Eva Obarzanek

Publications (51)466.82 Total impact

• Article: A randomized controlled trial of culturally tailored dance and reducing screen time to prevent weight gain in low-income African American girls: Stanford GEMS.

  Thomas N Robinson, Donna M Matheson, Helena C Kraemer, Darrell M Wilson, Eva Obarzanek, Nikko S Thompson, Sofiya Alhassan, Tirzah R Spencer, K Farish Haydel, Michelle Fujimoto, Ann Varady, Joel D Killen
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  ABSTRACT: To test a 2-year community- and family-based obesity prevention program for low-income African American girls: Stanford GEMS (Girls' health Enrichment Multi-site Studies). Randomized controlled trial with follow-up measures scheduled at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Low-income areas of Oakland, California. African American girls aged 8 to 10 years (N=261) and their parents or guardians. Families were randomized to one of two 2-year, culturally tailored interventions: (1) after-school hip-hop, African, and step dance classes and a home/family-based intervention to reduce screen media use or (2) information-based health education. Changes in body mass index (BMI). Changes in BMI did not differ between groups (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval] = 0.04 [-0.18 to 0.27] per year). Among secondary outcomes, fasting total cholesterol level (adjusted mean difference, -3.49 [95% confidence interval, -5.28 to -1.70] mg/dL per year), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (-3.02 [-4.74 to -1.31] mg/dL per year), incidence of hyperinsulinemia (relative risk, 0.35 [0.13 to 0.93]), and depressive symptoms (-0.21 [-0.42 to -0.001] per year) decreased more among girls in the dance and screen time reduction intervention. In exploratory moderator analysis, the dance and screen time reduction intervention slowed BMI gain more than health education among girls who watched more television at baseline (P = .02) and/or those whose parents or guardians were unmarried (P = .01). A culturally tailored after-school dance and screen time reduction intervention for low-income, preadolescent African American girls did not significantly reduce BMI gain compared with health education but did produce potentially clinically important reductions in lipid levels, hyperinsulinemia, and depressive symptoms. There was also evidence for greater effectiveness in high-risk subgroups of girls.
  Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 11/2010; 164(11):995-1004. · 3.73 Impact Factor
• Article: The Memphis Girls' health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS): an evaluation of the efficacy of a 2-year obesity prevention program in African American girls.

  Robert C Klesges, Eva Obarzanek, Shiriki Kumanyika, David M Murray, Lisa M Klesges, George E Relyea, Michelle B Stockton, Jennifer Q Lanctot, Bettina M Beech, Barbara S McClanahan, Deborah Sherrill-Mittleman, Deborah L Slawson
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  ABSTRACT: To determine the efficacy of a 2-year obesity prevention program in African American girls. Memphis GEMS (Girls' health Enrichment Multi-site Studies) was a controlled trial in which girls were randomly assigned to an obesity prevention program or alternative intervention. Local community centers and YWCAs (Young Women's Christian Associations) in Memphis, Tennessee. Girls aged 8 to 10 years (N = 303) who were identified by a parent or guardian as African American and who had a body mass index (BMI) at or higher than the 25th percentile for age or 1 parent with a BMI of 25 or higher. Group behavioral counseling to promote healthy eating and increased physical activity (obesity prevention program) or self-esteem and social efficacy (alternative intervention). The BMI at 2 years. The BMI increased in all girls with no treatment effect (obesity prevention minus alternative intervention) at 2 years (mean, 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.40 to 0.58). Two-year treatment effects in the expected direction were observed for servings per day of sweetened beverages (mean, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.39 to 0.09), water (mean, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.40), and vegetables (mean, 0.15; 95% CI,-0.02 to 0.30), but there were no effects on physical activity. Post hoc analyses suggested a treatment effect in younger girls (P for interaction = .08). The mean BMI difference at 2 years was -2.41 (95% CI, -4.83 to 0.02) in girls initially aged 8 years and -1.02 (95% CI, -2.31 to 0.27) in those initially aged 10 years. The lack of significant BMI change at 2 years indicates that this intervention alone is insufficient for obesity prevention. Effectiveness may require more explicit behavior change goals and a stronger physical activity component as well as supportive changes in environmental contexts.
  Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 11/2010; 164(11):1007-14. · 3.73 Impact Factor
• Article: Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in adolescent girls.

  Eva Obarzanek, Colin O Wu, Jeffrey A Cutler, Rae-Ellen W Kavey, Gail D Pearson, Stephen R Daniels
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  ABSTRACT: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of hypertension and prehypertension and associated factors in adolescent girls. A total of 2368 girls (49% Caucasian, 51% African-American) aged 9 or 10 years enrolled in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study had blood pressure, height, and weight measured at annual visits through age 18 to 19 years. Prevalence and incidence of hypertension and prehypertension were calculated. On the basis of 2 visits, hypertension prevalence was approximately 1% to 2% in African-American girls and 0.5% in Caucasian girls. Incidence in 8 years was 5.0% and 2.1%, respectively. Obese girls had higher prevalence (approximately 6-fold higher) and incidence (approximately 2- to 3-fold higher) compared with girls of normal weight. Similar patterns were found for prehypertension, except that prehypertension occurred more in older girls than younger girls. Dietary factors (lower intake of fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, and higher intake of caffeine and calories) were each associated with hypertension incidence (all P<.05). In multivariate analysis, higher body mass index (P<.001) and lower potassium intake (P=.023) were independently associated with incidence of hypertension. Hypertension occurred early in childhood and was related to obesity and other modifiable lifestyle factors. Clinicians should monitor blood pressure during childhood and provide focused diet and physical activity guidance to minimize the development of hypertension.
  The Journal of pediatrics 09/2010; 157(3):461-7, 467.e1-5. · 4.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Obesity research and programs at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

  Denise G Simons-Morton, Karen Donato, Catherine M Loria, Charlotte A Pratt, Abby G Ershow, Meredith A Morrissette, Susan Czajkowski, S Sonia Arteaga, Eva Obarzanek
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology 03/2010; 55(9):917-20. · 14.16 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Meryl S Leboff

  Article: Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates.

  Frank M Sacks, George A Bray, Vincent J Carey, Steven R Smith, Donna H Ryan, Stephen D Anton, Katherine McManus, Catherine M Champagne, Louise M Bishop, Nancy Laranjo, Meryl S Leboff, Jennifer C Rood, Lilian de Jonge, Frank L Greenway, Catherine M Loria, Eva Obarzanek, Donald A Williamson
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  ABSTRACT: The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year. We randomly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20, 15, and 65%; 20, 25, and 55%; 40, 15, and 45%; and 40, 25, and 35%. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content. At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months. By 2 years, weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15% protein and those assigned to a diet with 25% protein (3.0 and 3.6 kg, respectively); in those assigned to a diet with 20% fat and those assigned to a diet with 40% fat (3.3 kg for both groups); and in those assigned to a diet with 65% carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35% carbohydrates (2.9 and 3.4 kg, respectively) (P>0.20 for all comparisons). Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss (0.2 kg per session attended). The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels. Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.)
  New England Journal of Medicine 02/2009; 360(9):859-73. · 53.30 Impact Factor
• Article: Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study.

  Nancy R Cook, Eva Obarzanek, Jeffrey A Cutler, Julie E Buring, Kathryn M Rexrode, Shiriki K Kumanyika, Lawrence J Appel, Paul K Whelton
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  ABSTRACT: Previous studies of dose-response effects of usual sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) have largely relied on suboptimal measures of intake. Two trials of sodium reduction and other interventions collected 24-hour urinary excretions intermittently during 18 months from September 17, 1987, to January 12, 1990 (Trials of Hypertension Prevention [TOHP] I), and during 36 months from December 18, 1990, to April 7, 1995 (TOHP II), among adults with prehypertension aged 30 to 54 years. Among adults not assigned to an active sodium reduction intervention, we assessed the relationship of a mean of 3 to 7 twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and their ratio with subsequent CVD (stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or CVD mortality) through 10 to 15 years of posttrial follow-up. Among 2974 participants, follow-up information was obtained on 2275 participants (76.5%), with 193 CVD events. After adjustment for baseline variables and lifestyle changes, there was a nonsignificant trend in CVD risk across sex-specific quartiles of urinary sodium excretion (rate ratio [RR] from lowest to highest, 1.00, 0.99, 1.16, and 1.20; P = .38 for trend) and potassium excretion (RR, 1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.64; P = .08 for trend) but a significant trend across quartiles of the sodium to potassium excretion ratio (RR, 1.00, 0.84, 1.18, and 1.50; P = .04 for trend). In models containing both measures simultaneously, linear effects were as follows: RR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99 to 2.04 per 100 mmol/24 h of urinary sodium excretion (P = .05); and 0.67; 0.41 to 1.10 per 50 mmol/24 h of urinary potassium excretion (P = .12). A model containing the sodium to potassium excretion ratio (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.46; P = .01) had the lowest Bayes information criterion (best fit). A higher sodium to potassium excretion ratio is associated with increased risk of subsequent CVD, with an effect stronger than that of sodium or potassium alone.
  Archives of internal medicine 02/2009; 169(1):32-40. · 11.46 Impact Factor
• Article: Stanford GEMS phase 2 obesity prevention trial for low-income African-American girls: design and sample baseline characteristics.

  Thomas N Robinson, Helena C Kraemer, Donna M Matheson, Eva Obarzanek, Darrell M Wilson, William L Haskell, Leslie A Pruitt, Nikko S Thompson, K Farish Haydel, Michelle Fujimoto, Ann Varady, Sally McCarthy, Connie Watanabe, Joel D Killen
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  ABSTRACT: African-American girls and women are at high risk of obesity and its associated morbidities. Few studies have tested obesity prevention strategies specifically designed for African-American girls. This report describes the design and baseline findings of the Stanford GEMS (Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies) trial to test the effect of a two-year community- and family-based intervention to reduce weight gain in low-income, pre-adolescent African-American girls. Randomized controlled trial with measurements scheduled in girls' homes at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 month post-randomization. Low-income areas of Oakland, CA. Eight, nine and ten year old African-American girls and their parents/caregivers. Girls are randomized to a culturally-tailored after-school dance program and a home/family-based intervention to reduce screen media use versus an information-based community health education Active-Placebo Comparison intervention. Interventions last for 2 years for each participant. Change in body mass index over the two-year study. Recruitment and enrollment successfully produced a predominately low-socioeconomic status sample. Two-hundred sixty one (261) families were randomized. One girl per family is randomly chosen for the analysis sample. Randomization produced comparable experimental groups with only a few statistically significant differences. The sample had a mean body mass index (BMI) at the 74 th percentile on the 2000 CDC BMI reference, and one-third of the analysis sample had a BMI at the 95th percentile or above. Average fasting total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were above NCEP thresholds for borderline high classifications. Girls averaged low levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, more than 3 h per day of screen media use, and diets high in energy from fat. The Stanford GEMS trial is testing the benefits of culturally-tailored after-school dance and screen-time reduction interventions for obesity prevention in low-income, pre-adolescent African-American girls.
  Contemporary Clinical Trials 02/2008; 29(1):56-69. · 1.81 Impact Factor
• Article: Memphis Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS): Phase 2: design and baseline.

  Robert C Klesges, Eva Obarzanek, Lisa M Klesges, Michelle B Stockton, Bettina M Beech, David M Murray, Jennifer Q Lanctot, Deborah A Sherrill-Mittleman
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  ABSTRACT: Obesity prevalence is increasing in the U.S., especially among children and minority populations. This report describes the design and baseline data of the ongoing Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) trial (Memphis site), which is testing the efficacy of a 2-year family-based intervention to reduce excessive increase in body mass index (BMI). This randomized, controlled trial conducted at community centers in Memphis, Tennessee requires major measurements at baseline and at 12 and 24 months post-randomization. The participants are healthy African-American girls and one parent/caregiver of each girl. Participating girls are of ages 8-10 years, with BMI>or=25th percentile of the CDC 2000 growth charts or with one overweight or obese parent/caregiver (BMI>or=25 kg/m(2)). The active intervention is designed to prevent excessive weight gain by promoting healthy eating habits and increasing physical activity. An alternative intervention (comparison group) promotes general self-esteem and social efficacy. The main outcome measure is the difference between the two treatment groups in the change in BMI at 2 years. Three hundred and three girls have been randomly assigned to receive the test intervention (n=153) or the alternative intervention (n=150). The two groups do not differ in baseline characteristics. At the time of enrollment, the mean age was 9 years, the mean BMI was 22 kg/m(2) (mean BMI percentile=77 th), and 41% were overweight (BMI>/=95th percentile using CDC 2000 growth charts). Participants' intake of fruits and vegetables (1.3 serving/day) and fats (36% kcal), and their participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (20 min/day), did not meet national recommendations. The GEMS obesity prevention intervention targets improved diet and increased physical activity to reduce excessive weight gain in healthy African-American girls of ages 8-10.
  Contemporary Clinical Trials 02/2008; 29(1):42-55. · 1.81 Impact Factor
• Article: Acceptability of sodium-reduced research diets, including the Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension diet, among adults with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension.

  Njeri Karanja, Kristie J Lancaster, William M Vollmer, Pao-Hwa Lin, Marlene M Most, Jamy D Ard, Janis F Swain, Frank M Sacks, Eva Obarzanek
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  ABSTRACT: Examine the acceptability of sodium-reduced research diets. Randomized crossover trial of three sodium levels for 30 days each among participants randomly assigned to one of two dietary patterns. Three hundred fifty-four adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension who were participants in the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH-Sodium) outpatient feeding trial. Participants received their assigned diet (control or DASH, rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products), each at three levels of sodium (higher, intermediate, and lower) corresponding to 3,500, 2,300, and 1,200 mg/day (150, 100, and 50 mmol/day) per 2,100 kcal. Nine-item questionnaire on liking and willingness to continue the assigned diet and its level of saltiness using a nine-point scale, ranging from one to nine. Generalized estimating equations to test participant ratings as a function of sodium level and diet while adjusting for site, feeding cohort, carryover effects, and ratings during run-in. Overall, participants rated the saltiness of the intermediate level sodium as most acceptable (DASH group: 5.5 for intermediate vs 4.5 and 4.4 for higher and lower sodium; control group: 5.7 for intermediate vs 4.9 and 4.7 for higher and lower sodium) and rated liking and willing to continue the DASH diet more than the control diet by about one point (ratings range from 5.6 to 6.6 for DASH diet and 5.2 to 6.1 for control diet). Small race differences were observed in sodium and diet acceptability. Both the intermediate and lower sodium levels of each diet are at least as acceptable as the higher sodium level in persons with or at risk for hypertension.
  Journal of the American Dietetic Association 10/2007; 107(9):1530-8. · 3.59 Impact Factor
• Article: Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP).

  Nancy R Cook, Jeffrey A Cutler, Eva Obarzanek, Julie E Buring, Kathryn M Rexrode, Shiriki K Kumanyika, Lawrence J Appel, Paul K Whelton
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  ABSTRACT: To examine the effects of reduction in dietary sodium intake on cardiovascular events using data from two completed randomised trials, TOHP I and TOHP II. Long term follow-up assessed 10-15 years after the original trial. 10 clinic sites in 1987-90 (TOHP I) and nine sites in 1990-5 (TOHP II). Central follow-up conducted by post and phone. Adults aged 30-54 years with prehypertension. Dietary sodium reduction, including comprehensive education and counselling on reducing intake, for 18 months (TOHP I) or 36-48 months (TOHP II). Cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularisation, or cardiovascular death). 744 participants in TOHP I and 2382 in TOHP II were randomised to a sodium reduction intervention or control. Net sodium reductions in the intervention groups were 44 mmol/24 h and 33 mmol/24 h, respectively. Vital status was obtained for all participants and follow-up information on morbidity was obtained from 2415 (77%), with 200 reporting a cardiovascular event. Risk of a cardiovascular event was 25% lower among those in the intervention group (relative risk 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.99, P=0.04), adjusted for trial, clinic, age, race, and sex, and 30% lower after further adjustment for baseline sodium excretion and weight (0.70, 0.53 to 0.94), with similar results in each trial. In secondary analyses, 67 participants died (0.80, 0.51 to 1.26, P=0.34). Sodium reduction, previously shown to lower blood pressure, may also reduce long term risk of cardiovascular events.
  BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 05/2007; 334(7599):885-8.
• Article: Childhood overweight and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

  Douglas R Thompson, Eva Obarzanek, Debra L Franko, Bruce A Barton, John Morrison, Frank M Biro, Stephen R Daniels, Ruth H Striegel-Moore
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  ABSTRACT: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of overweight in African-American and Caucasian girls, and to examine associations between adolescent overweight and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. In the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study (NGHS), annual measurements were obtained from girls followed longitudinally between age 9 or 10 and 18 years; self-reported measures were obtained at age 21 to 23 years. A total of 1166 Caucasian girls and 1213 African-American girls participated in the study. Childhood overweight as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was the independent variable of primary interest. Measured outcomes included blood pressure and lipid levels. Rates of overweight increased through adolescence from 7% to 10% in the Caucasian girls and from 17% to 24% in the African-American girls. The incidence of overweight was greater at age 9 to 12 than in later adolescence. Girls who were overweight during childhood were 11 to 30 times more likely to be obese in young adulthood. Overweight was significantly associated with increased percent body fat, sum of skinfolds and waist circumference measurements, and unhealthful systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. A relationship between CVD risk factors and CDC-defined overweight is present at age 9.
  The Journal of pediatrics 02/2007; 150(1):18-25. · 4.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on diet, weight, physical fitness, and blood pressure control: 18-month results of a randomized trial.

  Patricia J Elmer, Eva Obarzanek, William M Vollmer, Denise Simons-Morton, Victor J Stevens, Deborah Rohm Young, Pao-Hwa Lin, Catherine Champagne, David W Harsha, Laura P Svetkey, Jamy Ard, Phillip J Brantley, Michael A Proschan, Thomas P Erlinger, Lawrence J Appel
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  ABSTRACT: The main 6-month results from the PREMIER trial showed that comprehensive behavioral intervention programs improve lifestyle behaviors and lower blood pressure. To compare the 18-month effects of 2 multicomponent behavioral interventions versus advice only on hypertension status, lifestyle changes, and blood pressure. Multicenter, 3-arm, randomized trial conducted from January 2000 through November 2002. 4 clinical centers and a coordinating center. 810 adult volunteers with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension (systolic blood pressure, 120 to 159 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure, 80 to 95 mm Hg). Interventions: A multicomponent behavioral intervention that implemented long-established recommendations ("established"); a multicomponent behavioral intervention that implemented the established recommendations plus the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet ("established plus DASH"); and advice only. Lifestyle variables and blood pressure status. Follow-up for blood pressure measurement at 18 months was 94%. Compared with advice only, both behavioral interventions statistically significantly reduced weight, fat intake, and sodium intake. The established plus DASH intervention also statistically significantly increased fruit, vegetable, dairy, fiber, and mineral intakes. Relative to the advice only group, the odds ratios for hypertension at 18 months were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.04) for the established group and 0.77 (CI, 0.62 to 0.97) for the established plus DASH group. Although reductions in absolute blood pressure at 18 months were greater for participants in the established and the established plus DASH groups than for the advice only group, the differences were not statistically significant. The exclusion criteria and the volunteer nature of this cohort may limit generalizability. Although blood pressure is a well-accepted risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the authors were not able to assess intervention effects on clinical cardiovascular events in this limited time and with this sample size. Over 18 months, persons with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension can sustain multiple lifestyle modifications that improve control of blood pressure and could reduce the risk for chronic disease.
  Annals of internal medicine 05/2006; 144(7):485-95. · 16.73 Impact Factor
• Article: Obesity research--limitations of methods, measurements, and medications.

  Denise G Simons-Morton, Eva Obarzanek, Jeffrey A Cutler
  JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association 03/2006; 295(7):826-8. · 30.03 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Ruth H Striegel

  Article: Correlates of beverage intake in adolescent girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

  Ruth H Striegel-Moore, Douglas Thompson, Sandra G Affenito, Debra L Franko, Eva Obarzanek, Bruce A Barton, George B Schreiber, Stephen R Daniels, Marcia Schmidt, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: To examine longitudinal changes in consumption of 6 types of beverages (milk, diet and regular soda, fruit juice, fruit-flavored drinks, and coffee/tea) in girls and determine the relationship between beverage intake, body mass index (BMI), and nutrient intake. Three-day food diaries were included from black (1210) and white (1161) girls who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Diaries were recorded during annual visits beginning at ages 9 or 10 years until age 19 years. Mixed models estimated the association of (1) visit and race with average daily consumption of beverages and (2) beverage intake with BMI and average daily intake of total calories, sucrose, fructose, total sugars, and calcium. For girls of both races, milk consumption decreased and soda consumption increased with time. Changes in beverage intake with time varied by race for all beverages except fruit juice. For all beverage categories, consumption was associated with caloric intake. Of all beverages, increasing soda consumption predicted the greatest increase of BMI and the lowest increase in calcium intake. Public health efforts are needed to help adolescents gain access to and choose healthful beverages and decrease intake of beverages of minimal nutritional value.
  Journal of Pediatrics 03/2006; 148(2):183-7. · 4.11 Impact Factor
• Article: Racial differences in correlates of misreporting of energy intake in adolescent females.

  Sue Y S Kimm, Nancy W Glynn, Eva Obarzanek, Christopher E Aston, Stephen R Daniels
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  ABSTRACT: To determine the extent of misreporting of energy intake (EI) and its anthropometric, demographic, and psychosocial correlates in a bi-racial cohort of young women. This was a cross-sectional study of 60 black and 60 white young women, 18 to 21 years old, enrolled in a longitudinal study. Total energy expenditure was assessed using doubly labeled water. Self-reported EI was obtained from 3-day food records. BMI was computed from height and weight. Fat mass was assessed by DXA. Multivariate analyses examined racial differences on the extent of misreporting and its effect on other potential correlates of misreporting. Race-specific step-wise linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of BMI, parental education, and drive for thinness on misreporting of EI. More white women tended to under-report EI than black women (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.07). In black women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.01) associated with drive for thinness score but was only marginally (p = 0.1) associated with BMI. Each point increase in drive for thinness score was associated with under-reporting by 40 kcal/d. In white women, under-reporting was significantly (p = 0.03) associated with higher parental education by 440 kcal/d and also only marginally (p = 0.09) with BMI. This tendency for under-reporting of EI limits the use of self-reported EI in studying energy balance in free-living subjects. Most black and almost all white women in their late teens significantly under-reported their EI, whereas under-reporting was not as evident among lean young black women.
  Obesity 02/2006; 14(1):156-64. · 4.28 Impact Factor
• Article: Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial.

  Lawrence J Appel, Frank M Sacks, Vincent J Carey, Eva Obarzanek, Janis F Swain, Edgar R Miller, Paul R Conlin, Thomas P Erlinger, Bernard A Rosner, Nancy M Laranjo, Jeanne Charleston, Phyllis McCarron, Louise M Bishop
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  ABSTRACT: Reduced intake of saturated fat is widely recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease. The type of macronutrient that should replace saturated fat remains uncertain. To compare the effects of 3 healthful diets, each with reduced saturated fat intake, on blood pressure and serum lipids. Randomized, 3-period, crossover feeding study (April 2003 to June 2005) conducted in Baltimore, Md, and Boston, Mass. Participants were 164 adults with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension. Each feeding period lasted 6 weeks and body weight was kept constant. A diet rich in carbohydrates; a diet rich in protein, about half from plant sources; and a diet rich in unsaturated fat, predominantly monounsaturated fat. Systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and estimated coronary heart disease risk were lower on each diet compared with baseline. Compared with the carbohydrate diet, the protein diet further decreased mean systolic blood pressure by 1.4 mm Hg (P = .002) and by 3.5 mm Hg (P = .006) among those with hypertension and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 3.3 mg/dL (0.09 mmol/L; P = .01), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.3 mg/dL (0.03 mmol/L; P = .02), and triglycerides by 15.7 mg/dL (0.18 mmol/L; P<.001). Compared with the carbohydrate diet, the unsaturated fat diet decreased systolic blood pressure by 1.3 mm Hg (P = .005) and by 2.9 mm Hg among those with hypertension (P = .02), had no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.1 mg/dL (0.03 mmol/L; P = .03), and lowered triglycerides by 9.6 mg/dL (0.11 mmol/L; P = .02). Compared with the carbohydrate diet, estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk was lower and similar on the protein and unsaturated fat diets. In the setting of a healthful diet, partial substitution of carbohydrate with either protein or monounsaturated fat can further lower blood pressure, improve lipid levels, and reduce estimated cardiovascular risk. Clinical Trials Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00051350.
  JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association 11/2005; 294(19):2455-64. · 30.03 Impact Factor
• Article: Nutrition and blood pressure: is protein one link? Toward a strategy of hypertension prevention.

  Jeffrey A Cutler, Eva Obarzanek
  Annals of internal medicine 08/2005; 143(1):74-5. · 16.73 Impact Factor
• Article: Breakfast consumption by African-American and white adolescent girls correlates positively with calcium and fiber intake and negatively with body mass index.

  Sandra G Affenito, Douglas R Thompson, Bruce A Barton, Debra L Franko, Stephen R Daniels, Eva Obarzanek, George B Schreiber, Ruth H Striegel-Moore
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  ABSTRACT: To describe age- and race-related differences in breakfast consumption and to examine the association of breakfast intake with dietary calcium and fiber and body mass index (BMI). Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a 9-year, longitudinal biracial cohort study with annual 3-day food records. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study recruited 2,379 girls (1,166 white and 1,213 African American), aged 9 or 10 years at baseline for an observational study. Retention rates were very high at visits two through four (96%, 94%, and 91%), but declined to a low of 82% at visit seven, and increased to 89% at visit 10. Frequency of breakfast consumption, dietary calcium and fiber, and BMI. Generalized estimation equations methodology was used to examine differences in the frequency of breakfast eating by age and race. Generalized estimation equations analyses were also conducted to test whether breakfast consumption was predictive of intake of dietary calcium and fiber, and BMI, adjusting for potentially confounding effects of site, age, race, parental education, physical activity, and total energy intake. Frequency of breakfast eating declined with age, white girls reported more frequent breakfast consumption than African-American girls, and the racial difference decreased with increasing age. Days eating breakfast were associated with higher calcium and fiber intake in all models, regardless of adjustment variables. Days eating breakfast were predictive of lower BMI in models that adjusted for basic demographics (ie, site, age, and race), but the independent effect of breakfast was no longer significant after parental education, energy intake, and physical activity were added to the model. Dietetics professionals need to promote the importance of consuming breakfast to all children and adolescents, especially African-American girls.
  Journal of the American Dietetic Association 07/2005; 105(6):938-45. · 3.59 Impact Factor
• Article: Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

  Marcia Schmidt, Sandra G Affenito, Ruth Striegel-Moore, Philip R Khoury, Bruce Barton, Patricia Crawford, Shari Kronsberg, George Schreiber, Eva Obarzanek, Stephen Daniels
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  ABSTRACT: To examine trends in fast-food consumption and its relationship to calorie, fat, and sodium intake in black and white adolescent girls. A longitudinal multicenter cohort study of the development of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in black and white female adolescents. Data collection occurred annually using a validated 3-day food record and a food-patterns questionnaire. A biracial and socioeconomically diverse group of 2379 black and white girls recruited from 3 centers. Three-day food records and a food-patterns questionnaire were examined for intake of fast food and its association with nutrient intake. We compared patterns of exposure to fast food and its impact on intake of calories, fat, and sodium. Fast-food intake was positively associated with intake of energy and sodium as well as total fat and saturated fat as a percentage of calories. Fast-food intake increased with increasing age in both races. With increasing consumption of fast food, energy intake increased with an adjusted mean of 1837 kcal for the low fast-food frequency group vs 1966 kcal for the highest fast-food frequency group (P<.05). Total fat in the low fast-food frequency group was 34.3% as opposed to 35.8% in the highest fast-food frequency group (P<.05). Saturated fat went from 12.5% to 13% and sodium increased from 3085 mg to 3236 mg in the lowest vs the highest fast-food frequency group (P<.001). Dietary intake of fast food is a determinant of diet quality in adolescent girls. Efforts to reduce fast-food consumption may be useful in improving diet and risk for future cardiovascular disease.
  Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 07/2005; 159(7):626-31. · 4.14 Impact Factor
• Article: Children's adaptations to a fat-reduced diet: the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC).

  Linda Van Horn, Eva Obarzanek, Lisa Aronson Friedman, Niki Gernhofer, Bruce Barton
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  ABSTRACT: Prevention of cardiovascular disease through diet and lifestyle change is strongly advocated in adults and is initiated preferably during childhood. The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) was a multicenter, collaborative, randomized trial in 663 preadolescent children (363 boys and 301 girls) with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, designed to test the efficacy and safety of a dietary intervention to lower saturated-fat and cholesterol intake while also advocating a healthy eating pattern. DISC results have been published extensively. This ancillary study reports new data regarding changes in eating patterns among this cohort. We set out to compare children's self-selected eating patterns and approaches to achieving adherence to the DISC fat-reduced diet intervention with children in the usual-care group. An ancillary study was conducted to develop a detailed food-grouping system and report new analyses on dietary adherence to the recommended eating pattern. Every food in the nutrient database was ranked by its saturated-fat and cholesterol content and classified within its relevant food group as a "go" (less atherogenic) or "whoa" (more atherogenic) food. At baseline, go foods contributed approximately 57% of total energy intake and 12.4% to 13.1% total fat energy intake in both groups. At 3 years, go foods contributed 67.4% and 13.7% of total and fat energy intake, respectively, in the intervention group versus 56.8% and 12.8% in the usual-care group. Differences between the 2 treatment groups were significant for changes in consumption of dairy foods, desserts, and fats/oils, with the intervention group reporting a 0.2- to 0.3-serving-per-day greater increase in go foods than the usual-care group. The intervention group also reported a 0.2- to 0.8-serving-per-day greater decrease in whoa foods than the usual-care group for breads/grains, dairy, fats/oils, meat/fish/poultry, snacks, and vegetables. Overall, snack foods, desserts, and pizza contributed approximately one third of total daily energy intake in both groups at 3 years. Children in the intervention group reported consuming more servings per day of go grains, dairy, meats, and vegetable foods compared with children in the usual-care group, but intake of fruits and vegetables was low in both groups. Discovering that snacks, desserts, and pizza actively contribute so heavily to the diets of this age group, even among children who were part of this intervention, offers valuable insights regarding the need for more aggressive, innovative, and realistic approaches for additional dietary counseling.
  PEDIATRICS 07/2005; 115(6):1723-33. · 4.47 Impact Factor