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ABSTRACT: A study of workers exposed to jet fuel propellant 8 (JP-8) was conducted at U.S. Air Force bases and included the evaluation of three biomarkers of exposure: S-benzylmercapturic acid (BMA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (PMA), and (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA). Postshift urine specimens were collected from various personnel categorized as high (n = 98), moderate (n = 38) and low (n = 61) JP-8 exposure based on work activities. BMA and PMA urinary levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and MEAA urinary levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the BMA biomarker (above the test method's limit of detection [LOD = 0.5 ng/ml]) were 96 (98.0%), 37 (97.4%), and 58 (95.1%) for the high, moderate, and low (control) exposure workgroup categories, respectively. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the PMA biomarker (LOD = 0.5 ng/ml) were 33 (33.7%), 9 (23.7%), and 12 (19.7%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the MEAA biomarker (LOD = 0.1 μ g/ml) were 92 (93.4%), 13 (34.2%), and 2 (3.3%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. Statistical analysis of the mean levels of the analytes demonstrated MEAA to be the most accurate or appropriate biomarker for JP-8 exposure using urinary concentrations either adjusted or not adjusted for creatinine; mean levels of BMA and PMA were not statistically significant between workgroup categories after adjusting for creatinine.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 06/2012; 75(11):661-72. · 1.83 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The genotoxicity of jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) was assessed in the leukocytes of archived blood specimens from U.S. Air Force personnel using the comet assay. No differences in mean comet assay measurements were found between low, moderate, and high exposure groups before or after a 4h work shift. Before the work shift, mean tail DNA and mean tail (Olive) moment increased as the concentration of benzene measured in end-exhaled breath increased, indicating that prior environmental or work-related exposures to benzene produced DNA damage. The number of cells with highly damaged DNA decreased as the pre-shift benzene concentration in breath increased. It is not clear why the decrease is occurring. Mean tail DNA and mean tail (Olive) moment decreased as the concentrations of benzene and naphthalene measured in breath immediately after the work shift increased. These inverse relationships may reflect a slower rate of absorption or a faster rate of expiration of benzene in the lung. The number of cells with highly damaged DNA increased as the concentration of urinary (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA) increased. This relationship was not seen in urinary MEAA adjusted for creatinine. MEAA is a metabolite of the deicing agent 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol contained in JP-8. MEAA or a component of JP-8 correlated with MEAA may have a toxic effect on DNA.
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 05/2012; 747(2):218-27. · 2.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Several extraction and derivatization procedures were evaluated for the quantification of (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA)
in urine. MEAA is a metabolite and a biomarker for exposure to 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, a glycol ether with widespread
use in various industrial applications and the specific use as an anti-icing additive in the military jet fuel formulation
JP-8. Quantification of glycol ether biomarkers is an active area of analytical research. Various sample preparation procedures
were evaluated: liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate yielded the highest recovery, and solid-phase extraction
(SPE) gave low recovery of MEAA. Two derivatization procedures were thoroughly investigated and validated, namely, silylation
of MEAA with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), and esterification of MEAA using ethanol. Quantification was performed by
gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometer as detector and using a polydimethylsiloxane (HP-1) capillary column. Deuterated
2-butoxyacetic acid (d-BAA) was used as an internal standard. Recovery studies of spiked human urine demonstrated the accuracy
and precision of both procedures. The limit of detection (LOD) and other figures of merit for both derivatization procedures
will be discussed in detail. Applications of these analysis procedures are also discussed.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 04/2012; 383(2):201-209. · 3.78 Impact Factor
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Juei-Chuan C Kang-Sickel, Mary Ann Butler,
Lynn Frame,
Berrin Serdar,
Yi-Chun E Chao,
Peter Egeghy,
Stephen M Rappaport,
Christine A Toennis,
Wang Li,
Tatyana Borisova,
John E French,
Leena A Nylander-French
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ABSTRACT: We investigated the association between biomarkers of dermal exposure, naphthyl-keratin adducts (NKA), and urine naphthalene biomarker levels in 105 workers routinely exposed to jet-fuel. A moderate correlation was observed between NKA and urine naphthalene levels (p = 0.061). The NKA, post-exposure breath naphthalene, and male gender were associated with an increase, while CYP2E1*6 DD and GSTT1-plus (++/+-) genotypes were associated with a decrease in urine naphthalene level (p < 0.0001). The NKA show great promise as biomarkers for dermal exposure to naphthalene. Further studies are warranted to characterize the relationship between NKA, other exposure biomarkers, and/or biomarkers of biological effects due to naphthalene and/or PAH exposure.
Biomarkers 09/2011; 16(7):590-9. · 2.21 Impact Factor
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Dermatitis 08/2011; 22(5):304. · 1.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To demonstrate the utility of the urinary metabolite (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA) as a biomarker of exposure. 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol [diethylene glycol monomethyl ether] is an anti-icing agent used in the formulation of JP-8, and it is added at a known uniform 0.1% (v/v) concentration to each batch lot. JP-8 is a kerosene-based fuel containing different compounds that vary in the content of every batch/lot of fuel; thus, MEAA has the potential to be a more specific and a consistent quantitative biomarker for JP-8 exposure.
MEAA was used to measure exposure of jet propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8) in United States Air Force (USAF) personnel working at six airbases within the United States. Post-shift urine specimens from various personnel including high (n = 98), moderate (n = 38), and low (n = 61) exposure workgroup categories were collected and analyzed by a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric test method. The three exposure groups were evaluated for the number per group positive for MEAA, and a statistical analysis consisted of pair-wise t-tests for unequal variances was used to test for the differences in mean MEAA concentrations between the exposure groups.
The number of samples detected as positive for MEAA exposure, that is, those above the test method's limit of detection (LOD = 0.1 μg/ml), were 92 (93.9%), 13 (34.2%), and 2 (3.3%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure workgroup categories, respectively. The mean urinary MEAA level was significantly greater in the high exposure category (6.8 μg/ml), compared to the moderate (0.42 μg/ml) and the low (0.07 μg/ml) exposure categories. The maximum concentration of urinary MEAA was 110 μg/ml for the high exposure category, while 4.8 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml maximum levels were found in the moderate and low exposure categories, respectively.
This study demonstrated that urinary MEAA can be used as an accurate biomarker of exposure for JP-8 workers and clearly distinguished the differences in JP-8 exposure by workgroup category.
Archiv für Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene 08/2011; 85(4):413-20. · 1.89 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Significant numbers of people are exposed to tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PCE) every year, including workers in the dry cleaning industry. Adverse health effects have been associated with PCE exposure. However, investigations of possible cumulative cytogenetic damage resulting from PCE exposure are lacking.
Eighteen dry cleaning workers and 18 laundry workers (unexposed controls) provided a peripheral blood sample for cytogenetic analysis by whole chromosome painting. Pre-shift exhaled air on these same participants was collected and analyzed for PCE levels. The laundry workers were matched to the dry cleaners on race, age, and smoking status. The relationships between levels of cytological damage and exposures (including PCE levels in the shop and in workers' blood, packyears, cumulative alcohol consumption, and age) were compared with correlation coefficients and t-tests. Multiple linear regressions considered blood PCE, packyears, alcohol, and age.
There were no significant differences between the PCE-exposed dry cleaners and the laundry workers for chromosome translocation frequencies, but PCE levels were significantly correlated with percentage of cells with acentric fragments (R2 = 0.488, p < 0.026).
There does not appear to be a strong effect in these dry cleaning workers of PCE exposure on persistent chromosome damage as measured by translocations. However, the correlation between frequencies of acentric fragments and PCE exposure level suggests that recent exposures to PCE may induce transient genetic damage. More heavily exposed participants and a larger sample size will be needed to determine whether PCE exposure induces significant levels of persistent chromosome damage.
Environmental Health 03/2011; 10:16. · 2.65 Impact Factor
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Bridget J McCarthy,
Kristin M Rankin,
Ken Aldape,
Melissa L Bondy,
Thomas Brännström,
Helle Broholm,
Maria Feychting,
Dora Il'yasova,
Peter D Inskip,
Christoffer Johansen,
Beatrice S Melin,
Avima M Ruder, Mary Ann Butler,
Michael E Scheurer,
Joachim Schüz,
Judith A Schwartzbaum,
Margaret R Wrensch,
Faith G Davis
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ABSTRACT: Oligodendroglial tumors are rare subtypes of brain tumors and are often combined with other glial tumors in epidemiological analyses. However, different demographic associations and clinical characteristics suggest potentially different risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible risk factors for oligodendroglial tumors (including oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and mixed glioma). Data from 7 case-control studies (5 US and 2 Scandinavian) were pooled. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age group, gender, and study site. Data on 617 cases and 1260 controls were available for analyses. Using data from all 7 studies, history of allergies and/or asthma was associated with a decreased risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.9), and history of asthma only was associated with a decreased risk of oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.9). A family history of brain tumors was associated with an increased risk of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). Having had chicken pox was associated with a decreased risk of oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) in the US studies. Although there is some overlap in risk factors between oligodendroglial tumors and gliomas as a group, it is likely that additional factors specific to oligodendroglial tumors have yet to be identified. Large, multi-institution international studies will be necessary to better characterize these etiological risk factors.
Neuro-Oncology 02/2011; 13(2):242-50. · 5.72 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The relationship between the blood lead concentration and cognitive function in children and adults with different VDR genotypes who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was investigated. The relationship between blood lead and serum homocysteine concentrations was also investigated. In children 12 to 16 years old, performance on the digit span and arithmetic tests as a function of the blood lead concentration varied by VDR rs2239185 and VDR rs731236 genotypes. Decreases in performance occurred in some genotypes, but not in others. In adults 20 to 59 years old, performance on the symbol-digit substitution test as a function of the blood lead concentration varied by VDR rs2239185-rs731236 haplotype. In the 12 to 16 year old children and adults 60 or more years old, the relationship between the serum homocysteine and blood lead concentrations varied by VDR genotype. The mean blood lead concentrations of the children and adults did not vary by VDR genotype.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 12/2009; 32(2):262-72. · 2.98 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The relationship between the blood lead concentration and cognitive function in children and adults with different ALAD genotypes who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was investigated. The relationship between blood lead and serum homocysteine concentrations was also investigated. In children 12 to 16 years old, no difference in the relationship between cognitive function and blood lead concentration between genotypes was found. In adults 20 to 59 years old, mean reaction time decreased as the blood lead concentration increased in the ALAD rs1800435 CC/CG group. This represents an improvement in performance. In adults 60 years and older, no difference in the relationship between cognitive function and blood lead concentration between genotypes was found. The serum homocysteine concentration increased as the blood lead concentration increased in adults 20 to 59 years old and 60 years and older, but there were no differences between genotypes. The mean blood lead concentration of children with the ALAD rs1800435 CC/CG genotype was less than that of children with the GG genotype.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 09/2009; 31(6):364-71. · 2.98 Impact Factor
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Avima M Ruder,
Tania Carreón, Mary Ann Butler,
Geoffrey M Calvert,
Karen E Davis-King,
Martha A Waters,
Paul A Schulte,
Jack S Mandel,
Roscoe F Morton,
Douglas J Reding,
Kenneth D Rosenman
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ABSTRACT: Some studies of brain cancer have found an excess risk for farmers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health previously found no increased glioma risk for ever (vs. never) being exposed to pesticides on a farm among 798 cases and 1,175 population-based controls (adult (ages 18-80 years) nonmetropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin). For this analysis (1995-1998), 288 cases and 474 controls (or their proxies) who had lived on farms at age 18 years or after were asked about exposure to crops, livestock, and farm tasks. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios adjusted for age, age group, sex, state, and education. Never immediately washing up (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78, 5.34) or changing clothes (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.04, 7.78) after applying pesticides was associated with increased glioma risk. Living on a farm on which corn, oats, soybeans, or hogs were raised was associated with decreased risk (corn-OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.69; oats-OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00; soybeans-OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.98; hogs-OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.93). Negative associations may be due to chance or a "healthy farmer" effect. Farmers' increased risk of glioma may be due to work practices, other activities, or an inverse association with allergies (reported by other investigators).
American journal of epidemiology 05/2009; 169(12):1479-91. · 5.59 Impact Factor
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Preetha Rajaraman,
Alina V Brenner, Mary Ann Butler,
Sophia S Wang,
Ruth M Pfeiffer,
Avima M Ruder,
Martha S Linet,
Meredith Yeager,
Zhaoming Wang,
Nick Orr,
Howard A Fine,
Deukwoo Kwon,
Gilles Thomas,
Nathaniel Rothman,
Peter D Inskip,
Stephen J Chanock
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ABSTRACT: Current evidence suggests that immune system alterations contribute to the etiology of adult glioma, the most common adult brain tumor. Although previous studies have focused on variation in candidate genes in the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has emerged as a critical avenue for research given its known link with carcinogenesis. To identify genetic markers in pathways critical to innate immunity, we conducted an association study of 551 glioma cases and 865 matched controls of European ancestry to investigate "tag" single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 148 genetic regions. Two independent U.S. case-control studies included were as follows: a hospital-based study conducted by the National Cancer Institute (263 cases, 330 controls) and a community-based study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (288 cases, 535 controls). Tag SNPs (1,397) chosen on the basis of an r(2) of >0.8 and minor allele frequency of >5% in Caucasians in HapMap1 were genotyped. Glioma risk was estimated by odds ratios. Nine SNPs distributed across eight genetic regions (ALOX5, IRAK3, ITGB2, NCF2, NFKB1, SELP, SOD1, and STAT1) were associated with risk of glioma with P value of <0.01. Although these associations were no longer statistically significant after controlling for multiple comparisons, the associations were notably consistent in both studies. Region-based tests were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for SELP, SOD, and ALOX5. Analyses restricted to glioblastoma (n = 254) yielded significant associations for the SELP, DEFB126/127, SERPINI1, and LY96 genetic regions. We have identified a promising set of innate immunity-related genetic regions for further investigation.
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 05/2009; 18(5):1651-8. · 4.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Regression analysis was used to estimate and test for relationships between blood lead, serum folate, red blood cell folate, serum vitamin B12, serum homocysteine, and neurobehavioral test performance in adults, 20-59 years old, participating in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The three neurobehavioral tests included in the survey were simple reaction time, symbol-digit substitution, and serial digit learning. Serum folate, red blood cell folate, and serum vitamin B12 decreased as the blood lead concentration increased. Serum homocysteine increased as the blood lead concentration increased. Serum homocysteine decreased as the serum folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations increased. Neurobehavioral test performance was not related to the blood lead, serum folate, or serum vitamin B12 concentrations. In adults 20-39 years old, performance on the serial digit learning test improved as the serum homocysteine concentration increased. In adults 40-59 years old, neurobehavioral test performance was not related to the serum homocysteine concentration. Homocysteine may impair cognitive function by acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and improve cognitive function by acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate or gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
NeuroToxicology 04/2009; 30(2):281-9. · 3.10 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 1-bromopropane (1-BP; n-propyl bromide) (CAS No. 106-94-5) is an alternative to ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons that has a variety of potential applications as a degreasing agent for metals and electronics, and as a solvent vehicle for spray adhesives. Its isomer, 2-brompropane (2-BP; isopropyl bromide) (CAS No. 75-26-3) impairs antioxidant cellular defenses, enhances lipid peroxidation, and causes DNA damage in vitro. The present study had two aims. The first was to assess DNA damage in human leukocytes exposed in vitro to 1- or 2-BP. DNA damage was also assessed in peripheral leukocytes from workers with occupational exposure to 1-BP. In the latter assessment, start-of- and end-of-work week blood and urine samples were collected from 41 and 22 workers at two facilities where 1-BP was used as a solvent for spray adhesives in foam cushion fabrication. Exposure to 1-BP was assessed from personal-breathing zone samples collected for 1-3 days up to 8h per day for calculation of 8h time weighted average (TWA) 1-BP concentrations. Bromide (Br) was measured in blood and urine as a biomarker of exposure. Overall, 1-BP TWA concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 271 parts per million (ppm) at facility A, and from 4 to 27 ppm at facility B. The highest exposures were to workers classified as sprayers. 1-BP TWA concentrations were statistically significantly correlated with blood and urine Br concentrations. The comet assay was used to estimate DNA damage. In vitro, 1- or 2-BP induced a statistically significant increase in DNA damage at 1mM. In 1-BP exposed workers, start-of- and end-of-workweek comet endpoints were stratified based on job classification. There were no significant differences in DNA damage in leukocytes between workers classified as sprayers (high 1-BP exposure) and those classified as non-sprayers (low 1-BP exposure). At the facility with the high exposures, comparison of end-of-week values with start-of-week values using paired analysis revealed non-sprayers had significantly increased comet tail moments, and sprayers had significantly increased comet tail moment dispersion coefficients. A multivariate analysis included combining the data sets from both facilities, log transformation of 1-BP exposure indices, and the use of multiple linear regression models for each combination of DNA damage and exposure indices including exposure quartiles. The covariates were gender, age, smoking status, facility, and glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 (GSTM1, GSTT1) polymorphisms. In the regression models, start-of-week comet tail moment in leukocytes was significantly associated with serum Br quartiles. End-of-week comet tail moment was significantly associated with 1-BP TWA quartiles, and serum Br quartiles. Gender, facility, and GSTM1 had a significant effect in one or more models. Additional associations were not identified from assessment of dispersion coefficients. In vitro and in vivo results provide limited evidence that 1-BP exposure may pose a small risk for increasing DNA damage.
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 02/2006; 603(1):1-14. · 2.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Several extraction and derivatization procedures were evaluated for the quantification of (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA) in urine. MEAA is a metabolite and a biomarker for exposure to 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, a glycol ether with widespread use in various industrial applications and the specific use as an anti-icing additive in the military jet fuel formulation JP-8. Quantification of glycol ether biomarkers is an active area of analytical research. Various sample preparation procedures were evaluated: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using ethyl acetate yielded the highest recovery, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) gave low recovery of MEAA. Two derivatization procedures were thoroughly investigated and validated, namely, silylation of MEAA with N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), and esterification of MEAA using ethanol. Quantification was performed by gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometer as detector and using a polydimethylsiloxane (HP-1) capillary column. Deuterated 2-butoxyacetic acid (d-BAA) was used as an internal standard. Recovery studies of spiked human urine demonstrated the accuracy and precision of both procedures. The limit of detection (LOD) and other figures of merit for both derivatization procedures will be discussed in detail. Applications of these analysis procedures are also discussed.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 10/2005; 383(2):201-9. · 3.78 Impact Factor
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Tania Carreón, Mary Ann Butler,
Avima M Ruder,
Martha A Waters,
Karen E Davis-King,
Geoffrey M Calvert,
Paul A Schulte,
Barbara Connally,
Elizabeth M Ward,
Wayne T Sanderson,
Ellen F Heineman,
Jack S Mandel,
Roscoe F Morton,
Douglas J Reding,
Kenneth D Rosenman,
Glenn Talaska
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ABSTRACT: An excess incidence of brain cancer in male farmers has been noted in several studies, but few studies have focused on women. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Upper Midwest Health Study evaluated effects of rural exposures for 341 female glioma cases and 528 controls, all adult (18-80 years of age) nonmetropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. On average, controls lived longer on farms than did cases. After adjusting for age, age group, education, and farm residence, no association with glioma was observed for exposure to arsenicals, benzoic acids, carbamates, chloroacetanilides, dinitroanilines, inorganics, organochlorines, organophosphates, phenoxys, triazines, or urea-based or estrogenic pesticides. An increased risk of glioma was observed for carbamate herbicides but was not statistically significant (odds ratio = 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-9.5). No association was observed between glioma and exposure to 12 widely used specific pesticides, after adjustment for age, age group, education, and any other pesticide exposure. These results were not affected after exclusion of proxy respondents (43% of cases, 2% of controls). Women were less likely than men to have applied pesticides, but more likely to have laundered pesticide-contaminated clothes. Storing pesticides in the house was associated with a statistically non-significant increased risk. Results show that exposure to pesticides was not associated with an increased risk of intracranial gliomas in women. Other farm-related factors could be etiologic factors and will be discussed in future reports.
Environmental Health Perspectives 06/2005; 113(5):546-51. · 7.04 Impact Factor
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Avima M Ruder,
Martha A Waters, Mary Ann Butler,
Tania Carreón,
Geoffrey M Calvert,
Karen E Davis-King,
Paul A Schulte,
Wayne T Sanderson,
Elizabeth M Ward,
L Barbara Connally,
Ellen F Heineman,
Jack S Mandel,
Roscoe F Morton,
Douglas J Reding,
Kenneth D Rosenman,
Glenn Talaska
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ABSTRACT: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health evaluated farm pesticide exposure and glioma risk in a study that included 457 glioma cases and 648 population-based controls, all adult men (18-80 yr old) and nonmetropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Multiple logistic regressions were used to control for farm residence, age, age group, education, and exposure to other pesticides. No associations were found between glioma and 12 specific pesticides. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and found reduced glioma risk for insecticides (OR = 0.53, CI = 0.37-0.77), fumigants (OR = 0.57, CI = 0.34-0.95), and organochlorines (OR = 0.66, CI = 0.47-0.94). In analyses excluding proxy respondents (47% of cases) most CIs included 1.0. No positive association of farm pesticide exposure and glioma was found. Other farm exposures may explain the excess brain cancer risk seen in previous studies.
Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal 01/2005; 59(12):650-7.
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Kui Huang,
Elizabeth A Whelan,
Avima M Ruder,
Elizabeth M Ward,
James A Deddens,
Karen E Davis-King,
Tania Carreón,
Martha A Waters, Mary Ann Butler,
Geoffrey M Calvert,
Paul A Schulte,
Zachary Zivkovich,
Ellen F Heineman,
Jack S Mandel,
Roscoe F Morton,
Douglas J Reding,
Kenneth D Rosenman
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ABSTRACT: Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, responsible for 75% of adult primary malignant brain tumors, yet aside from its association with ionizing radiation, its etiology is poorly understood. Sex differences in brain tumor incidence suggest that hormonal factors may play a role in the etiology of these tumors, but few studies have examined this association in detail. The objective of this study was to explore the role of reproductive factors in the etiology of glioma in women.
As part of a population-based case-control study, histologically confirmed primary glioma cases (n = 341 women) diagnosed between January 1, 1995 and January 31, 1997 were identified through clinics and hospitals in four Midwest U.S. states. Controls (n = 527 women) were randomly selected from lists of licensed drivers and Health Care Finance Administration enrollees. In-person interviews with subjects (81%) or their proxies (19%) collected reproductive history and other exposure information.
Glioma risk increased with older age at menarche (P for trend = 0.009) but only among postmenopausal women. Compared with women who never breast-fed, women who breast-fed >18 months over their lifetime were at increased risk of glioma (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.9). Women who reported using hormones for symptoms of menopause had a decreased risk of glioma compared with women who never used such hormones (odds ratio, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.1).
These results support the hypothesis that reproductive hormones play a role in the etiology of glioma among women.
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 10/2004; 13(10):1583-8. · 4.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 2-[(2H(9))Butoxy]acetic acid and 2-(3-methylbutoxy)acetic acid were synthesized, mixed with 2-butoxyacetic acid, and separated by capillary gas chromatography on a fused-silica column with a length of 50 m, inside diameter of 0.200 mm, and a "free fatty acid phase" wall coating of 0.3 microm film. 2-[(2H(9))Butoxy]acetic acid, 2-butoxyacetic acid, and 2-(3-methylbutoxy)acetic acid were baseline resolved at retention times of 13.55, 13.78, and 15.20 min; 2-(3-methylbutoxy)acetic acid having a peak efficiency of 360,000. Mass spectrometric detection using selected ion monitoring at m/z 66, 57, and 71 showed linear analytical responses from 0.04 ng to at least 200 ng with a limit of detection of 0.04 ng for 2-butoxyacetic acid.
Journal of Chromatography B 08/2003; 792(2):153-66. · 2.89 Impact Factor
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Mark Toraason, Mary Ann Butler,
Avima Ruder,
Christy Forrester,
Lauralynn Taylor,
David L Ashley,
Patty Mathias,
Kate L Marlow,
Kenneth L Cheever,
Edward Krieg,
Howard Wey
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ABSTRACT: Perchloroethylene (PERC) is used widely as an industrial dry cleaning solvent and metal degreaser. PERC is an animal carcinogen that produces increased incidence of renal adenomas, adenocarcinomas, mononuclear cell leukemia, and hepatocellular tumors. Oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were assessed in 38 women with (dry cleaners) or without (launderers) occupational exposure to PERC. PERC exposure was assessed by collecting breathing zone samples on two consecutive days of a typical work week. PERC levels were measured in blood drawn on the morning of the second day of breathing zone sample collection in dry cleaners and before a typical workday in launderers. Blood PERC levels were two orders of magnitude higher in dry cleaners compared to launderers. A significant correlation was noted between time weighted average (TWA) PERC and blood PERC in dry cleaners (r=0.7355, P<0.002). 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), ng/mg deoxyguanosine (dG) in leukocyte nuclear DNA was used as an index of steady-state oxidative DNA damage. Urinary 8-OHdG, microg/g creatinine was used as an index of oxidative DNA damage repair. Urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-epi-PGF), ng/g creatinine was used as an index of lipid peroxidation. The mean+/-S.D. leukocyte 8-OHdG in launderers was 16.0+/-7.3 and was significantly greater than the 8.1+/-3.6 value for dry cleaners. Urinary 8-OHdG and 8-epi-PGF were not significantly different between dry cleaners and launderers. Unadjusted Pearson correlation analysis of log transformed PERC exposure indices and biomarkers of oxidative stress indicated a significant association in launderers between blood PERC and day 1 urinary 8-OHdG (r=0.4661, P<0.044). No significant associations between exposure indices and biomarkers were evident in linear models adjusted for age, body mass index, race, smoking (urinary cotinine, mg/g creatinine) and blood levels of the antioxidants Vitamin E and beta-carotene. The mean+/-S.D. leukocyte 8-OHdG value in control white women was 17.8+/-7.4 and was significantly greater than the 11.8+/-5.9 in control black women. No significant differences by race were evident for the other biomarkers. Smoking status was not significantly associated with any of the oxidative damage indices. Results indicate a reduction in oxidative DNA damage in PERC exposed dry cleaners relative to launderers, but PERC could not clearly be defined as the source of the effect.
Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 08/2003; 539(1-2):9-18. · 2.85 Impact Factor
