Eduardo Alegría

Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Publications (28)97.84 Total impact

  • Article: Carotid Intima-media Thickness and Morbidity and Mortality in Spain: A Definitive Prospective Study Is Needed.
    Revista Espa de Cardiologia 02/2013; · 2.53 Impact Factor
  • Article: Psychiatric morbidity as a risk factor for hospital readmission for acute myocardial infarction: an 8-year follow-up study in Spain.
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    ABSTRACT: Most previous studies assess the effect of depression and other psychiatric variables as risk factors for acute myocardial infarction; however, studies that assess the effect of psychiatric disorders as a whole are scarce, compared with other non-psychiatric factors. The aim of this study is to assess the importance of psychiatric morbidity, compared with other risk factors, in hospital readmission for acute myocardial infarction. This is a 8-year follow-up study in which the Hospital Discharge Administrative Database was used. From the total sample (11,062 patients), 590 patients (4.88%) were diagnosed with some mental disorder. Psychiatric disorders were more common in women than in men with myocardial infarction (4.76 % and 6.20%, respectively, p-value = 0.002). For those who have had recurrence of stroke, mental disease influences in the consecutive readmission for AMI with the same severity as did tobacco, diabetes, or obesity. The main finding of this study is the enormous impact of psychiatric disorders on readmissions for AMI, comparable to diabetes, obesity, cerebral vascular disease, and hypertension. Interestingly, the efforts made to treat and prevent psychiatric disorders in AMI patients are clearly lower than those health authorities make with respect to classic risk factors.
    The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 01/2012; 44(1):63-75. · 1.03 Impact Factor
  • Article: [Comments on the ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias 2011. A report of the Task Force of the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the Spanish Society of Cardiology].
    Revista Espa de Cardiologia 12/2011; 64(12):1090-5. · 2.53 Impact Factor
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    Article: Long-term mortality and hospital readmission after acute myocardial infarction: an eight-year follow-up study.
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    ABSTRACT: Acute myocardial infarction is responsible for most of the deaths in developed countries and for a very large number of hospital admissions. Specifically in Spain, each year about 140,000 deaths and 5 million hospital stays are due to acute myocardial infarction, corresponding to health care costs reaching 15% of total expenditure. Therefore, this paper presents an exhaustive analysis of acute myocardial infarction and the related prognosis, such as recurrence and mortality. This observational study was carried out in Spain. Data were obtained using the Hospital Discharge Administrative Database from 2000 through 2007, inclusive. Specifically, 12,096 cases of acute myocardial infarction (8606 women and 3490 men) were reported during this period, with 2395 readmissions for this diagnosis. Readmissions were analyzed for frequency and duration using logistic regression and the Wang survival model. Mortality was analyzed using logistic regression. Readmission rates were 50% for patients younger than 45 years and 38% for those older than 75 years (P<.001). Men were readmitted more frequently than women throughout the follow-up period. Variables related to hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction were the presence of diabetes, previous ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Mid-term hospital readmissions are highly frequent in acute myocardial infarction survivors. Male sex, previous coronary heart disease, and the number of classical cardiovascular risk factors are the major risk predictors of this readmission. Our results highlight the need for improved medical care during acute myocardial infarction admission, integrated into secondary prevention programs.
    Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 11/2011; 65(5):414-20.
  • Article: [Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle associated with premature myocardial infarction diagnosis].
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    ABSTRACT: Young and old patients with acute myocardial infarction have different risk factor profiles, clinical presentation, angiographic findings and prognosis. In the present study we investigated the clinical profile of patients aged <46 years with acute myocardial infarction.
    Revista Espa de Cardiologia 06/2011; 64(6):527-9. · 2.53 Impact Factor
  • Article: [Characteristics of patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome attended by different specialists].
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    ABSTRACT: A large number of patients with cardiovascular risk exhibit metabolic syndrome and are attended by several specialists. There is no information about possible differences in the clinical characteristics and management of these patients by these specialists. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible differences in clinical features, blood pressure control, therapeutic effort, and therapeutic inertia among medical specialities attending hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Cross-sectional study carried out in 17 autonomous communities in Spain, in hypertensive patients with MS consecutively recruited in ambulatory units from departments of cardiology, internal medicine, endocrinology and nephrology. Demographic and clinical data, as well as blood pressure control were assessed. Therapeutic effort was defined as the proportion of patients using 3 or more antihypertensive drugs. Therapeutic inertia was defined as the proportion of patients without any change in antihypertensive treatment despite a lack of blood pressure control (values ≥ 140 and/or 90 mmHg). 2,453 patients (40% women) with a mean age of 64 (11) years were included in the study. We observed some differences in the specific MS components among specialities. Atherogenic dyslipidemia, defined as elevated triglycerides (97%) and/or HDL-cholesterol (61%) was more common in patients attended by cardiologists. Blood pressure control was better achieved by nephrologists (16-33%, depending on the criteria used), and it was accompanied by a greater therapeutical effort (59%). Therapeutical inertia in relation to antihypertensive treatment was more common among endocrinologists (56%). Hypertensive patients with MS attended by different specialists have similar clinical features, although some differences are present, especially driven by more frequent lipid alterations among those attending cardiology departments. Nephrologists make a greater therapeutic effort and achieve a better blood pressure control. On the contrary, therapeutical inertia is higher among endocrinologists.
    Medicina Clínica 04/2011; 138(4):145-50. · 1.38 Impact Factor
  • Article: Usefulness of triglycerides-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for predicting the first coronary event in men.
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    ABSTRACT: Overweight and obesity potentiate the development of cardiovascular risk factors but many doubts have arisen recently regarding their role in coronary events. We evaluated the predictive value of a surrogate maker of insulin resistance, the ratio of triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), for the incidence of a first coronary event in men workers according to body mass index (BMI). We designed a case-control study of active subjects collected from a single factory through their annual health examination and medical reports. Case subjects included those with myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, or subclinical myocardial ischemia detected through electrocardiographic abnormalities. The sample was constituted by 208 case and 2,080 control subjects (mean age 49.9 years, 49.6 to 50.2). General characteristics of case and control subjects were well matched. The TG/HDL ratio was significantly higher in case subjects compared to controls. Stratification of the sample revealed an increasing prevalence of case subjects and mean TG/HDL in each category of BMI. Multivariable analysis, adjusted by smoking, demonstrated that TG/HDL increased 50% the risk of a first coronary event (odds ratio [OR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26 to 1.71), whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values indicated a more moderate increased risk (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.005 to 1.012); metabolic syndrome (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.94 to 3.30) and hypertension (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.79) did not reach statistical significance. The TG/HDL ratio was associated with a first coronary event in all categories of BMI. In conclusion, the TG/HDL ratio has a high predictive value of a first coronary event regardless of BMI.
    The American journal of cardiology 11/2009; 104(10):1393-7. · 3.58 Impact Factor
  • Article: Is it time to discard beta-blockers in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery?
    José López-Sendón, Eduardo Alegría
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    ABSTRACT: Prevention of cardiac complications in patients undergoing major surgical or vascular procedures should be approached as the prevention of these complications in other common situations. beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) should be indicated in patients who are candidates for those treatments, regardless of whether surgery is performed. Current guidelines include patients with acute coronary syndrome, systolic dysfunction, chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), vascular disease, and diabetes as candidates for long-term beta-blocker therapy. Therefore risk stratification prior to surgery is indeed required to identify patients with existing CAD or myocardial ischemia in order to be able to treat them as such. In addition, beta-blockers may reduce ischemic complications in high-risk patients. However, initiating treatment at high dosages immediately before surgery has been associated with an increased risk of hypotensive strokes.
    American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 01/2009; 9 Suppl 1:23-6. · 1.77 Impact Factor
  • Article: Gender differences in obesity related cardiovascular risk factors in Spain.
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    ABSTRACT: Obesity and overweight are increasing progressively leading to an increase in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events. The MESYAS Registry (Metabolic Syndrome in Active Subjects) recruited active workers from their annual health examinations in Spain through 2003. Body mass index was used to diagnose overweight and obesity. Metabolic syndrome (MS) and risk factors were assessed according to the ATP-III definitions. 19,041 subjects were included (80% males), mean age 42.2 (10.7). The prevalence of overweight was 44.6% (44.0-45.2), obesity 17.3% (17.0-17.5) and MS 12.0% (11.8-12.2). Women had lower prevalence of all cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate analysis showed independent associations between overweight (OR: 2.4; 95% CI 2.2-2.6) or obesity (OR: 5.3; 95% CI 4.7-5.9) and any other two MS criteria. Overweight and obesity were independently associated with all cardiovascular risk factors, except low high-density lipoproteins in women. Significantly higher association was found in women between obesity and diabetes (OR: 13.6; 95% CI 3.8-48.6), MS (OR: 10.6; 7.6-14.8), hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 8.6; 95% CI 5.6-13.1), and impaired fasting glucose (OR: 3.7; 95% CI 2.7-5.3). Overweight and obesity are strongly related to classical cardiovascular risk factors, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and MS. Obesity has higher association to insulin-resistance related risk factors in women.
    Preventive Medicine 12/2008; 48(2):134-9. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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    Article: Cardiac resynchronization therapy and valvular cardiomyopathy after corrective surgery.
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    ABSTRACT: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been shown to have clinical benefits in certain groups of patients with advanced heart failure (HF). However, patients with valvular cardiomyopathy are underrepresented in randomized clinical studies. The aim of this study was to assess the medium-term (i.e., at 6 months) effects of CRT in patients with HF exclusively due to valvular disease. The study included 40 consecutive patients who underwent CRT device implantation. At 6 months, there were improvements in functional class, left ventricular remodeling, and intraventricular dyssynchrony parameters in treated patients. In this particular subgroup of patients, the benefits of CRT were similar to those observed in patients with HF due to other etiologies.
    Revista Espa de Cardiologia 11/2008; 61(10):1088-91. · 2.53 Impact Factor
  • Article: Comparison of serum lipid values in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome.
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    ABSTRACT: Insulin resistance is supposed to be the basis of metabolic syndrome (MS), although it is difficult to measure. The ratio of triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been proposed as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance in overweight subjects. The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of the TG/HDL ratio for the diagnosis of MS. Data of 18,778 active workers (77.6% men) enrolled in 3 insurance companies in Spain were collected from their annual health examinations. Mean age was 42.2 +/- 10.7 years. MS was assessed according to modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Prevalences of MS were 18.8% in men and 6.1% in women. Mean value of the TG/HDL ratio was 2.50 +/- 2.2 and increased in parallel to the number of MS components present. Subjects with MS had a ratio that was 2 times higher compared with those without (5.10 vs 2.03, p <0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves were performed to assess the capability of the TG/HDL ratio to contribute to a diagnosis of MS and 80% sensitivity and 78% specificity were obtained for values >2.75 in men and >1.65 in women. In conclusion, the TG/HDL ratio is a feasible and accurate measurement for assessment of MS in healthy subjects. We propose cut-off values of 2.75 for men and 1.65 for women for a diagnosis of MS.
    The American Journal of Cardiology 08/2008; 102(4):424-8. · 3.37 Impact Factor
  • Article: Left ventricular pacing site in cardiac resynchronization therapy: clinical follow-up and predictors of failed lateral implant.
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    ABSTRACT: The effects of the left ventricular (LV) pacing site on the clinical results of resynchronization therapy (CRT) are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to define the effect of LV lead location on clinical response and LV remodelling, and to identify predictors of failure to implant the LV lead in a lateral location. One hundred and seventy two consecutive patients were evaluated at baseline and 6 months after CRT. In 128 patients, the LV lead was implanted in the lateral region (Group 1), while 44 received an anterior implant due to anatomical or electrical factors (Group 2). Group 1 was associated with a significantly better functional outcome assessed both by NYHA class (p<0.001) and by the six-minute-walk test (p=0.01) compared with group 2. LV ejection fraction and volumes, and inter- and intraventricular dyssynchrony only improved significantly (p<0.01) in group 1. The only independent predictor of a failed lateral implant was the presence of ischaemic cardiomyopathy (OR 3.29, 95% CI 2.2-13.7; p=0.02). In conclusion, a lateral lead location results in a better functional outcome and greater reverse LV remodelling compared with anterior locations. The presence of ischaemic cardiomyopathy is a risk factor for a failed lateral LV implant.
    European Journal of Heart Failure 04/2008; 10(4):421-7. · 4.90 Impact Factor
  • Article: Blood pressure and lipid goal attainment in the hypertensive population in the primary care setting in Spain.
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    ABSTRACT: Although blood pressure (BP) control is crucial in hypertensive patients, clinical practice guidelines agree that the goal of treatment should be aimed at not only decreasing BP but reducing global cardiovascular risk. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and composite control rates in a hypertensive population in a primary care setting in Spain. Good BP control was defined as <140/90 mm Hg (<130/80 mm Hg for diabetics).LDL-C control rate was established according to the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel criteria. A total of 12,954 patients (49.9% women, aged 62.1+/-10.7 years) were included. BP was controlled in 24.8% of patients, LDL-C in 26% of patients and, when combined, in only 8.6%. The rates of control were significantly worse in high-risk subgroups, such as high-coronary-risk, diabetic, or metabolic syndrome patients. The BP and LDL-C control rates in the hypertensive population attended to daily in primary care settings in Spain are low.
    Journal of Clinical Hypertension 06/2007; 9(5):324-9. · 1.83 Impact Factor
  • Article: Blood Pressure and Lipid Goal Attainment in the Hypertensive Population in the Primary Care Setting in Spain
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    ABSTRACT: Although blood pressure (BP) control is crucial in hypertensive patients, clinical practice guidelines agree that the goal of treatment should be aimed at not only decreasing BP but reducing global cardiovascular risk. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and composite control rates in a hypertensive population in a primary care setting in Spain. Good BP control was defined as <140/90 mm Hg (<130/80 mm Hg for diabetics).LDL-C control rate was established according to the third report of the National Cholestrol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel criteria. A total of 12,954 patients (49.9% women, aged 62.1±10.7 years) were included. BP was controlled in 24.8% of patients, LDL-C in 26% of patients and, when combined, in only 8.6%. The rates of control were significantly worse in high-risk subgroups, such as high-coronary-risk, diabetic, or metabolic syndrome patients. The BP and LDL-C control rates in the hypertensive population attended to daily in primary care settings in Spain are low.
    Journal of Clinical Hypertension 05/2007; 9(5):324 - 329. · 1.83 Impact Factor
  • Article: Antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: effects and bleeding complications: a stratified analysis of the NASPEAF randomized trial.
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    ABSTRACT: Atrial fibrillation patients with prior embolism have a high risk of vascular events in spite of anticoagulant therapy and elderly patients carry an additional risk. We analysed and compared vascular events-rate between older and younger than 75 years atrial fibrillation patients randomized to anticoagulant-alone or combined antiplatelet plus moderate-level anticoagulant therapy. A total of 967 patients stratified by age and the history of prior embolism were randomized to therapeutic doses of anticoagulant-alone or combined antithrombotic therapy. Primary events were fatal and non-fatal ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke/transient ischaemic attack, systemic embolism and myocardial infarction, sudden death and death from bleeding. The elderly, compared with the younger patients, had higher event-rate [hazard ratio 2.31 (95% confidence interval 1.37-3.90), P < 0.003]. The elderly suffered higher severe bleeding event-rate during anticoagulant therapy. The combined, compared with the anticoagulant therapy, reduced the vascular events-rate in the elderly (P = 0.012) and caused less intracranial haemorrhages and less bleeding mortality, although more non-fatal gastric bleeding. The elderly with AF had a higher event-rate than the younger patients. A higher severe bleeding event-rate was also registered in elderly patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. Combined, compared with anticoagulant therapy, significantly reduced vascular events and bleeding mortality in elderly patients.
    European Heart Journal 05/2007; 28(8):996-1003. · 10.48 Impact Factor
  • Article: [Adequacy of the treatment of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome].
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    ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to know the treatment of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) attended in primary care setting, as well as the blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) rates, and to compare these data with those of the hypertensive population without MetS. We analyzed the subset of patients with MetS from those included in the PRESCOT study (a cross-sectional study of hypertensive subjects >18 years attended in primary care). The PRESCOT population was composed by 12,954 patients (49.9% females; 62.1+/-10.7 years). MetS was diagnosed according to NCEP-ATP-III criteria. 6,736 (52%) patients fulfilled diagnosis criteria of MetS (mean age 62.3+/-10.5 years; 43.9% males). Almost all MetS patients (98.2%) were on any medication, and 80.5% were at least on two drugs. Despite hypertensive MetS patients were treated with more antihypertensive medications (45.3% vs 36.6% were on two or more drugs, p < 0.001) and used more lipid-lowering agents (43% vs 39.1%, p < 0.001) than patients without MetS, the blood pressure control (according to European guidelines) and LDL-c control (according to NCEP-ATP III) rates were lower in patients with MetS (17.2% vs 33.6% and 17.2% vs 35.7%, p < 0.0001). Only 4.7% of patients with MetS were adequately controlled for both factors, LDL-c and blood pressure, vs 13.5% of patients without MetS, (p < 0.0001). The presence of MetS in the hypertensive population attended in Spanish primary care settings is very common. Even though in hypertensives with MetS more drugs are prescribed, blood pressure and LDL-c control rates are worse in this population than in patients without MetS.
    Medicina Clínica 05/2007; 128(17):647-51. · 1.38 Impact Factor
  • Article: A multicentre, 12-week study of imidapril and candesartan cilexetil in patients with mild to moderate hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
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    ABSTRACT: Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) provides the most accurate efficacy assessment of an antihypertensive agent throughout a 24-hour dosing interval. The objective of this prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study was to compare the antihypertensive efficacy of imidapril versus candesartan cilexetil using ABPM. After screening and a single-blind, placebo run-in phase, ambulatory adult patients with mild to moderate hypertension (defined as a mean office sitting diastolic BP [DBP] and systolic BP [SBP], respectively, of 90-109 mm Hg and 140-179 mm Hg, and a mean ABPM DBP and SBP, respectively, of >or=80 mm Hg and >or=125 mm Hg) were randomised to once-daily treatment with imidapril or candesartan cilexetil for 12 weeks. ABPM was performed at baseline and at the end of the 12-week treatment period in 112 patients (imidapril group, n=55; candesartan cilexetil group, n=57). To achieve the target BP of <or=140/90 mm Hg, imidapril was titrated from 5 mg/day to 20 mg/day and candesartan cilexetil was titrated from 4 mg/day to 16 mg/day. Significant (p<0.001) and similar decreases from baseline in clinic mean DBP and SBP, in mean 24-hour ABPM, DBP and SBP awake and asleep, and in mean BP (MBP) were observed in both treatment groups. In addition, significant and similar reductions in DBP and SBP were observed during the early morning acceleration period in both treatments. The reduction in BP load was higher with imidapril than with candesartan cilexetil: 44.6% versus 34.5% reduction in DBP load and 38.0% versus 32.9% reduction in SBP load, respectively. With respect to the average deviation index expressing a load index, the reduction with imidapril was 41.0% versus 33.6% with candesartan cilexetil. The percentage of DBP dipper patients remained identical before and after treatment in both groups. With regard to SBP, the percentage of dippers increased from 38.2% to 45.5% in the imidapril group and decreased from 54.4% to 42.1% in the candesartan cilexetil group. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the treatment groups and no cases of dry cough were reported. Imidapril in once-daily doses of up to 20mg was shown to be at least as effective as candesartan cilexetil given in once-daily doses of up to 16 mg in reducing BP throughout the entire 24-hour dosing interval. Both drugs were well tolerated.
    Clinical Drug Investigation 01/2007; 27(6):407-17. · 1.82 Impact Factor
  • Article: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension treated in general practice in Spain: an assessment of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control and accuracy of diagnosis.
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    ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate whether primary care physicians in Spain accurately diagnose the metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients, to define the profile and management of these patients in clinical practice, and to ascertain the level of blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control. Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional survey involving 12,954 patients with hypertension (Prevención Cardiovascular en España en Atención Primaria: Intervención Sobre el Colesterol en Hipertensión [PRESCOT] study), wherein 52% of the cohort fulfilled the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel criteria for the metabolic syndrome. The majority of patients (54.6%) had 3 risk factors, 32.4% had 4, and 13% had 5 risk factors. Physician diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was poor, with 43.7% of physicians missing the diagnosis and 12.9% wrongly diagnosing the metabolic syndrome. Blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control rates were very low, with only 4.7% of metabolic syndrome patients achieving control for both blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol vs 13.5% for non-metabolic syndrome patients (P<.0001). These findings demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome is common in patients with hypertension and that it is generally poorly diagnosed and treated by primary care physicians.
    Journal of the CardioMetabolic Syndrome 01/2007; 2(1):9-15.
  • Article: A biomarker of myocardial fibrosis predicts long-term response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology 07/2006; 47(11):2335-7. · 14.16 Impact Factor
  • Article: Effect of antithrombotic therapy in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation: a sub-analysis of NASPEAF randomized trial.
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    ABSTRACT: The randomized NASPEAF study included non-valvular with prior embolism and mitral stenosis patients in the same group. This is a sub-study to specially focus on the antithrombotic therapy in mitral stenosis. We analysed 311 patients with mitral stenosis, compared with 175 non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients with prior embolism, stratified by a history of previous embolism and assigned to anticoagulant therapy [target international normalized ratio (INR) = 2.0-3.0] or combined antiplatelet plus moderate intensity anticoagulant therapy. Median follow-up was 2.9 years. Outcomes were fatal and non-fatal embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction, sudden death, and death from bleeding. Combined therapy in mitral stenosis patients, compared with anticoagulant alone therapy, reduced the risk of vascular events by 58.3%. During equal therapy, the outcome annual rates were essentially the same in non-valvular and valvular patients [hazard ratio 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.37-2.16), P = 0.81]. During anticoagulant alone therapy, the annual event rate in mitral stenosis patients without prior embolism was low (2.5%) and it was very high in patients with prior embolism (6.6%). Combined therapy was effective in mitral stenosis patients. Prior embolism patients are not efficiently protected with anticoagulant alone therapy for an INR of 2.0-3.0.
    European Heart Journal 05/2006; 27(8):960-7. · 10.48 Impact Factor

Institutions

  • 2011–2012
    • Hospital 12 de Octubre
      Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 2009
    • Hospital Universitario La Paz
      Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 2008–2009
    • Hospital Universitario San Juan De Alicante
      Alicante, Valencia, Spain
  • 2005–2008
    • Clínica Universidad de Navarra
      Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • 2004–2008
    • Universidad de Navarra
      • • Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular
      • • School of Medicine
      Pamplona, Navarre, Spain