese workers.

  Authors: T Nomiyama, V Haufroid, J P Buchet, H Miyauchi, S Tanaka, T Yamauchi, S Imamiya, Y Seki, K Omae, D Lison

  International archives of occupational and environmental health. 10/2001; 74(7):519-22.

  OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether consideration of the *1C/*1D CYP2E1 insertion polymorphism is important for interpreting the biological monitoring of exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether consideration of the *1C/*1D CYP2E1 insertion polymorphism is important for interpreting the biological monitoring of exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in Japanese workers. METHODS: The insertion genotype, airborne DMF exposure on the last day of a work week, and NMF in urine sampled just after the last workshift of the week were determined in 44 male and female Japanese workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The allelic frequency of this CYP2E1 polymorphism was 0.261 in this Japanese population of workers. The CYP2E1 insertion polymorphism did not contribute to NMF levels even after consideration of BMI or alcohol intake. The results indicate that CYP2E1 insertion polymorphism does not appear to be an important determinant for the interpretation of biological exposure to DMF by the measurement of urinary NMF.

• Real-time quantification of cytochrome P4502E1 mRNA in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by reverse transcription-PCR: method and practical application.

  Authors: V Haufroid, F Toubeau, A Clippe, M Buysschaert, J L Gala, D Lison

  Clinical chemistry. 07/2001; 47(6):1126-9.

• Shock and other severe manifestations following ethanol-methanol copoisoning.

  Authors: P Hantson, V Haufroid, P Mahieu

  Intensive care medicine. 12/2000; 26(11):1715-6.

• Determination of formic acid tissue and fluid concentrations in three fatalities due to methanol poisoning.

  Authors: P Hantson, V Haufroid, P Mahieu

  The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology : official publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 12/2000; 21(4):335-8.

  Three fatalities caused by methanol ingestion are reported. Admission blood methanol concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 4.6 g/L. Two patients had been admitted after a significant delay (>20 hours),Three fatalities caused by methanol ingestion are reported. Admission blood methanol concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 4.6 g/L. Two patients had been admitted after a significant delay (>20 hours), and one patient was observed within 90 minutes following ingestion. Formic acid levels were determined in blood samples at admission and ranged from 302 to 680 mg/L. The patients died 44, 55, and 82 hours after poisoning. Formic acid determinations in postmortem tissues were performed by a gas chromatograph method. The authors found great variability in formic acid distribution among the patients and among organs.

• Survival with extremely high blood methanol concentration.

  Authors: P Hantson, V Haufroid, P Mahieu

  European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 10/2000; 7(3):237-40.

  Fatalities are still reported following methanol poisoning. Methanol is extensively metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and by aldehyde dehydrogenase to formic acid which is the mainFatalities are still reported following methanol poisoning. Methanol is extensively metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and by aldehyde dehydrogenase to formic acid which is the main toxic metabolite. Survival with extremely high blood methanol concentration is possible provided that aggressive symptomatic and specific therapy is applied. This is illustrated by the clinical observation of a 27-year-old man who was admitted 22 hours after poisoning and presented a peak blood methanol concentration of 12.9 g/l. Treatment included correction of metabolic acidosis, ethanol infusion, haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The patient survived with moderate visual sequelae and oesophageal stenosis. The range of toxicity of methanol according to blood levels determination is discussed.

• Antimony excretion in a patient with renal impairment during meglumine antimoniate therapy.

  Authors: P Hantson, S Luyasu, V Haufroid, M Lambert

  Pharmacotherapy. 10/2000; 20(9):1141-3.

  Meglumine antimoniate was administered to a patient with visceral leishmaniasis with normal renal function. Soon after the first intramuscular administration of meglumine antimoniate 20 mg/kg,Meglumine antimoniate was administered to a patient with visceral leishmaniasis with normal renal function. Soon after the first intramuscular administration of meglumine antimoniate 20 mg/kg, equivalent to 510 mg antimony (Sb), the patient developed septic shock with oliguria. Creatinine clearance decreased to 23 ml/minute. Treatment was discontinued, and Sb urinary excretion was measured. After the initial dose, 500.25 mg Sb was recovered in urine over 8 days, corresponding to 98% of the amount of Sb given intramuscularly (66% eliminated within first 48 hrs). Nine days after the dose, meglumine antimoniate was reintroduced at a dosage of 11.7 mg/kg (equivalent to 300 mg Sb) every 48 hours with good tolerance. At that time creatinine clearance had returned to 87.8 ml/minute. By day 14 of therapy the interval was reduced to daily administration of the same dose; the dosage was increased to 16.6 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 425 mg Sb) from day 17 to day 31. The patient eventually completely recovered and was discharged with normal renal function. Although no specific guidelines exist for dosage adjustment in renal failure, monitoring of Sb urinary excretion indicates that the kidneys are the almost exclusive route of elimination.

• Repetitive endoscopy and continuous alkaline gastric irrigation in a case of arsenic poisoning.

  Authors: I Michaux, V Haufroid, A Dive, J P Buchet, P Bulpa, P Mahieu, E Installé

  Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology. 02/2000; 38(5):471-6.

  BACKGROUND: The poor prognosis of patients with persistent gastrointestinal radio-opacities after oral arsenic poisoning supports efficient gastrointestinal decontamination as critical for survival.BACKGROUND: The poor prognosis of patients with persistent gastrointestinal radio-opacities after oral arsenic poisoning supports efficient gastrointestinal decontamination as critical for survival. In a case of massive arsenic ingestion, we performed repetitive gastric endoscopy and a continuous alkaline irrigation of the stomach over several days. CASE REPORT: A 41-year-old woman was admitted 4 hours after intentional ingestion of trivalent arsenic powder 5 g. The admission abdominal X-ray confirmed the presence of multiple gastric opacities. Initial treatment was gastric lavage with normal saline, dimercaprol chelation, and supportive therapy. Since gastric opacities persisted on the abdominal X-ray at 34 hours despite repeated gastric lavage, a gastroscopy was performed showing nonremovable agglomerates. In an attempt to achieve further gastric decontamination, we performed a continuous gastric alkaline irrigation. After 3 days of alkaline irrigation, the abdomen was normal on X-ray but the gastroscopy still showed arsenic concretions. Alkaline irrigation was continued for another 3 days until total disappearance of arsenic agglomerates at the gastroscopy. Admission urinary arsenic was 3663 microg/L. A total of 46.2 mg of inorganic arsenic, or less than 1% the ingested dose, was extracted from the stomach by this technique. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit 20 days after admission without sequelae.

• Two cases of acute methanol poisoning partially treated by oral 4-methylpyrazole.

  Authors: P Hantson, P Wallemacq, M Brau, R Vanbinst, V Haufroid, P Mahieu

  Intensive care medicine. 06/1999; 25(5):528-31.

  OBJECTIVE: Since the use of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) in the treatment of humans with methanol poisoning is poorly documented, we report two cases of acute methanol intoxication partially treated byOBJECTIVE: Since the use of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) in the treatment of humans with methanol poisoning is poorly documented, we report two cases of acute methanol intoxication partially treated by this potent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: A 56-year-old man and an 18-year-old woman were observed, respectively, 41 and 16 h after the voluntary ingestion of an unknown amount of methanol. INTERVENTION: In both cases, ethanol was used as the first antidote. In the first patient, hemodialysis was also performed on admission because a high methanol level (0.72 g/l) and visual impairment were noted. In the second patient, ethanol therapy was withdrawn after 12 h when clinical and biological signs of acute pancreatitis became evident. Both patients received multiple oral doses of 4-MP. No recurrence of metabolic acidosis occurred and the 4-MP therapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: While the use of 4-MP is better documented in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning, it could also become an accepted option for the management of methanol poisoning since 4-MP offers advantages over ethanol therapy.

• Genotyping in urine: an interesting tool for epidemiological studies.

  Authors: V Haufroid, A Clippe, B Knoops, A Bernard, D Lison

  Clinical chemistry. 11/1998; 44(10):2210-1.