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ABSTRACT: To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic impact of time-resolved MR angiography (TR-MRA) combined with parallel imaging and low contrast dose for the assessment of peripheral high-flow vascular malformations (VM) at 1.5 Tesla (T). Twelve consecutive patients (7 female, 5 male, mean age 24.7 ± 11.1 years) with known or suspected high-flow VM underwent time-resolved MRA. Two readers individually assessed image quality, diagnostic confidence as well as hemodynamic features. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) correlation was available in 9 patients. TR-MRA provided a comprehensive assessment of all VMs with good quality images, allowing reliable differentiation of the early and main arterial phases and of at least the early venous phase. Based on hemodynamic features VM were classified as predominantly arterial malformations in 5 cases (42%), or arteriovenous malformations in the remaining 7 cases (58%). The high-flow component of a VM was confirmed by DSA in 9/9 (100%) cases during the interventional treatment procedure. TR-MRA of peripheral VMs with temporal interpolation and stochastic spiral trajectories is feasible, allowing the assessment of dynamic inflow and vessel-specific information similar to conventional DSA. Therefore, TR-MRA represents a reasonable alternative imaging technique for the pre-treatment evaluation of high-flow VMs.
The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 05/2011; 28(4):823-34. · 2.15 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of our study was to assess the feasibility and diagnostic performance of time-resolved MR angiography (MRA) in the pretreatment evaluation of peripheral vascular malformations at 1.5 T.
Twenty-two consecutive patients (15 women and seven men; mean age, 22.1 ± 12.1 years) who were known or suspected to have vascular malformations were studied using time-resolved MRA with interleaved stochastic trajectories and parallel acquisition followed by conventional MRA (n = 12). All studies were performed on a 1.5-T whole-body MR system. Image sets of time-resolved and conventional MRA were independently reviewed by two observers for image quality, level of confidence and presence, location, and classification of vascular malformations. The interobserver agreement was calculated using conventional MRA as the standard of reference.
On the basis of time-resolved MRA, nine of the lesions were categorized as high-flow arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), the remaining 13 lesions were categorized as low-flow vascular malformations or hemangiomas. There was no significant difference in the image quality grading scores between the two observers for time-resolved MRA (p = 0.61) and conventional MRA (p = 0.54). The kappa coefficient revealed good agreement (κ = 0.76) between time-resolved MRA and conventional MRA. Both observers visualized fine vascular details with higher confidence in two patients on conventional MRA. The additional functional information regarding feeding artery and flow patterns provided by time-resolved MRA was confirmed by digital subtraction in all nine cases.
Time-resolved MRA provided the temporal information needed for the appropriate classification of vascular malformations, enabling visualization of both the arterial feeders and draining veins. Furthermore, time-resolved MRA has the potential to be used as an initial and screening diagnostic tool obviating conventional MRA to categorize these lesions and determine their extent to correctly guide treatment.
American Journal of Roentgenology 03/2011; 196(3):702-11. · 2.78 Impact Factor
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Bildverarbeitung für die Medizin 2009: Algorithmen - Systeme - Anwendungen, Proceedings des Workshops vom 20. bis 22. März 2011 in Lübeck; 01/2011
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Achim Seeger,
Anja Hennemuth,
Bernhard Klumpp,
Michael Fenchel,
Ulrich Kramer,
Christiane Bretschneider,
Stefanie Mangold,
Andreas E May,
Claus D Claussen,
Heinz-Otto Peitgen,
Stephan Miller
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ABSTRACT: To investigate the feasibility of image fusion of MR-coronary angiography (MRCA) and delayed gadolinium enhancement imaging (LGE) and to assign areas of myocardial infarction to the corresponding supplying coronary arteries.
An interactive segmentation of the coronary arteries was performed in MRCA data sets (n=25). The LGE slices were matched onto the vessel segmentation to perform a fused analysis of coronary artery anatomy and LGE. The results were compared to the segmental model recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA). Standard of reference was the identification of the culprit lesion in the invasive coronary angiography (CA) (n=20).
The fused analysis allowed the assignment of MI to the supplying coronary artery in 13/20 patients. The sensitivities/specificities for the assignment of MI to the three main vessels were: LAD 63%/100%, LCX 75%/100%, and RCA 56%/100%, respectively. Using the AHA segmental model the sensitivities/specificities for the correct assignment of MI to the three main vessels were: LAD 88%/58%, LCX 94%/75%, and RCA 77%/73%, respectively.
Fusion images of MRCA and LGE provides added diagnostic information in the effort to determine the epicardial vessels responsible for the postischemic myocardial injury and therefore might be helpful to establish appropriate future therapeutic steps.
European journal of radiology 01/2011; 81(1):71-6. · 2.65 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Restrictive right ventricular (RV) physiology is a phenomenon considered potentially beneficial when detected in children and adolescents with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (ToF). It is typically characterised by antegrade flow in the pulmonary artery in late diastole at the time of atrial contraction. However, little is known about the impact of restrictive physiology on intrinsic diastolic RV function or lusitropy.
Diastolic function was prospectively assessed at baseline level and during dobutamine infusion using the pressure-volume conductance system. End diastolic forward flow in the pulmonary artery was measured by MRI.
Twenty-five patients aged 17.9±7.5 years were studied. Although the end diastolic RV pressure, the time constant of isovolumic RV relaxation (τ) and dP/dtmin were similar between both groups, the slope of the end diastolic pressure-volume relationship (Eed) was significantly higher in the restrictive group indicating increased diastolic stiffness in these patients (0.14±0.05 vs 0.06±0.01, p=0.03). Dobutamine stress, however, led to an increase in Eed in the entire ToF cohort indicating an abnormal diastolic response to catecholamines in these patients.
Diastolic RV stiffness of repaired ToF patients with restrictive physiology is increased. The lusitropic response of the RV to β adrenergic agents is abnormal after ToF repair regardless of whether restrictive physiology is present or not. This has potential implications, particularly for postoperative drug management.
Heart (British Cardiac Society) 10/2010; 96(22):1837-41. · 4.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose, contrast-enhanced (CE), time-resolved, three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the assessment of the abdominal aorta and its major branches at 3 T and to compare the results with those of high-spatial resolution CE MRA.
Twenty-two consecutive patients (eight men, 14 women; mean age, 43.9 +/- 17.9 years) underwent CE time-resolved three-dimensional MRA and high-spatial resolution three-dimensional MRA. Studies were performed using a 3-T magnetic resonance system; gadolinium-based contrast medium was administered at a dose of 3 to 5 mL for time-resolved MRA, followed by 0.1 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine for single-phase CE MRA. For analysis purposes, the abdominal arterial system was divided into 11 arterial segments, and image quality as well as the presence and degree of vascular pathology were evaluated by two independent magnetic resonance radiologists.
A total of 242 arterial segments were visualized with good image quality. Time-resolved MRA was able to visualize the majority of arterial segments with good definition in the diagnostic range. Vascular pathologies (stenosis, occlusion) or abnormal vascular anatomy was detected in 19 arterial segments, with good interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.78). All image findings were detected with time-resolved CE MRA by both observers and were confirmed by correlative imaging.
Low-dose, time-resolved MRA at 3 T yields rapid and important anatomic and functional information in the evaluation of the abdominal vasculature. Because of its limited spatial resolution, time-resolved MRA is inferior to CE MRA in demonstrating fine vascular details.
Academic radiology 02/2010; 17(5):564-76. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 14-17 April, 2010; 01/2010
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ABSTRACT: The long-term prospects for patients with peripheral-arterial-occlusive disease (PAOD) must be considered in the context of coexistent generalized atherosclerosis. We sought to determine the added clinical information of noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting asymptomatic atherosclerotic disease in patients already at high risk.
Eighty-four patients (64 men, mean age 66.2 + or - 10.0 years, range 34-84 years) with suspected or known PAOD were examined using a comprehensive cardiovascular MRI protocol. Two experienced observers reviewed all MRIs for the presence of "relevant findings," which were defined as pathology requiring immediate therapy or mid-term follow-up.
Assessment of cardiac structures and function in 84 study patients yielded new pathology in 40 (48%) patients, whereas cerebral imaging revealed new findings in 45 (54%) patients. Previously unsuspected vascular findings were evident in 46 (55%) patients. Using the information from the MRIs, in 54 (64%) of patients mid-term follow-up was required, whereas in 7 (8%) patients a change of therapy or immediate treatment was necessary.
Whole-body cardiovascular MRI is able to detect symptomatic and unsuspected findings in patients with PAOD. This technique was able to detect several vascular abnormalities that necessitated immediate medical attention and intervention in patients already identified as high-risk patients and, therefore, may show an increasing impact to determine individual therapeutic and follow-up concepts.
Academic radiology 11/2009; 17(2):219-29. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Patients with congenital heart disease frequently have complex cardiac and vascular malformations requiring detailed non-invasive diagnostic evaluation including functional parameters.
To evaluate the morphological and functional information provided by a novel 3-D cine steady-state free-precession (SSFP) sequence.
Twenty consecutive children (mean age 2.2 years, nine boys) were examined using a 1.5-T MR system including 2-D cine gradient-recalled-echo sequences, static 3-D SSFP and 3-D cine SSFP sequences.
Measurement of ventricular structures and volumes showed close agreement between the 3-D cine SSFP sequence and the 2-D cine gradient-recalled-echo and static 3-D SSFP sequences (left ventricular volumes mean difference 1.0-1.9 ml and 8.8-11.4%, respectively; right ventricular volumes 1.7-2.1 ml and 9.9-16.9%, respectively). No systematic bias was observed.
3-D cine MRI provides anatomic as well as functional information with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution in free-breathing infants with congenital heart disease.
Pediatric Radiology 10/2009; 39(12):1333-42. · 1.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Stress perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MSPMRI) is an established technique for the assessment of myocardial perfusion. Shortcomings at 1.5 T are low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). One approach to overcome these shortcomings is to increase field strength and contrast concentration. The aim of our study was to investigate the diagnostic capability of high resolution MSPMRI at 3-T field strength using a 1 M contrast agent.
Fifty-seven patients (62.3 +/- 11.0 years) with symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) were examined at 3 T. MMRSPI was assessed using a 2D saturation recovery gradient echo (SR GRE) sequence in short axis orientation (TR 1.9 ms, TE 1.0 ms, flip 12 degrees , 0.1 mmol gadobutrol/kg body weight (bw), 140 microg adenosine/kg bw/min). Perfusion images were assessed visually and semiquantitatively (upslope, peak signal intensity (SI), and myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI)). Standard of reference was invasive coronary angiography.
Stress-induced hypoperfusion was found in 43 patients. Sensitivity for hemodynamically relevant CAD (stenoses greater than 70%) was 95%/98%, specificity 80%/87%, diagnostic accuracy 91%/95% (reader 1/reader 2). The MPRI was significantly lower in hypoperfused myocardium (1.3 +/- 0.2) compared with normal myocardium (2.6 +/- 0.7).
High resolution MMRSPI at 3 T using 1 M contrast agent under daily routine conditions provides reliable detection of stress-induced myocardial hypoperfusion with higher diagnostic accuracy than 1.5-T conditions.
European Radiology 09/2009; 20(3):533-41. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To longitudinally assess the value of cardiac functional and viability imaging as a supplement to MR angiography in patients with atherosclerotic disease.
Cardiac MRI was performed in 195 consecutive patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Of these, 186 patients were followed for 22 +/- 5 months for the presence of cardiac events (cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome and hospitalisation as a result of congestive heart failure).
Myocardial viability imaging showed a high prevalence of known (n = 31) and occult myocardial infarctions (MI) (n = 26). Cardiac events occurred more often in patients with reduced ventricular function (ejection fraction (EF) less than 40%, cardiac event in 4/8 patients; EF 40-55%, cardiac event in 10/40 patients; EF greater than 55%, cardiac event in 15/138 patients) as well as in patients with occult MI (8/25 patients) and known MI (11/30 patients). In patients with normal function, the detection of a previous MI was of high relevance to prognosis.
Both reduced EF and the presence of MI influence patients' prognoses. Performing cardiac MRI in this patient population may influence further patient management including intensified risk factor intervention.
European Radiology 09/2009; 20(4):838-45. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for risk stratification in patients with coronary artery stenoses of intermediate angiographic severity.
Coronary angiography only provides a morphological description of coronary lesions. As the patient's prognosis is closely related to the functional significance of angiographically detected coronary lesions, a functional assessment is desirable in patients with coronary artery stenoses of intermediate severity.
Myocardial perfusion measurements at rest and adenosine stress were performed on 81 patients (75.6% male, mean age 64.2 years) with stable angina pectoris (AP) and coronary artery stenoses of intermediate angiographic severity (50% to 75%). Regardless of the CMR result, all patients were treated conservatively with an intensified medical treatment, and a follow-up was performed after 18 +/- 8 months and 30 +/- 8 months. The primary end point was defined as a major adverse cardiac event (MACE): all-cause death, stroke, acute coronary syndrome; the secondary end point was defined as target vessel revascularization. Furthermore, AP and dyspnea were evaluated.
After the follow-up period of 30 +/- 8 months, 9 patients with perfusion deficit (PD) suffered from MACE, whereas no MACE occurred among the 36 patients without PD (p = 0.014). Among patients who had MACE, the number of ischemic segments (2.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.4 +/- 1.6, p = 0.0025) was significantly higher, whereas the number of delayed enhancement segments did not differ (1.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.6 +/- 2.3, p = 0.4). Target vessel revascularization was required in 38% of patients with PD and 6% of patients without PD (p = 0.005). In addition, the percentage of freedom from AP and dyspnea at the follow-up after 18 +/- 8 months was significantly lower among patients without perfusion deficit (69.4% vs. 15.6%; p = 0.0001). After a follow-up period of 30 +/- 8 months, the rate of AP (11.1% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.33) as well as the percentage of patients free of symptoms was similar in both groups (77.8% vs. 88.9%, p = 0.82).
Adenosine stress CMR may help to identify patients at risk who benefit from intensified medical treatment and close follow-up.
JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 05/2009; 2(4):424-33. · 14.29 Impact Factor
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Achim Seeger,
Ulrich Kramer,
Michael Fenchel,
Florian Grimm,
Christiane Bretschneider,
Jörg Döring,
Bernhard Klumpp,
Gunnar Tepe,
Kilian Rittig,
Peter R Seidensticker,
Claus D Claussen,
Stephan Miller
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ABSTRACT: Previous experiences of whole body MR angiography are predominantly available in linear 0.5 M gadolinium-containing contrast agents. The aim of this study was to compare image quality on a four-point scale (range 1-4) and diagnostic accuracy of a 1.0 M macrocyclic contrast agent (gadobutrol, n = 80 patients) with a 0.5 M linear contrast agent (gadopentetate dimeglumine, n = 85 patients) on a 1.5 T whole body MR system. Digital subtraction angiography served as standard of reference.
All examinations yielded diagnostic image quality. There was no significant difference in image quality (3.76 +/- 0.3 versus 3.78 +/- 0.3, p = n.s.) and diagnostic accuracy observed. Sensitivity and specificity of the detection of hemodynamically relevant stenoses was 93%/95% in the gadopentetate dimeglumine group and 94%/94% in the gadobutrol group, respectively.
The high diagnostic accuracy of gadobutrol in the clinical routine setting is of high interest as medical authorities (e.g. the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) recommend macrocyclic contrast agents especially to be used in patients with renal failure or dialysis.
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 01/2009; 10:63. · 3.72 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology allows the determination of patient-individual coronary tree structure, detection of infarctions, and assessment of myocardial perfusion. Joint inspection of these three aspects yields valuable information for therapy planning, e.g., through classification of myocardium into healthy tissue, regions showing a reversible hypoperfusion, and infarction with additional information on the corresponding supplying artery. Standard imaging protocols normally provide image data with different orientations, resolutions and coverages for each of the three aspects, which makes a direct comparison of analysis results difficult. The purpose of this work is to develop methods for the alignment and combined analysis of these images. The proposed approach is applied to 21 datasets of healthy and diseased patients from the clinical routine. The evaluation shows that, despite limitations due to typical MRI artifacts, combined inspection is feasible and can yield clinically useful information.
IEEE transactions on medical imaging. 12/2008; 27(11):1592-610.
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ABSTRACT: The study was approved by the local ethics committee, and informed consent was provided by all participants prior to the examination. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of whole-body three-dimensional (3D) contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with parallel imaging in the phase- and section-encoding directions (ie, integrated parallel acquisition technique [iPAT(2); Siemens, Erlangen, Germany]) for all anatomic imaging stations in combination with a single injection of contrast material. Whole-body contrast-enhanced MR angiography was performed in 23 patients at 3.0 T. Images were evaluated by two independent observers for quality on a four-point scale (where a score of 1 indicated poor image quality and a score of 4, excellent image quality); signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for representative vessel regions in each station. Mean image quality scores were 3.13 +/- 1.15 (standard deviation) and 3.17 +/- 1.14 for observers 1 and 2, respectively (kappa = 0.81). Signal intensity measurements revealed mean SNR values between 36.2 +/- 8.0 and 56.2 +/- 17.7 and mean CNR values between 29.0 +/- 7.4 and 48.2 +/- 15.7. The data suggest that contrast-enhanced MR angiography with iPAT(2) is feasible for whole-body applications and allows acquisition of 3D data sets with adequate spatial resolution within short measurement times, facilitating a single injection of contrast material.
Radiology 12/2008; 250(1):254-63. · 5.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: For contrast-enhanced imaging techniques relying on strong T1 weighting, 3 T provides increased contrast compared with 1.5 T. The aim of our study was the intraindividual comparison of delayed enhancement MR imaging at 1.5 T and at 3 T. Twenty patients with myocardial infarction were examined at 1.5 T and 3 T. Fifteen minutes after injection of contrast agent (0.1 mmol gadobenate dimeglumine per kg body weight), inversion recovery gradient recalled echo (IR-GRE) sequences were acquired (1.5 T/3 T: TR 11.0/9.9 ms, TE 4.4/4.9 ms, flip 30 degrees /30 degrees , slice thickness 6/6 mm) to assess myocardial viability. Two observers rated image quality (Wilcoxon signed rank test). Quantification of hyperenhanced myocardium and standardized SNR/CNR measurements were performed (Student's t test). There was no significant difference with respect to image quality (1.5 T/3 T: 3.5/3.3, p = 0.34, reader 1; 2.4/2.7, p = 0.12, reader 2) and infarction size (760 +/- 566/828 +/- 677 mm(2) at 1.5 T, 808 +/- 639/826 +/- 726 mm(2) at 3 T, reader 1/reader 2, p > 0.05). Mean SNR in hyperenhanced/normal myocardium was 19.2/6.2 at 1.5 T and 29.5/8.8 at 3 T (p < 0.05). Mean CNR was 14.3 at 1.5 T and 26.0 at 3 T (p < 0.05). Delayed enhancement MR imaging at 3 T is a robust procedure yielding superior tissue contrast at 3 T compared with 1.5 T which is, however, not reflected by increased image quality.
European Radiology 12/2008; 19(5):1124-31. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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Christina Doesch, Achim Seeger,
Tobias Hoevelborn,
Bernhard Klumpp,
Michael Fenchel,
Ulrich Kramer,
Birgitt Schönfisch,
Claus D Claussen,
Meinrad Gawaz,
Stephan Miller,
Andreas E May
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ABSTRACT: This prospective study was designed to determine the diagnostic value of adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in patients referred to elective coronary angiography.
Myocardial perfusion measurements at rest and adenosine stress were performed in 141 patients (105 men, 36 women, mean age 63.4 years) at 1.5 T with a Turbo Flash sequence. Stress-induced perfusion deficits were correlated to angiographic stenoses > or =75%. The overall sensitivity for CMRI depicting coronary artery disease (CAD) with relevant stenoses was 90.4%, the specificity was 77.4%, the positive predictive value was 85.9%, the negative predictive value was 84.2% and the accuracy 85.2%. Subgroup analysis was performed for 3-vessel disease (n = 44, sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 75.0%), 2-vessel disease (n = 43, sensitivity 92.6%, specificity 92.9%), 1-vessel disease (n = 27, sensitivity 93.1%, specificity 71.4%) and patients without CAD (n = 27, specificity 70.4%) as well as for patients with prior myocardial infarction (n = 44, sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 86.7%), prior coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 21, sensitivity 88.2%, specificity 66.7%), prior coronary interventions (n = 88, sensitivity 91.9%, specificity 75.0%), or diabetics (n = 27, sensitivity 90.5%, specificity 83.3%).
Our study shows that stress perfusion CMRI can accurately predict relevant CAD and contributes to the identification of hemodynamic relevant stenoses in patients scheduled for coronary angiography.
Clinical Research in Cardiology 09/2008; 97(12):905-12. · 2.95 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The quality of magnetic resonance (MR) angiography could be substantially improved over the past several years based on the introduction and application of parallel imaging, new sequence techniques, such as, e.g., centric k-space trajectories, dedicated contrast agents, and clinical high-field scanners. All of these techniques have played an important role to improve image resolution or decrease acquisition time for the dedicated examination of a single vascular territory. However, whole-body MR angiography may be the application with the potential to profit most from these technical advances. The present review article describes the technical innovations with a focus on parallel imaging at high field strength and the impact on whole-body MR angiography. The clinical value of advanced whole-body MR angiography techniques is illustrated by characteristic cases.
European Radiology 08/2008; 18(7):1473-83. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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Liver international: official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 07/2008; 28(6):840. · 3.82 Impact Factor
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Gerald F Greil,
Sabrina Germann,
Sebastian Kozerke,
Christof Baltes,
Jeffrey Tsao,
Michael S Urschitz, Achim Seeger,
Tarinee Tangcharoen,
Anja Bialkowsky,
Stephan Miller,
Ludger Sieverding
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ABSTRACT: To compare left ventricular (LV) volume and mass assessment using two-dimensional (2D) cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) and k-t space broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique (k-t BLAST) accelerated 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
On a commercially available 1.5T MR scanner, 2D cine SSFP, six- and eight-fold accelerated 3D k-t BLAST were performed to evaluate LV volumes and mass in 17 volunteers. After semiautomatic segmentation of the different MR data sets, the resulting volumes and mass were compared according to the mean difference, 95% confidence interval, standard deviation (SD), Pearson's correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman analysis, and the Pitman-Morgan test.
Data acquisition was successful in all subjects. The number of required breathholds was reduced from a maximal of five for the 2D cine SSFP sequence to two for 3D k-t BLAST sequences. Comparing LV volumes, there was excellent agreement between 2D and 3D cine 8x k-t BLAST SSFP volumes (mean difference +/- 2SD end-diastolic volume [EDV] = 5 +/- 8 mL, end-systolic volume [ESV] = 1 +/-12 mL, and stroke volume [SV] = 3 +/- 8 mL), and mass (-1.8 +/- 9 g).
k-t BLAST-accelerated 3D sequences allow accurate assessment of LV volumes and mass compared to 2D cine SSFP. This method may reduce costs and increase patient comfort due to shortened data acquisition time and reduced number of breathholds.
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 04/2008; 27(3):510-5. · 2.70 Impact Factor
