-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Field studies were conducted at the Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram (India), during two seasons (2003–2004
and 2004–2005), with two processing cultivars (cvs Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2) and nine combinations of potassium
source (K-chloride, K-sulphate and K-nitrate) and time of K application (basal dressing, split application and split application
+ foliar spray) to investigate their effect on tuber yield and processing attributes for crisp production under subtropical
conditions. Yearly variations were observed for most of the variables studied. Between cultivars, the tuber and biomass yield
was higher in cv. Kufri Chipsona-1, whereas specific gravity, tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp recovery were higher in
cv. Kufri Chipsona-2. Stem number, plant height and compound leaf number were not influenced by sources of K fertilizer or
application time. Processing-grade tuber yield, total tuber yield and biomass yield were statistically similar for K-chloride
and K-sulphate and lower for K-nitrate. K sources affected both specific gravity and tuber dry-matter percentage significantly;
K-sulphate and K-nitrate gave significantly higher values than K-chloride. The application time had no significant effect
on processing grade and total tuber yield or on tuber specific gravity and dry-matter percentage. Values for crisp colour
and reducing sugars were within the acceptable range for all treatments. Crisp yields were calculated to be highest and oil
percentage of the crisps to be lowest when K-sulphate was applied as K fertilizer. Net income and benefit:cost ratio were
highest for K-chloride followed by K-sulphate and lowest for K-nitrate. The study suggests that for crisping potatoes, K-sulphate
is more suited than K-chloride, as it not only increased tuber dry-matter percentage and crisp yield, but also decreased crisp
oil percentage.
Potato Research 04/2012; 50(1):1-13.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A field study was conducted during 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 at the Central Potato Research Institute Campus, Modipuram, India,
in order to increasing the processing-grade tuber yield of India’s first ever developed processing potato cultivars, Kufri
Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2. Tuber yield and post-harvest quality characteristics were evaluated in response to five N
levels (0, 90, 180, 270 and 360kg N ha-1). The crop growth traits (stem number, plant height and compound leaf number) responded positively to N application, whereas
the effect of N fertilization on processing-grade tuber number, total tuber number per ha and tuber number per plant was quadratic.
There was a steady increase in tuber weight per plant, processing-grade tuber yield, total tuber yield and biomass yield in
response to N application. Kufri Chipsona-1 produced a 23.6% higher tuber yield per plant than Kufri Chipsona-2. Agronomic
N use efficiency decreased linearly with increased N doses. Specific gravity and tuber dry matter percentage responded positively
to N application, while crisps colour (at harvest and after storage) and reducing sugars remained unaffected. Cultivar was
the major factor that influenced the tuber quality parameters (specific gravity, crisps colour). Higher values of these quality
traits were observed in Kufri Chipsona-2 as compared to Kufri Chipsona-1. Net income and benefit cost ratio (B:C) indicated
that Chipsona cultivars should be fertilized with 270kg N ha-1 for realizing higher processing-grade yields and desirable quality tubers.
Potato Research 04/2012; 50(2):143-155.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In order to find out the circadian variations in physiological responses, heat storage and heat loss, experiment was conducted on 12 female Karan Fries (KF) cattle selected from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) herd. Animals were further divided equally in two groups namely growing (8–12 months) and adults (18–24 months), and experiment was conducted during winter (December to January), spring (February to March) and summer (April to May) seasons. Physiological responses (respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), skin temperature (ST) and pulse rate (PR)), heat storage and heat loss through evaporation from skin (sweating) and pulmonary system (panting), dry bulb temperature (DBT) and wet bulb temperature (WBT), relative humidity, minimum and maximum temperatures, wind speed and temperature humidity index were calculated at 4-h intervals round the clock. Physiological responses (RR, RT, ST and PR) increased significantly (p < 0.01) during spring and summer season. RR and PR were positively correlated with DBT. The circadian rhythmic variations in core temperatures during summer season were 1.0°C and 1.4°C, respectively, for adult and growing KF cattle. Heat loss through skin and pulmonary system was maximum in adult (76.8% and 23.2%) during summer at 2 pm compared to growing (73.9% and 26.1%). Heat storage was found to be maximum in adult than growing during all seasons. Heat storage increases as the intensity of solar radiation increases, and also higher is the surface area higher is the heat storage. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to study the influence of heat stress during the different periods in crossbred cattle.
Biological Rhythm Research 04/2012; 43(2):137-146. · 0.44 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The pathogenesis of Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is complex and has not been completely understood yet. In the present study, we analysed the polymorphism in the exon-2 of the caprine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II DRB region and its association with resistance or susceptibility to JD. A total of 203 Jamunapari goats, which is an Indian endangered breed highly susceptible to JD, kept at a single farm were studied. On the basis of clinical signs, microscopic examination, faecal culture, ELISA and diagnostic PCR, 60 and 143 goats were classified as resistant and susceptible to JD, respectively. PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with two enzymes, PstI and TaqI, was used to assess variation in the DRB gene(s) in all 203 goats studied. Two di-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), here referred as 'P' and 'T', were tested. In each of them, three genotypes were found in the group analysed. The minimum allele frequencies (MAFs) were 0.233 and 0.486 for the P and T SNPs, respectively. Statistically significant associations between alleles, individual genotypes and composed genotypes of both SNPs were found. The frequency of p and t alleles, of individual pp and tt and of composed pptt genotypes were significantly higher (P(corr) < 0.001) in the 'resistant' group as compared to the 'susceptible' group, while the P and T alleles were associated with susceptibility (P(corr) < 0.001). In heterozygous genotypes, susceptibility was dominant over resistance. The effects of both SNP on resistance and susceptibility were comparable and composed heterozygous genotypes showed intermediate levels of susceptibility in terms of the odds ratio and P-values calculated.
International Journal of Immunogenetics 02/2012; 39(4):314-20. · 1.29 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in animal attendants who were chronic colitis patients or who had inflammatory bowel disease and were suspected for Crohn's disease; these animal attendants worked with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease. Microscopic examination and culture tests were used. For comparison purposes a group of healthy human subjects (not suffering with colitis) was also screened.
Stool samples obtained from 98 human subjects (58 animal attendants suspected for Crohn's disease and 40 healthy humans) were screened for the presence of MAP by microscopic examination and culture. Of the 58 animal attendants screened, 38 had abdominal pain, 29 had suffered episodes of diarrhea, 39 had experienced weight loss, 27 had fever, and 32 had a history of raw milk consumption. Animal attendants had had contact of variable duration with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and >15 years). Forty stool samples from healthy humans with no symptoms/history of contact with animals were also screened. IS900 PCR and IS1311 PCR restriction endonuclease analysis were used to characterize and genotype the MAP colonies.
MAP was recovered from 34 of the 98 human subject stool samples (34.7%). Of the 98 samples, 16.3% (n=16) were acid-fast. None of the 40 healthy human subjects were positive for MAP by microscopy, but five (12.5%) were positive for MAP by culture. Of the 58 animal attendants, 16 (27.6%) were positive by microscopy and 29 (50%) were positive by culture. MAP were recovered from 68.4% of animal attendants with abdominal pain, 72.4% of those with diarrhea, 71.8% of those with weight loss, 44.4% of those with fever, and 46.9% of those who had a history of raw milk consumption. Of the 29 culture-positive animal attendants, 48.3% had worked for >15 years, 27.6% for 11-15 years, 20.7% for 6-10 years, and 3.4% for 1-5 years with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease. Of the 34 culture isolates, 28 (82.4%) showed good quality DNA on agarose gel and were positive by IS900 PCR. Of the 28 IS900-positive DNA samples, 23 (82.1%) were genotyped as 'Indian bison type' and five (17.9%) as 'cattle type'.
The prevalence of MAP was higher in attendants suffering from gastrointestinal problems who worked with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease, than in humans with no history of contact with animals. The risk of developing gastrointestinal problems with clinical symptoms indistinguishable from inflammatory bowel disease was higher in humans who were in contact with goat herds endemic for Johne's disease as compared to healthy humans, and the risk was correlated with the duration of association with the endemic goat herds.
International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 06/2011; 15(10):e677-83. · 2.17 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In recent years, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has emerged as major animal pathogen with significant zoonotic concerns, worldwide. MAP infection is endemic in domestic and wild ruminant population in India. However, information on MAP infection in free ranging animal species and non human primates is limited. Present study aimed to estimate the status of MAP infection in free living Rhesus macaques suffering with multiple clinical conditions (coughing and loose stool). A total of 25 stool samples were collected from six colonies of Rhesus macaques from Mathura region (North India) and screened for the presence of MAP, using microscopic examination and IS900 PCR, directly from stool samples. PCR positive DNA samples were further genotyped using IS1311 PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. Of the 25 stool samples, 10 (40.0%) and 2 (8.0%) were positive for MAP using microscopic examination and direct IS900 PCR, respectively. IS900 PCR positive DNA samples were genotyped as 'Indian Bison type', which is a major MAP genotype infecting domestic and wild ruminant species and human beings in India. Prevalence of MAP in Rhesus macaques (Indian monkeys) was moderately high and confirmed interspecies sharing of MAP between domestic livestock and non-human primates. Presence of MAP in non-human primates, support the etiological role of MAP in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Indian monkeys may serve as model for understanding the role of non-human primates in sustenance, transmission and pathogenesis of MAP infection.
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 01/2011; 34(3):267-71. · 2.99 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Fecal samples of 708 domestic and 27 wild ruminants from seven districts of three states submitted to Microbiology Laboratory from 2004 to 2008 were screened for the presence and genotype diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) stusing modified microscopic examination and culture tests. MAP colonies were characterized and genotyped by IS900 PCR and IS1311 PCR-REA, respectively. In microscopic examination and culture, 18.7 and 31.2% sampled were positive, respectively. Percent positivity varied in different species and agro-climatic regions. Of the 151 DNA recovered from 230 MAP isolates, 94.7% (143) and 5.2% (8) were genotyped as 'Indian Bison type' and 'Cattle type', respectively. Cattle and buffaloes were infected with both the genotypes, whereas goat and sheep were infected exclusively by 'Indian Bison type'. Study showed low diversity in MAP genotypes and 'Indian Bison type' was the predominant genotype shared by different species, breeds and agro-climatic regions.
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 12/2010; 33(6):e127-31. · 2.99 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Johne's disease is chronic granulomatous infectious enteritis of animals caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. A total of 153 animals from 19 dairy farms, 2 gaushalas (unproductive-animal rehabilitation centers), 2 goat and 2 sheep farms from different districts of the Punjab region were selected on the basis of clinical signs of disease. All samples from cattle (n=86), buffalo (n=34), goat (n=25) and sheep (n=26) were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining and DNA extraction by a freeze and thaw method. Ziehl-Neelsen staining detected 71% samples positive for acid-fast bacilli whereas IS900 PCR detected 55% positive for Map DNA. IS1311 PCR-REA analysis of IS900 positive samples revealed 'Bison' type as the most prevalent (82%) genotype of Map, infecting all domestic ruminants. 'Cattle' type was present in a minority of cases (15%) from cattle, buffaloes and goats. This is the first report of 'Cattle' type Map from buffalo and goat species in India.
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 11/2010; 34(2):163-9. · 2.99 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is important for precise classification of bacterium and for understanding the molecular epidemiology. The present study reports detection and typing of the MAP from milk. On the basis of clinical signs of diarrhea and/or weakness, the dairy animals suspected for Johne's disease were screened by Ziehl-Neelsen staining of fecal samples. The milk samples from 13 selected animals were processed for DNA extraction and direct IS900 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MAP identified by IS900 PCR was genotyped using IS1311 PCR-restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). IS900 milk PCR revealed 30.8% animals positive for MAP, including 40% of the moderate and 50% of the heavy fecal shedders. All infected animals showed Bison type MAP in IS1311 PCR-REA. IS900 PCR can be used for screening of milk for MAP; however, the method needs to be evaluated for subclinical cases. IS1311 PCR-REA results indicated the predominance of Bison type MAP in the dairy animals of this region.
Tropical Animal Health and Production 06/2010; 42(5):1031-5. · 1.12 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Present study aimed to genotype Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) recovered from suspected and Crohn' s disease patients. A total of 32 MAP and DNA (directly from clinical samples) recovered from human origin were genotyped using IS 1311 PCR-REA. Isolates were cultured from stool, biopsies and blood clots of Crohn's disease patients, and stool samples of suspected (animal attendants, lab workers etc). Of the 32 MAP isolates belonging to 28 human beings, majority (84.3%) were genotyped as 'Bison type', while 21.7% were of 'cattle' and none was 'sheep' genotype. Study first time reports distribution of 'Cattle' and 'Bison type' 'genotypes in suspected and Crohn's patients on pilot scale in India. 'Bison type' genotype was predominant in the surveyed human population.
The Journal of communicable diseases 06/2010; 42(2):91-100.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a gastro intestinal inflammatory condition in ruminants and other animals, which is similar to Crohn's disease (CD) that occurs in man. The role of MAP in the causation of CD has been under intense investigation in the last few decades. This review summarizes the status of MAP in animals and the food chain and its association with CD in man.
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 03/2010; 29(2):53-8.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Indian potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing industry has emerged fast due to economic liberalization coupled with growing urbanization, expanding market options and development of indegenous processing varieties. India's first potato processing varieties 'Kufri Chipsona-1' and 'Kufri Chipsona-2' were developed in 1998, followed by an improved processing variety 'Kufri Chipsona-3' in 2005 for the Indian plains and first chipping variety 'Kufri Himsona' for the hills. These varieties have >21% tuber dry matter content, contain low reducing sugars (<0.1% on fresh wt) and are most suitable for producing chips, French fries and dehydrated products. The availability of these varieties and standardization of storage techniques for processing potatoes at 10-12°C with sprout suppressant isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate have revolutionized the processing scenario within a short span of 10 years. Currently about 4% of total potato produce is being processed in organized and unorganized sector. Potato processing industry mainly comprises 4 segments: potato chips, French fries, potato flakes/powder and other processed products. However, potato chips still continue to be the most popular processed product. The major challenge facing the industries lies in arranging round the year supply of processing varieties at reasonable price for their uninterrupted operation, besides several others which have been discussed at length and addressed with concrete solutions.
Journal of Food Science and Technology -Mysore- 03/2010; 47(2):137-56. · 0.50 Impact Factor
-
Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis. 01/2010; 31(1&2):41-43.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Efficacy of IS900 blood PCR was evaluated for the presence of MAP infection. Serum, fecal, and blood samples of kids, young, and adult goats from farm and farmer's herds in Mathura district were also screened by ELISA, microscopy and culture. Of 111 goats (kids: 40, young: 14, adults: 57) screened, 77.5% were positive by blood PCR. Of 76 goats, 90.8% (kids: 87.5% and adults: 94.4%) were positive by PCR. From 21 kids and 14 young goats, 42.8 and 57.1% were positive. gDNA from goats was genotyped as MAP "Indian Bison type". Of 21 fecal samples of kids examined by microscopy, 66.7% were positive. In ELISA, 9.5 and 57.1% kids were positives as "type I" and "type II" reactors, respectively. Screening 14 young goats by culture of blood clots, 28.6% were positive. Agreement was substantial between PCR and microscopy. It was fair and moderate when PCR and microscopy were compared with type I and type II reactors, respectively. Presence of MAP in non-clinical kids and young goats indicate early or subclinical infection. Blood PCR was rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for detection of MAP in any stage (early, subclinical, and clinical) and age (kids, young, and adult) of goats.
Veterinary medicine international. 01/2010; 2010:748621.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is the etiological agent of Johne's disease (or paratuberculosis) in animals and has also been linked with Crohn's disease of human beings. Extreme fastidious nature of the organism (MAP) has hampered studies on diversity within the organism. Studies based on phenotypic properties like growth rate, pigmentation, lipid profile etc., are unable to provide complete information on diversity of MAP organism in nature. However, with the advent of molecular assays (IS900 RFLP, PFGE, IS1311 PCR-REA, SSR typing, VNTR typing etc.) in last 2 decades, progress has been made to differentiate MAP strains. MAP isolates have been classified into various types and subtypes using these molecular tools. Optimization of these typing assays has led to generation of new information about MAP strains, subtypes, their comparative genomics, relative evolution, comparative virulence etc. Knowledge of strain diversity is important for better understanding of molecular and sero-epidemiology, infection and patho-biology, vaccine development and planning control strategies. The present review provides available information on MAP strains, ho st adaptations, their virulence,comparative genomics, relative genetic evolution and differentiation.
Indian journal of experimental biology 01/2010; 48(1):7-16. · 1.29 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Therapeutic efficacy of an "Indigenous vaccine" has been evaluated with respect to a commercial vaccine (Gudair, Spain), for the control of clinical Johne's disease (JD) in naturally infected goatherds. Seventy-one goats (JD positive) were randomly divided into 3 groups ("Bison", "Gudair" and "Sham-immunized"). After vaccination, goats were monitored for physical condition, morbidity, mortality, body weights, shedding of M. paratuberculosis (MAP) in feces, internal condition and lesions, as well as humoral and cell-mediated immune responses for 210 days. Study showed marked overall improvement in physical condition of vaccinated goats and average body weight gain was significantly higher (P < .05) in "Bison" group as compared to "Sham-immunized" goats. Mortality due to JD was significantly (P < .05) lower in vaccinated groups than in "sham-immunized". Morbidity rates (due to diarrhea and weakness) were lower in "Bison" group as compared to other groups. Died goats from vaccinated groups showed regression of gross JD lesions and regeneration of fat layer around visceral organs while "Sham-immunized" goats exhibited frank lesions. Vaccinated goats had higher protective CMI response and also higher antibody titer for the trial period as compared to "Sham immunized". Both vaccines also reduced shedding of MAP in feces significantly (P < .05). Though the two vaccines effectively restricted the severity of clinical symptoms of JD, however "Indigenous vaccine" was superior in many respects.
Veterinary medicine international. 01/2010; 2010:351846.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in an urban slum amongst males to assess the magnitude of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among males between 20-50 years of age. All of the 288 males who were contacted had agreed to participate in the study. However, the information could be collected from a total of 260 subjects, using a pretested, pre-coded schedule included sociodemographic characteristics. Serological tests were done for Hepatitis B and C. The data were analyzed using EPI-INFO 3.2.2. Proportion of persons tested serologically positive for Hepatitis B and C in the present study was observed to be 10.38% and 1.15%, respectively. Higher proportion for hepatitis B and C was observed amongst those Muslims, below 35 years of age, stay in the area for less than 5 years, Illiterates, unstable occupation, staying away from home and those with no history of blood transfusion or donation; however the difference was not statistically significant. There is a need to carry out more community based studies amongst such populations at risk in order to assess the true prevalence and risk factors for appropriate intervention.
The Journal of communicable diseases 09/2009; 41(3):201-4.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteritis evocative of human inflammatory bowel disease. In industrialized countries MAP has been cultured from pasteurized milk, compounding the increasing concern that MAP may be zoonotic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate commercially available unpasteurized and pasteurized milk and its products for the presence of viable MAP or MAP DNA from an area of northern India with a population of 150 million people.
We studied 43 samples (16 unpasteurized, 27 pasteurized) purchased in Mathura, Agra, or New Delhi, for the presence of MAP by culture or by PCR for IS900 MAP DNA. Positives results were confirmed as MAP by restriction endonuclease analysis and/or DNA sequencing.
Colonies appeared in 1.5-20 months post-inoculation. Of the unpasteurized samples, 44% (7/16) were MAP culture-positive and 6% (1/16) were positive for IS900 MAP DNA. Of the pasteurized samples, 67% (18/27) were MAP culture-positive and 33% (9/27) were IS900-positive. Subsequently, 100% (25/25) of the cultured colonies were IS900 and IS1311 MAP DNA-positive.
This is the first report from a developing country of MAP cultured from both pasteurized and unpasteurized milk and milk products. Thus we corroborate the presence of viable MAP in the food chain reported from industrialized countries. With the increasing concern that MAP may be zoonotic, these findings have major implications for healthcare in India. The decreased sensitivity in detecting MAP DNA by PCR directly from milk should be ascribed to our employing only one set of PCR primers.
International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 08/2009; 14(2):e121-6. · 2.17 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the present study, modified indigenous ELISA kit (kit 1) was compared with indigenous ELISA kit (kit 2) and commercial ELISA kit (kit 3) for its sensitivity and specificity with respect to faecal culture for diagnosis of Johne's disease in goats and sheep under natural conditions. Of the 64 positive animals, serum of 42.1, 48.4 and 18.7% animals yielded positive infection in kit 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Specificity of kit 1 (95.1%) was maximum followed by kit 3 (93.7%) and kit 2 (83.4%). Kit 1 showed superior diagnostic potential than the other two kits. Kit 1 may be used as single screening test regimen for diagnosis of MAP infection in the population of goats and sheep in India.
Indian journal of experimental biology 06/2009; 47(5):379-82. · 1.29 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in animals, has also been linked with Crohn's disease in human beings. Lack of indigenous diagnostics and vaccine hampered control of JD in India. Designing effective control strategies require thorough understanding of the etiological agent at phenotypic and molecular levels. On the basis of cultural phenotypes and IS1311 PCR-REA typing, MAP strains have been genotyped as 'Cattle type', 'Sheep type' and 'Bison type'. Information exists on genetic differences and comparative evolution of 'Cattle type' and 'Sheep type' strains after divergence from M. avium; however, emphasis has been little on 'Bison type' strains. Recently, a new 'Indian Bison type' genotype has been reported as principal strain infecting different animal species and human beings in India. The study analyzed few genetic markers to have inferences on the molecular evolution of native MAP isolates belonging to 'Bison type' genotype. Results pointed towards recent evolution of 'Bison type' genotype.
Microbiological Research 06/2009; 165(2):163-71. · 2.31 Impact Factor
