Publications (71)139.61 Total impact
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Article: Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Open and Semi-Open Settings: A Systematic Review.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Some countries have recently extended smoke-free policies to particular outdoor settings; however, there is controversy regarding whether this is scientifically and ethically justifiable. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to review research on second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in outdoor settings. DATA SOURCES: We conducted different searches in PubMed for the period prior to September 2012. We checked the references of the identified papers, and conducted a similar search in Google Scholar. STUDY SELECTION: We included combinations of secondhand smoke, environmental tobacco smoke, passive smoking OR tobacco smoke pollution AND outdoors AND PM, PM2.5, RSP, particulate matter, nicotine, CO, cotinine, marker, biomarker OR airborne marker. In total, 18 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Almost all studies used PM2.5 concentration as an SHS marker. Mean PM2.5 concentrations reported for outdoor smoking areas when smokers were present ranged from 8.32 µg/m(3) to 124 µg/m(3) at hospitality venues, and 4.60 µg/m(3) to 17.80 µg/m(3) at other locations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations in smoke-free indoor settings near outdoor smoking areas ranged from 4 µg/m(3) to 120.51 µg/m(3). SHS levels were increased when smokers were present, and outdoor and indoor SHS levels were related. Most studies reported a positive association between SHS measures and smoker density, enclosure of outdoor locations, wind conditions, and proximity to smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence indicates high SHS levels at some outdoor smoking areas, and at adjacent smoke-free indoor areas. Further research and standardization of methodology is needed to determine whether smoke-free legislation should be extended to outdoor settings.Environmental Health Perspectives 05/2013; · 7.04 Impact Factor -
Article: Impact of the 2011 Spanish Smoking Ban in Hospitality Venues: Indoor Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Influence of Outdoor Smoking.
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ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The Spanish tobacco control law of 2006 was modified in January 2011, banning smoking in all hospitality venues. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the 2011 Spanish smoking ban on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in hospitality venues, and to analyze the potential impact of outdoor smokers close to entrances on indoor SHS levels after the law came into force. METHODS: Before-and-after evaluation study with repeated measures. The study was carried out in three regions of Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, and Madrid) and included a random sample of 178 hospitality venues. We measured vapor-phase nicotine and particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM2.5) as SHS markers at baseline (November-December 2010) and at follow-up (April-June 2011). We also recorded tobacco consumption variables such as the presence of butts, ashtrays, and smokers. In the posttest assessment, we also recorded the number of outdoor smokers close to the entrance. RESULTS: A total of 351 nicotine and 160 PM2.5 measurements were taken. Both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations decreased by more than 90% (nicotine from 5.73 to 0.57 µg/m(3), PM2.5 from 233.38 to 18.82 µg/m(3)). After the law came into force, both nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in venues with outdoor smokers close to the entrance than in those without outdoor smokers. All the observational tobacco consumption variables significantly decreased (p < .001).Conclusions:SHS exposure in hospitality venues dramatically decreased after the 2011 Spanish smoking ban. SHS from outdoor smokers close to entrances seems to drift inside venues. Smoking control legislation should consider outdoor restrictions to ensure complete protection against SHS.Nicotine & Tobacco Research 10/2012; · 2.58 Impact Factor -
Article: Questionnaire-based second-hand smoke assessment in adults.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have assessed second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure but a gold standard remains to be established. This study aimed to review how SHS exposure has been assessed in adults in questionnaire-based epidemiological studies. METHODS: A literature search of original papers in English, French, Italian or Spanish published from January 2000 to May 2011 was performed using PubMed. The variables recorded for each study included target population, sample size, validation of the SHS questions, study design and phrasing of every question used to assess SHS exposure. For each item, information such as the setting where exposure was assessed or the indicator used to ascertain SHS exposure was extracted. RESULTS: We retrieved 977 articles, of which 335 matched the inclusion criteria. The main objective of 75.8% of the studies was to assess SHS exposure.The proportion of validated questions aiming to ascertain SHS exposure was 17.9%. Most studies collected data only for one (40.3%) or two settings (33.4%), most frequently the home (83.9%) and workplace (57%). The most commonly used indicator to ascertain exposure was the presence of smokers and 68.9% of the studies included an item to assess the intensity of SHS exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The variability in the indicators and items used to ascertain SHS exposure is very high, whereas the use of items derived from validated studies remains low. Identifying the diverse settings where SHS exposure may occur is essential to accurately assess exposure over time. A standard set of items to identify SHS exposure in distinct settings is needed.The European Journal of Public Health 06/2012; · 2.73 Impact Factor -
Article: [Secondhand smoke exposure at home and leisure time according to the day of the week (working and non-working day) in Barcelona].
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to describe the differences in the exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home and at leisure time according to the day of the week (working and non-working day) which exposure occurs in Barcelona. We carried out a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of adult (>16 years) non-smokers in Barcelona before the Spanish smoking law came into effect (years 2004-2005). We studied the prevalence of exposure to SHS at home and leisure time by means of a questionnaire and a biomarker (salivary cotinine). The questionnaire included questions on exposure to SHS on working days and nonworking days. The prevalence of exposure to SHS at home was 27.4% (6.8% exposed only on working days, 5.7% exposed only on non-working days, and 14.9% exposed on both working and non-working days). The prevalence of exposure to SHS at leisure time was 61.3% (10.7% exposed only on working days, 13.6% exposed only on non-working days, and 37.0% exposed on both working and non-working days). The exposure to SHS only on non-working days at leisure time decreases with age (χ(2) of trend = 183.7; p<0.001) and increases with the educational level (χ(2) of trend = 78.8; p<0.001). Participants who had reported to be exposed to SHS at home on working and non-working days showed higher levels of salivary cotinine concentration, regardless of sex, age group, and educational level. In conclusion, the exposure to SHS occurs mainly during leisure time. Questions on SHS exposure according to working and non-working days allow to characterizing the exposure to SHS, especially when the exposure occurs at leisure time.Adicciones 01/2012; 24(2):173-7. · 0.80 Impact Factor -
Article: Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
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ABSTRACT: Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas. Nicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011. We gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned. Banning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers--and patrons--from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection.PLoS ONE 01/2012; 7(8):e42130. · 4.09 Impact Factor -
Article: Secondhand smoke assessment in the first African country adopting a comprehensive smoke-free law (Mauritius).
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ABSTRACT: A new smoking regulation came into force in Mauritius in March 2009. Environmental nicotine and particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were measured in 60 hospitality venues and shopping malls on December 2009. There was presence of secondhand smoke in 69% of the samples. The overall median [IQR] nicotine and PM2.5 concentrations were 0.05 [<L.Q.-0.17] and 20.28 μg/m3 [IQR: 13.00-59.80], respectively. The highest concentrations of both markers were found in night clubs.Environmental Research 11/2011; 111(8):1024-6. · 3.40 Impact Factor -
Article: Secondhand smoke levels in public building main entrances: outdoor and indoor PM2.5 assessment.
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ABSTRACT: To describe secondhand smoke (SHS) levels in halls and main entrances (outdoors) in different buildings by measurement of PM(2.5) and airborne nicotine. Cross-sectional study in a sample of 47 public buildings. The authors studied SHS levels derived from PM(2.5) (micrograms per cubic metre) using TSI SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitors. The authors tested four locations within buildings: hall, main entrance (outdoor), control (indoor) and control (outdoor). The authors also measured airborne nicotine concentration (micrograms per cubic metre) in main entrances (outdoor). The authors computed medians and IQRs to describe the data. Spearman correlation coefficient (rsp) was used to explore the association between PM(2.5) concentrations simultaneously measured in halls and main entrances as well as between PM(2.5) and nicotine concentrations. The authors obtained an overall median PM(2.5) concentration of hall 18.20 μg/m(3) (IQR: 10.92-23.92 μg/m(3)), main entrance (outdoor) 17.16 μg/m(3) (IQR: 10.92-24.96 μg/m(3)), control (indoor) 10.40 μg/m(3) (IQR: 6.76-15.60 μg/m(3)) and control (outdoor) 13.00 μg/m(3) (IQR: 8.32-18.72 μg/m(3)). The PM(2.5) concentration in halls was more correlated with concentration in the main entrances (outdoors) (rsp=0.518, 95% CI 0.271 to 0.701) than with the control indoor (rsp=0.316, 95% CI 0.032 to 0.553). The Spearman correlation coefficient between nicotine and PM(2.5) concentration was 0.365 (95% CI -0.009 to 0.650). Indoor locations where smoking is banned are not completely free from SHS with levels similar to those obtained in the immediate entrances (outdoors) where smoking is allowed, indicating that SHS from outdoors settings drifts to adjacent indoors. These results warrant a revision of current smoke-free policies in particular outdoor settings.Tobacco control 09/2011; 21(6):543-8. · 3.85 Impact Factor -
Article: [Impact of the 28/2005 Spanish smoking law on second-hand smoke exposure in Barcelona].
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ABSTRACT: To assess the impact of the 28/2005 Spanish smoking law on exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in Barcelona. We performed a pre-post evaluation study. Two cross-sectional surveys were compared. Data were obtained from the Barcelona Health Surveys of 2000 and 2006. The prevalence of SHS exposure among non-smoking adults was analyzed by setting (home, workplace and leisure time) and sociodemographic variables. SHS exposure in non-smokers significantly decreased between 2000 and 2006 (p < 0.01). Odds ratios adjusted by sex, age and social class were 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6-0.8) for home and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.2-0.3) for workplace exposure in 2006 compared with 2000. In both settings, the decrease in exposure was greater in the higher social classes. After the implementation of the law, almost 50% of the population remained exposed to SHS during leisure time, younger people being the most exposed (83.5%). After the implementation of the law, the prevalence of SHS exposure in non-smokers in Barcelona decreased significantly in workplaces and in the home. Nevertheless, nearly half of the population remained exposed to SHS during leisure time.Gaceta Sanitaria 09/2011; 25(6):495-500. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: Total and inorganic arsenic in marketed food and associated health risks for the Catalan (Spain) population.
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ABSTRACT: Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is considered to be a human carcinogen. In this paper, total (As) and iAs contents of 215 food products and drinks (i.e., seafood, fruits and vegetables, meat products, oils and fats, rice and rice products, seasonings, and alcoholic drinks) marketed in Catalonia (Spain) were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The analytical method described was used for different food products, obtaining feasible results without the need to couple LC-ICP-MS for iAs. Daily As and iAs intakes for the average adult Catalan consumer were estimated at 354 and 6.1 μg/day/person, respectively, using consumption data from the Catalan Nutrition Survey (ENCAT). The highest As content was found in seafood, contributing 96% of dietary As intake, whereas rice presented the highest iAs values, corresponding to 67% of dietary iAs intake. As cooking process may affect iAs content, boiled rice was evaluated, showing an iAs reduction (up to 86%) when using higher water volumes (30:1 water/rice ratio) than those used in previous studies. This iAs exposure was slightly below the exposure risk range stated by the European Food Safety Authority (0.3-8 μg/kg of body weight/day), although the possibility of a risk to the population with high rice consumption cannot be excluded.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 08/2011; 59(18):10013-22. · 2.82 Impact Factor -
Article: [Estimation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure: review of questionnaires used in Spain].
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ABSTRACT: In the last few years, health surveys and epidemiological studies on smoking have introduced questions on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. However, a standardized questionnaire is lacking. Between January and May 2008, we reviewed surveys containing items on ETS exposure carried out in Spain by public administrations, scientific societies and research institutes. The wording of the questions was reviewed and classified according to the study type, target population, geographical setting and place of exposure. We identified 27 surveys that included questions on passive smoking. Most were health surveys (81.5%) and were aimed at the general population (70.4%). The most frequent geographical setting consisted of autonomous regions (48.1%) and the most common place of exposure was the home (88.9%) The results show wide variability in the questions used. Questionnaire items on ETS exposure should be homogenized to allow comparison of the results of surveys.Gaceta Sanitaria 06/2011; 25(4):322-8. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: Two-year impact of the Spanish smoking law on exposure to secondhand smoke: evidence of the failure of the 'Spanish model'.
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ABSTRACT: Studies evaluating the long-term impact of smoking laws on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure using airborne markers are scarce. This study aimed to assess the long-term impact of the Spanish smoking law on SHS levels, using a specific and objective marker. Follow-up study, measuring vapour-phase nicotine levels before the implementation of the law and 6, 12 and 24 months after the initial assessment. A total of 443 samples were taken at baseline in eight different regions in offices in the public administration, private sector, universities and hospitality venues. Two years after the law was implemented, the nicotine concentration decreased by a minimum of 60% in public administration, university and private sector offices, as well as in venues where smoking was totally banned. However, nicotine levels significantly increased by 40% in hospitality venues allowing smoking. No significant differences were found in hospitality venues with areas for smokers and non-smokers or in pubs and discotheques. Two years after the smoking law came into force, levels of SHS exposure in the workplace were significantly lower than before the law was implemented. Importantly, however, SHS levels were even higher than before the law was implemented in venues still allowing smoking. The data obtained in this study clearly show that the 'Spanish model' is not protecting the health of hospitality workers and that a complete ban is required. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of compliance with smoking laws over time.Tobacco control 06/2011; 21(4):407-11. · 3.85 Impact Factor -
Article: [Effectiveness assessment in public health: conceptual and methodological foundations].
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ABSTRACT: In the last few years, interest has markedly increased in evaluating health programs, especially their social utility and economic efficiency. However, consensus on key issues in evaluation, such as terminology, goals and methods is still a long way off. In this context, we review the main definitions and classifications of evaluation applied to public health programs and policies. We describe the main evaluation designs and their components, focusing on outcome evaluation. Threats to the internal validity of the results of weak evaluation designs are also discussed. The characteristics of public health interventions that limit evaluation with traditional designs are also analyzed. These limitations include the complexity of interventions, usually with multiple components, and the difficulty of forming an equivalent control group with no intervention, especially through random assignment. Finally, a two-step approach to evaluation through weak designs, which takes into account adequacy and plausibility, is described. Adequacy consists of the observation of a change in the selected indicators after the intervention, and would be sufficient to take decisions under certain conditions; at other times, plausibility would need to be analyzed, defined as attribution of the results to the program or intervention.Gaceta Sanitaria 06/2011; 25 Suppl 1:3-8. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: [Evaluative designs in public health: methodological considerations].
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ABSTRACT: Evaluation of public health interventions poses numerous methodological challenges. Randomization of individuals is not always feasible and interventions are usually composed of multiple factors. To face these challenges, certain elements, such as the selection of the most appropriate design and the use of a statistical analysis that includes potential confounders, are essential. The objective of this article was to describe the most frequently used designs in the evaluation of public health interventions (policies, programs or campaigns). The characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of each of these evaluative designs are described. Additionally, a brief explanation of the most commonly used statistical analysis in each of these designs is provided.Gaceta Sanitaria 06/2011; 25 Suppl 1:9-16. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: [Process evaluation in relation to effectiveness assessment: experiences with school-based programs].
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ABSTRACT: Evaluation of public health interventions usually focus on the quality of design and research methods, and less on the quality of the intervention or process evaluation. In process evaluation of school-based interventions, key issues are how completely the intervention is carried out and adherence to the protocol. In addition, exploration of intermediate variables, such as those that influence (and often predict) preventable behavior, is highly useful. This article describes the basic concepts in this topic, using examples of the effectiveness of some preventive interventions carried out in schools. The interventions discussed were mainly quasi-experimental studies, based on data from programs promoted by public health teams in the city of Barcelona. Data from process evaluation of preventive programs in secondary schools that underwent formal assessment of their effectiveness is provided. The examples are drawn from preventive programs of HIV infection or unprotected sexual intercourse (PRESSEC program) and drug consumption prevention (the PASE, PASE.bcn and x kpts programs). These examples show why the intervention process influences the impact of the programs and their results. Thorough planning of process evaluation is essential to obtain valid indicators that will identify, in the effectiveness evaluation of the intervention, the most efficacious strategies to obtain positive outcomes.Gaceta Sanitaria 06/2011; 25 Suppl 1:32-9. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: [Cognitive impairment prevention: characteristics of memory workshops in Barcelona].
Atención Primaria 05/2011; 44(1):54-6. · 0.63 Impact Factor -
Article: Measurement of fine breathable particles (PM(2.5)) as a marker of environmental smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza.
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ABSTRACT: To estimate the levels of small breathable suspended particles (PM(2.5)) as atmospheric markers of environmental tobacco smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza, Spain. An observational study was conducted between October 2006 and April 2008 in various catering establishments in Zaragoza. A SidePack Aerosol Monitor (AM510 model) was used to sample and record the levels of breathable suspended particles (PM(2.5)) indoors and outdoors, and the following variables were collected: smoking policy (smoking allowed, completely banned, or partially banned with non-smoking sections, physically separated or not); percentage of smokers and presence of cigarette ends, ashtrays or smokers in non-smoking sections. A total of 111 venues were sampled. The level of PM(2.5) was eight times higher in smoking venues than in non-smoking ones and also higher than outdoors. The correlation between the level of particles and percentage of smokers was 0.61 (P<.01). In the non-smoking sections without physical separation the level of particles was twice as much as outdoors and similar to physically separated smokers sections. Only a complete ban on smoking in all workplaces, including leisure venues, has been shown to have a positive effect on workers and customers health. The measurement of PM(2.5) can be a simple method to assess the presence of environmental tobacco smoke.Archivos de Bronconeumología 03/2011; 47(4):190-4. · 2.17 Impact Factor -
Article: Stages of change, smoking characteristics, and cotinine concentrations in smokers: setting priorities for smoking cessation.
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ABSTRACT: We assessed whether the salivary cotinine content of daily smokers varied with the readiness to quit and smoking characteristics. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Barcelona, Spain (n=1245) in 2004-2005. We administered a questionnaire to assess smoking behaviour and collected saliva to determine the cotinine content. We determined the distribution of 278 adult daily smokers across different stages of change and categorised them by individual and smoking characteristics. We used medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) to relate cotinine concentrations to different stages of change, tobacco consumption, and nicotine dependence based on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Around 68%, 22%, and 11% of smokers were in precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, respectively. A mean of 17.0 cigarettes was smoked daily, with no differences among stages of change. The median cotinine concentration was 151.3 ng/ml (IQR: 83.2-227.8 ng/ml), with no differences among stages of change. The cigarette consumption scores, FTND, and time to first cigarette of the day were positively associated with cotinine concentration. The cotinine concentration was similar among the stages of change, but varied within each stage according to the number of cigarettes smoked, time to first cigarette of the day, and nicotine dependence.Preventive Medicine 02/2011; 52(2):139-45. · 3.22 Impact Factor -
Article: [Second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality venues in Barcelona: measurement of respirable particles].
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ABSTRACT: To quantify the concentration of respirable particles equal to or smaller than 2.5μm (PM(2.5)) as a marker of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a sample of hospitality venues in Barcelona 2 years after the Spanish smoking law came into effect. We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study from October to December 2007. The study population consisted of 40 hospitality venues in Barcelona selected by a random route sampling, with representation of the different types of smoking regulation included in the law (smoking allowed, smoking ban and venues with smoking areas). SHS levels were quantified by measuring PM(2.5) concentrations, which were measured using a laser photometer (Side Pack AM 510 Personal Aerosol Monitor). The measurements were carried out for 5 minutes outside the venue and for 30 minutes inside the venue. In addition, observational variables related to the characteristics of the venue and signs of tobacco consumption were recorded. The concentration of PM(2.5) in venues where smoking was still allowed was five times higher than that in venues where smoking was banned (182μg/m(3) and 34μg/m(3), respectively) and exceeded the concentration established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as harmful (35μg/m(3)). However, in venues where smoking was banned, the concentration was lower than the EPA standard and there were no significant differences with the outdoor PM(2.5) concentration. Two years after the introduction of the Spanish smoking law, SHS exposure in venues where smoking was allowed was q still very high, representing a significant health risk for hospitality workers.Gaceta Sanitaria 02/2011; 25(3):220-3. · 1.33 Impact Factor -
Article: [Nicotine dependence and readiness to quit smoking in the Spanish population].
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ABSTRACT: To describe the nicotine dependence and readiness to quit smoking in the smoker population. Cross-sectional study on a representative sample of the Spanish population of >=18 years old. We gathered information by means of telephone interviews conducted between June and July of 2006. We studied the nicotine dependence with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the readiness to quit according to the stages of change from the Transtheoretical Model in a sample of cigarette smokers. 22.5% of participants (95% CI: 20.9-24.2%) smokers cigarettes. They smoked an average of 14.4 cigarettes per day (standard deviation 9.15) and the mean FTND score was 2.8, with no differences by the stages of change. 64.3% (95% CI: 60.3-68.2%) of smokers were in the precontemplation stage, 25.4% (95% CI: 21.8-28.9%) in contemplation, and 10.4% (95% CI: 7.9-12.9%) in preparation, with no differences by sex. The most nicotine dependent smokers (FTND>=6) had mainly primary studies, started to smoke at earlier ages, and smoked more cigarettes per day. Most Spanish smokers have low nicotine dependence and are in precontemplation stage. Smoking cessation programmes should be addressed to reduce dependence, help smokers to progress through the stages of change, and, consequently, reduce the prevalence of smokers in the population.Adicciones 01/2011; 23(2):103-9. · 0.80 Impact Factor -
Article: Indoor air quality in hospitality venues after the implementation of the Portuguese tobacco control law
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ABSTRACT: Psicoeducação familiar na demência: da clínica à saúde pública Educação sexual, conhecimentos, crenças, atitudes e comportamentos nos adolescentes Qualidade do ar interior em estabelecimentos da restauração após a entrada em vigor da lei portuguesa de controlo do tabagismo Epidemiologia de Trichomonas vaginalis em mulheres Impacto do cancro do osso e tecidos moles no ajustamento emocional e qualidade de vida A e cácia do proFamílias em doentes de Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e cancro e seus familiares Contributo para a classi cação da funcionalidade na população com mais de 65 anos, segundo a Classi cação Internacional de Funcionalidade Qualidade de vida de mulheres com cancro da mama nas diversas fases da doença: o papel de variáveis sociodemográ cas, clínicas e das estratégias de coping enquanto factores de risco/protecção Biotoxinas emergentes em águas europeias e novos riscos para a saúde pública Conhecimento de factores de risco e de pro laxia na transmissão da brucelose humana nos pro ssionais da pecuária na província do Namibe – Angola – 2009 saúde pública Revista portuguesa de publicação semestral Janeiro-Junho Introdução: Um estudo efectuado na cidade de Braga, em Fevereiro de 2008 (pouco tempo depois da entrada em vigor da lei n.º 37/2007 de 14 de Agosto de controlo do tabagismo), no sector da restauração e similares, revelou que há proprietários desses estabelecimentos que permitem que se fume no interior. Este facto levantou o problema de saber qual a concentração de nicotina (indicadora da poluição por fumo do tabaco) presente no ar nesses locais. Participantes e método: A qualidade do ar foi avaliada em Março de 2009, em 6 locais de restauração e similares, da cidade de Braga: 2 restaurantes com menos de 100 m 2 que permitem que se fume no interior; 2 cafés com menos de 100 m 2 (um café que permite que se fume no interior e outro que proíbe o consumo); um bar nocturno com menos de 100 m 2 para fumadores e uma discoteca com uma área para fumadores e outra para não fumadores, separadas por uma cortina de ar. A medição da fase de vapor de nicotina no ar foi feita por monitorização activa, através da utilização de monitores, segundo o método aplicado por Hammond 1 . As partículas (PM 2,5) foram medidas com um medidor Side Pack. Resultados: A concentração média de nicotina presente no interior dos restaurantes e no café onde é permitido fumar foi de 6,29 mg/m 3 , enquanto que no interior do café onde é proibido fumar foi de 1,1 mg/m 3 . A concentração de nicotina no "bar" apresenta um valor bastante elevado (9,42 mg/m 3). Na discoteca, a concentração de nicotina é a mais elevada registada em espaços fechados (19,1 mg/m 3 na área em que é proibido fumar e 10,2 mg/m 3 na área para fumadores). Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que em locais da hotelaria (restaurantes e similares), onde é permitido fumar, há uma elevada contaminação do ar por Fumo Ambiental do Tabaco, à qual estão particularmente expostos os trabalhadores. Mais estudos são necessários para clarificar a situação do consumo de tabaco no sector da restauração.Revista Portuguesa de Saude Publica. 01/2011; 29:22-26.
Top co-authors
Top Journals
Institutions
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2012
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Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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2011–2012
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Catalan Institute of Oncology
Badalona, Catalonia, Spain -
University Pompeu Fabra
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2007–2011
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Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain -
Universidade do Minho
Braga, Distrito de Braga, Portugal
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2005–2011
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Universidad de Zaragoza
Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
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2008–2009
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Institut Català de Nanotecnologia
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2004
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University of Vienna
- Institute of Environmental Hygiene
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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