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ABSTRACT: The combined use of ZnO, Mg, MgO, and silk provides routes to classes of thin-film transistors and mechanical energy harvesters that are soluble in water and biofluids. Experimental and theoretical studies of the operational aspects and dissolution properties of this type of transient electronics technology illustrate its various capabilities. Application opportunities range from resorbable biomedical implants, to environmentally dissolvable sensors, and degradable consumer electronics.
Small 04/2013; · 8.35 Impact Factor
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Tae-Il Kim,
Jordan G McCall,
Yei Hwan Jung,
Xian Huang,
Edward R Siuda,
Yuhang Li,
Jizhou Song,
Young Min Song,
Hsuan An Pao,
Rak-Hwan Kim, [......],
Sung Dan Lee,
Il-Sun Song,
Gunchul Shin,
Ream Al-Hasani,
Stanley Kim,
Meng Peun Tan,
Yonggang Huang, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
John A Rogers,
Michael R Bruchas
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ABSTRACT: Successful integration of advanced semiconductor devices with biological systems will accelerate basic scientific discoveries and their translation into clinical technologies. In neuroscience generally, and in optogenetics in particular, the ability to insert light sources, detectors, sensors, and other components into precise locations of the deep brain yields versatile and important capabilities. Here, we introduce an injectable class of cellular-scale optoelectronics that offers such features, with examples of unmatched operational modes in optogenetics, including completely wireless and programmed complex behavioral control over freely moving animals. The ability of these ultrathin, mechanically compliant, biocompatible devices to afford minimally invasive operation in the soft tissues of the mammalian brain foreshadow applications in other organ systems, with potential for broad utility in biomedical science and engineering.
Science 04/2013; 340(6129):211-6. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We propose a biocompatible hybrid photonic platform incorporating a 3D silk inverse opal (SIO) crystal and a 2D plasmonic crystal formed on the top surface of the SIO. This hybrid photonic-plasmonic crystal (HPPC) structure simultaneously exhibits both an extraordinary transmission and a pseudo-photonic band-gap in its
transmission spectrum. We demonstrate the use of the HPPC as a refractive
index (RI) sensor. By performing a multispectral analysis to analyze the RI value, a sensitivity of 200,000 nm·Δ%T/RIU (refractive index unit) is achieved.
Optics Express 04/2013; 21(7):8897. · 3.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Protein-protein imprinting of silk fibroin is introduced as a rapid, high-throughput method for the fabrication of nanoscale structures in silk films, through the application of heat and pressure. Imprinting on conformal surfaces is demonstrated with minor adjustments to the system, at resolutions comparable to other currently available nonplanar nanoimprint lithography techniques.
Advanced Materials 03/2013; · 13.88 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The chimeric proteins, silk-elastin-like protein polymers (SELPs), consist of repeating units of silk and elastin to retain the mechanical strength of silk, while incorporating the dynamic environmental sensitivity of elastin. A retinal-modified silk-elastin-like protein polymer was prepared, modified and studied for photodynamic responses. The protein was designed, cloned, expressed and purified with lysine present in the elastin repeats. The purified protein was then chemically modified with retinal via the lysine side chains. Structural changes with the polymer were assessed before and after retinal modification using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Optical studies and spectral analysis were performed before and after retinal-modification. The random coil fraction of the protein increased after retinal modification while the β-sheet fraction significantly decreased. Birefringence of the modified protein was induced when irradiated with a linearly polarized 488 nm laser light. Retinal modification of this protein offers a useful strategy to generate smart materials for biosensors, controlled drug delivery and other areas of biomedical engineering.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 02/2013; · 9.91 Impact Factor
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Rui Li,
Huanyu Cheng,
Yewang Su,
Suk-Won Hwang,
Lan Yin,
Hu Tao,
Mark A Brenckle,
Dae-Hyeong Kim, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
John A Rogers,
Yonggang Huang
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ABSTRACT: Transient electronics is a class of technology that involves components which physically disappear, in whole or in part, at prescribed rates and at programmed times. Enabled devices include medical monitors that fully resorb when implanted into the human body (“bio-resorbable”) to avoid long-term adverse effects, or environmental monitors that dissolve when exposed to water (“eco-resorbable”) to eliminate the need for collection and recovery. Analytical models for dissolution of the constituent materials represent important design tools for transient electronic systems that are configured to disappear in water or biofluids. Here, solutions for reactive-diffusion are presented in single- and double-layered structures, in which the remaining thicknesses and electrical resistances are obtained analytically. The dissolution time and rate are defined in terms of the reaction constants and diffusivities of the materials, the thicknesses of the layer, and other properties of materials and solution. These models agree well with the experiments for single layers of Mg and SiO2, and double layers of Mg/MgO. The underlying physical constants extracted from analysis fall within a broad range previously reported in other studies; these constants can be extremely sensitive to the morphologies of the materials, temperature, and the PH value, concentration, and properties of the surrounding liquid.
Advanced Functional Materials 01/2013; · 10.18 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Reflectins are a unique group of structural proteins involved in dynamic optical systems in cephalopods that mod-ulate incident light or bioluminescence. We describe cloning, structural characterization, and optical properties of a reflectin-based domain, refCBA, from reflectin 1a of Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. Thin films created from the recombinant protein refCBA display interesting optical features when the recombinant protein is appropriately organized. RefCBA was cloned and expressed as a soluble protein ena-bling purification, with little structural organization found using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Single-layer and multi-layer thin films of refCBA were then pro-duced by flow coating and spin coating, and displayed colors due to thin film interference. Diffraction experiments showed the assemblies were ordered enough to work as diffraction gratings to generate diffraction patterns. Nano-spheres and la-mellar microstructures of refCBA samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Despite the reduced complexity of the refCBA protein com-pared to natural reflectins, unique biomaterials with similar properties to reflectins were generated by self-assembled reflectin-based refCBA molecules. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics 01/2013; 51:254-264. · 1.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Periodic nanostructures provide the facility to control and manipulate the flow of light through their lattices. Three-dimensional photonic crystals enable the controlled design of structural colour, which can be varied by infiltrating the structure with different (typically liquid) fillers. Here, we report three-dimensional photonic crystals composed entirely of a purified natural protein (silk fibroin). The biocompatibility of this protein, as well as its favourable material properties and ease of biological functionalization, present opportunities for otherwise unattainable device applications such as bioresorbable integration of structural colour within living tissue or lattice functionalization by means of organic and inorganic material doping. We present a silk inverse opal that demonstrates a pseudo-photonic bandgap in the visible spectrum and show its associated structural colour beneath biological tissue. We also leverage silk's facile dopability to manufacture a gold nanoparticle silk inverse opal and demonstrate patterned heating mediated by enhancement of nanoparticle absorption at the band-edge frequency of the photonic crystal.
Nature Photonics 12/2012; · 29.28 Impact Factor
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Dae-Hyeong Kim,
Roozbeh Ghaffari,
Nanshu Lu,
Shuodao Wang,
Stephen P Lee,
Hohyun Keum,
Robert D'Angelo,
Lauren Klinker,
Yewang Su,
Chaofeng Lu, [......],
Yung-Yu Hsu,
Zhuangjian Liu,
Jeremy Ruskin,
Lizhi Xu,
Chi Lu, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
Yonggang Huang,
Moussa Mansour,
Marvin J Slepian,
John A Rogers
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ABSTRACT: Curved surfaces, complex geometries, and time-dynamic deformations of the heart create challenges in establishing intimate, nonconstraining interfaces between cardiac structures and medical devices or surgical tools, particularly over large areas. We constructed large area designs for diagnostic and therapeutic stretchable sensor and actuator webs that conformally wrap the epicardium, establishing robust contact without sutures, mechanical fixtures, tapes, or surgical adhesives. These multifunctional web devices exploit open, mesh layouts and mount on thin, bio-resorbable sheets of silk to facilitate handling in a way that yields, after dissolution, exceptionally low mechanical moduli and thicknesses. In vivo studies in rabbit and pig animal models demonstrate the effectiveness of these device webs for measuring and spatially mapping temperature, electrophysiological signals, strain, and physical contact in sheet and balloon-based systems that also have the potential to deliver energy to perform localized tissue ablation.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11/2012; · 9.68 Impact Factor
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Hu Tao,
Jana M Kainerstorfer,
Sean M Siebert,
Eleanor M Pritchard,
Angelo Sassaroli,
Bruce J B Panilaitis,
Mark A Brenckle,
Jason J Amsden,
Jonathan Levitt,
Sergio Fantini,
David L Kaplan, Fiorenzo G Omenetto
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ABSTRACT: Advances in personalized medicine are symbiotic with the development of novel technologies for biomedical devices. We present an approach that combines enhanced imaging of malignancies, therapeutics, and feedback about therapeutics in a single implantable, biocompatible, and resorbable device. This confluence of form and function is accomplished by capitalizing on the unique properties of silk proteins as a mechanically robust, biocompatible, optically clear biomaterial matrix that can house, stabilize, and retain the function of therapeutic components. By developing a form of high-quality microstructured optical elements, improved imaging of malignancies and of treatment monitoring can be achieved. The results demonstrate a unique family of devices for in vitro and in vivo use that provide functional biomaterials with built-in optical signal and contrast enhancement, demonstrated here with simultaneous drug delivery and feedback about drug delivery with no adverse biological effects, all while slowly degrading to regenerate native tissue.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11/2012; · 9.68 Impact Factor
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Suk-Won Hwang,
Hu Tao,
Dae-Hyeong Kim,
Huanyu Cheng,
Jun-Kyul Song,
Elliott Rill,
Mark A Brenckle,
Bruce Panilaitis,
Sang Min Won,
Yun-Soung Kim, [......],
Abid Ameen,
Rui Li,
Yewang Su,
Miaomiao Yang,
David L Kaplan,
Mitchell R Zakin,
Marvin J Slepian,
Yonggang Huang, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
John A Rogers
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ABSTRACT: A remarkable feature of modern silicon electronics is its ability to remain physically invariant, almost indefinitely for practical purposes. Although this characteristic is a hallmark of applications of integrated circuits that exist today, there might be opportunities for systems that offer the opposite behavior, such as implantable devices that function for medically useful time frames but then completely disappear via resorption by the body. We report a set of materials, manufacturing schemes, device components, and theoretical design tools for a silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology that has this type of transient behavior, together with integrated sensors, actuators, power supply systems, and wireless control strategies. An implantable transient device that acts as a programmable nonantibiotic bacteriocide provides a system-level example.
Science 09/2012; 337(6102):1640-4. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: By a reusable transfer fabrication technique, we demonstrate high-fidelity fabrication of metal nanoparticles, optical nanoantennas, and nanohole arrays directly on a functional silk biopolymer. The ability to reproducibly pattern silk biopolymers with arbitrarily complex plasmonic arrays is of importance for a variety of applications in optical biosensing, tissue engineering, cell biology, and the development of novel bio-optoelectronic medical devices.
Advanced Materials 09/2012; · 13.88 Impact Factor
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Mengkun Liu,
Harold Y Hwang,
Hu Tao,
Andrew C Strikwerda,
Kebin Fan,
George R Keiser,
Aaron J Sternbach,
Kevin G West,
Salinporn Kittiwatanakul,
Jiwei Lu,
Stuart A Wolf, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
Xin Zhang,
Keith A Nelson,
Richard D Averitt
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ABSTRACT: Electron-electron interactions can render an otherwise conducting material insulating, with the insulator-metal phase transition in correlated-electron materials being the canonical macroscopic manifestation of the competition between charge-carrier itinerancy and localization. The transition can arise from underlying microscopic interactions among the charge, lattice, orbital and spin degrees of freedom, the complexity of which leads to multiple phase-transition pathways. For example, in many transition metal oxides, the insulator-metal transition has been achieved with external stimuli, including temperature, light, electric field, mechanical strain or magnetic field. Vanadium dioxide is particularly intriguing because both the lattice and on-site Coulomb repulsion contribute to the insulator-to-metal transition at 340 K (ref. 8). Thus, although the precise microscopic origin of the phase transition remains elusive, vanadium dioxide serves as a testbed for correlated-electron phase-transition dynamics. Here we report the observation of an insulator-metal transition in vanadium dioxide induced by a terahertz electric field. This is achieved using metamaterial-enhanced picosecond, high-field terahertz pulses to reduce the Coulomb-induced potential barrier for carrier transport. A nonlinear metamaterial response is observed through the phase transition, demonstrating that high-field terahertz pulses provide alternative pathways to induce collective electronic and structural rearrangements. The metamaterial resonators play a dual role, providing sub-wavelength field enhancement that locally drives the nonlinear response, and global sensitivity to the local changes, thereby enabling macroscopic observation of the dynamics. This methodology provides a powerful platform to investigate low-energy dynamics in condensed matter and, further, demonstrates that integration of metamaterials with complex matter is a viable pathway to realize functional nonlinear electromagnetic composites.
Nature 07/2012; 487(7407):345-8. · 36.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Sensitive biological compounds, such as vaccines and antibiotics, traditionally require a time-dependent "cold chain" to maximize therapeutic activity. This flawed process results in billions of dollars worth of viable drug loss during shipping and storage, and severely limits distribution to developing nations with limited infrastructure. To address these major limitations, we demonstrate self-standing silk protein biomaterial matrices capable of stabilizing labile vaccines and antibiotics, even at temperatures up to 60 °C over more than 6 months. Initial insight into the mechanistic basis for these findings is provided. Importantly, these findings suggest a transformative approach to the cold chain to revolutionize the way many labile therapeutic drugs are stored and utilized throughout the world.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 07/2012; 109(30):11981-6. · 9.68 Impact Factor
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Rak-Hwan Kim,
Hu Tao,
Tae-Il Kim,
Yihui Zhang,
Stanley Kim,
Bruce Panilaitis,
Miaomiao Yang,
Dae-Hyeong Kim,
Yei Hwan Jung,
Bong Hoon Kim,
Yuhang Li,
Yonggang Huang, Fiorenzo G Omenetto,
John A Rogers
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ABSTRACT: Strategies are presented to achieve bendable and stretchable systems of microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes with wireless powering schemes, suitable for use in implantable devices. The results include materials strategies, together with studies of the mechanical, electronic, thermal and radio frequency behaviors both in vitro and in in-vivo animal experiments.
Small 06/2012; 8(18):2812-8. · 8.35 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This review addresses the use of silk protein as a sustainable material in optics and photonics, electronics and optoelectronic applications. These options represent additional developments for this technology platform that compound the broad utility and impact of this material for medical needs that have been recently described in the literature. The favorable properties of the material certainly make a favorable case for the use of silk, yet serve as a broad inspiration to further develop biological foundries for both the synthesis and processing of Nature's materials for technological applications.
Advanced Materials 05/2012; 24(21):2824-37. · 13.88 Impact Factor
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Hu Tao,
Mark A Brenckle,
Miaomiao Yang,
Jingdi Zhang,
Mengkun Liu,
Sean M Siebert,
Richard D Averitt,
Manu S Mannoor,
Michael C McAlpine,
John A Rogers,
David L Kaplan, Fiorenzo G Omenetto
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ABSTRACT: An array of passive metamaterial antennas fabricated on all protein-based silk substrates were conformally transferred and adhered to the surface of an apple. This process allows the opportunity for intimate contact of micro- and nanostructures that can probe, and accordingly monitor changes in, their surrounding environment. This provides in situ monitoring of food quality. It is to be noted that this type of sensor consists of all edible and biodegradable components, holding utility and potential relevance for healthcare and food/consumer products and markets.
Advanced Materials 02/2012; 24(8):1067-72. · 13.88 Impact Factor
