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ABSTRACT: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most prevalent human food-borne allergies, particularly in children. Experimental animal models have become critical tools with which to perform research on new therapeutic approaches and on the molecular mechanisms involved. However, oral food allergen sensitization in mice requires several weeks and is usually associated with unspecific immune responses. To overcome these inconveniences, we have developed a new food allergy model that takes only two weeks while retaining the main characters of allergic response to food antigens. The new model is characterized by oral sensitization of weaned Balb/c mice with 5 doses of purified cow's milk protein (CMP) plus cholera toxin (CT) for only two weeks and posterior challenge with an intraperitoneal administration of the allergen at the end of the sensitization period. In parallel, we studied a conventional protocol that lasts for seven weeks, and also the non-specific effects exerted by CT in both protocols. The shorter protocol achieves a similar clinical score as the original food allergy model without macroscopically affecting gut morphology or physiology. Moreover, the shorter protocol caused an increased IL-4 production and a more selective antigen-specific IgG1 response. Finally, the extended CT administration during the sensitization period of the conventional protocol is responsible for the exacerbated immune response observed in that model. Therefore, the new model presented here allows a reduction not only in experimental time but also in the number of animals required per experiment while maintaining the features of conventional allergy models. We propose that the new protocol reported will contribute to advancing allergy research.
Journal of immunological methods 04/2012; 381(1-2):41-9. · 2.35 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The dinitrofluorobenzene/dinitrosulfonic acid (DNFB/DNS) model was originally described as an experimental model of intestinal inflammation resembling human ulcerative colitis (UC). Due to the absence of acceptable UC experimental models for pharmacological preclinical assays, here we examine the immune response induced in this model.
Balb/c mice were sensitized by skin application of DNFB on day 1, followed by an intrarectal challenge with DNS on day 5. We further expanded this model by administering a second DNS challenge on day 15. The features of colonic inflammation and immune response were evaluated.
The changes observed in colonic tissue corresponded, in comparison to the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis model, to a mild mucosal effect in the colon, which spontaneously resolved in less than 5 days. Furthermore, the second hapten challenge did not exacerbate the inflammatory response. In contrast to other studies, we did not observe any clear involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or other Th1 cytokines during the initial inflammatory response; however, we found that a more Th2-humoral response appeared to mediate the first contact with the hapten. An increased humoral response was detected during the second challenge, although an increased Th1/Th17-cytokine expression profile was also simultaneously observed.
On the basis of these results, although the DNFB/DNS model can display some features found in human UC, it should be considered as a model for the study of the intestinal hypersensitivity seen, for example, during food allergy or irritable bowel syndrome but not intestinal inflammation per se.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 10/2011; 17(10):2087-101. · 4.86 Impact Factor
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Belén Arribas,
Natividad Garrido-Mesa,
Laura Perán,
Desirée Camuesco,
Mònica Comalada,
Elvira Bailón,
Mónica Olivares, Jordi Xaus,
Laurens Kruidenier,
Ian R Sanderson,
Antonio Zarzuelo,
Maria Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas,
Julio Gálvez
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to better characterise the biological effects of Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius CECT5713, a probiotic with immunomodulatory properties.
Live or dead probiotic was assayed in the TNBS model of rat colitis to determine whether viability was a requisite to exert the beneficial effects. In vitro studies were also performed in Caco-2 cells to evaluate its effects on epithelial cell recovery and IL-8 production. Finally, the probiotic was assayed in the LPS model of septic shock in mice to establish its effects when there is an altered systemic immune response.
The viability of the probiotic was required for its anti-inflammatory activity. The probiotic inhibited IL-8 production in stimulated Caco-2 cells and facilitated the recovery of damaged intestinal epithelium. In LPS-treated mice, the probiotic inhibited the production of TNFα in plasma and lungs and increased the hepatic glutathione content. These effects were associated with an improvement in the altered production of the T-cell cytokines in splenocytes, by reducing IL-2 and IL-5 and by increasing IL-10. Finally, it reduced the increased plasma IgG production in LPS-treated mice.
The anti-inflammatory effects of viable L. salivarius ssp. salivarius CECT5713 are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract.
European Journal of Nutrition 06/2011; 51(3):365-74. · 2.75 Impact Factor
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Journal of leukocyte biology 12/2010; 88(6):1063-4; author reply 1065-6. · 4.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: There is an increasing interest in the intestinal and immunological effects of probiotics. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the tolerance and beneficial effects in healthy adults of the strain, Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 isolated from breast milk. A phase II, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled human clinical trial was carried out in 40 healthy adults. The Probiotic group received a daily dose of 2 x 10(8) CFU of L. salivarius CECT5713 in capsules during 4 weeks while volunteers of the control received only a placebo. Gastrointestinal and immunological parameters were analyzed. Results showed that L. salivarius CECT5713 was well tolerated and no adverse effects were detected. Consumption of the probiotic strain increased fecal lactobacilli counts (7.9+/-0.1 vs. 7.05+/-0.2 CFU/g feces, P=0.001). Also, an improvement in the frequency of defecation (P=0.04) was observed. Probiotic treatment induced significantly the percentage of NK cells and monocytes, as well as the plasmatic levels of immunoglobulins M, A and G, and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 (72.3+/-11.7 in probiotic group vs. 27.3+/-6.4 pg/mL in control group, P<0.01). Thus, it can be concluded that daily administration of L. salivarius CECT5713 to healthy adults is safe and improve gut microbiota and different parameters related to immune response.
Anaerobe 02/2010; 16(3):195-200. · 2.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Survival and proliferation signals are two processes closely interrelated and finely controlled in most cell types, whose deregulation may lead to carcinogenesis. In the last decade, different studies have suggested that both cellular functions are also intimately associated with other cellular activities such as differentiation and cellular activation, especially in immune cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate on the proliferation and activation state of different cell types involved in inflammatory bowel disease. We focused on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages and T-lymphocytes, using both primary non-transformed cultures and established cell lines. The results showed that low concentrations of butyrate inhibited the proliferation of all the immune cell types tested in this work, whereas it only induced apoptosis in activated T-lymphocytes, non-differentiated epithelial cells and macrophage cell lines, but not in differentiated epithelial cells or primary macrophages. Butyrate apoptosis induction was mediated by caspase-3/7 activation. This SCFA was only able to modify cell activation, measured as expression of inflammatory cytokines, in those cell types in which apoptosis was induced. In conclusion, our results suggest a cell type-specificity of the immune-modulatory effects of butyrate based on the proliferation/activation characteristic physiology of these processes in different cells types.
Immunobiology 01/2010; 215(11):863-73. · 3.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the prevention of certain diseases during the pediatric years. Thus, there is an increasing interest in the addition of probiotics to infant formulas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of a follow-on formula with Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 in 6-mo-old children.
The antibiotic susceptibility of L. salivarius CECT5713 was analyzed by a dilution method. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study was performed. Children (n = 80) were distributed in two groups and consumed the formula supplemented or not with probiotics (2 × 10(6) colony-forming units [cfu]/g) during 6 mo. Fecal samples were collected at enrollment, at 3 mo, and at the end of trial. Clinical and anthropometric evaluations were performed. Depending on the variable, one-way or two-way repeated measures analysis of variance were used for the statistical analysis.
The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the strain resulted as safe. No adverse effects associated with the consumption of the probiotic formula were reported. In addition, clinical parameters did not differ between groups. Consumption of the probiotic supplemented formula led to an increase in the fecal lactobacilli content (7.6 ± 0.2 versus 7.9 ± 0.1 log cfu/g, P < 0.05). Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713 was detected in the feces of volunteers from the probiotic group. Probiotic consumption induced a significant increase in the fecal concentration of butyric acid at 6 mo.
Thus, a follow-on formula with L. salivarius CECT5713 is safe and well tolerated in 6-mo-old infants.
Nutrition 12/2009; 26(11-12):1082-7. · 3.03 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases in children has been attributed to an unbalanced immune response probably due to environmental factors. The immunoregulatory properties of probiotic bacteria could balance the disequilibrium in the immune response causing the allergic response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunological effects of the consumption of a dairy product containing two probiotic strains in children suffering from allergy. A double-blinded, randomized, control comparative study was performed with 44 allergic children. Children were randomly distributed in two groups, a control Yogurt and a Probiotic group. Both groups daily consumed 200 ml of a dairy fermented product for 3 months. The Yogurt group consumed a conventional yogurt, whereas the Probiotic group consumed a similar dairy product where Lactobacillus bulgaricus was substituted by a mixture of Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711 (at least 10(6) cfu/g each strain). Intestinal and immunological parameters were measured in fecal and blood samples. The consumption of the probiotic product induced a significant decrease in the level of IgE in plasma (p = 0.03) and an increase in CD4(+)/CD25(+) T regulatory cells (p = 0.01). The decrease in IgE was accompanied by a significant increase in mucosal IgA (p = 0.01). However, changes in other effector cells potentially involved in allergic reactions such as eosinophiles, basophiles or other IgE+ cells were not detected. The consumption of the probiotic product also induced significant changes in innate response as a significant increase in natural killer cells was detected (p = 0.03). The daily consumption of a probiotic product containing L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 for 3 months induces, in allergic children, beneficial effects on immune parameters involved in the allergic response such as a reduction of IgE in plasma and an increase in regulatory T cells. The probiotic product also enhanced innate and specific immune parameters that may improve the general health status of children.
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 07/2009; 20(6):592-600. · 2.46 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Canine milk protects puppies against infectious diseases through a variety of mechanisms. In this study, the presence of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria grown on MRS-Cys agar plates from milk of nine bitches was investigated. The Gram positive catalase negative bacilli identified in this study belonged to four Lactobacillus species (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus animalis), as well as one isolate that was identified as Weissella viridescens. Random amplified polymorphic DNA profiling revealed 28 different genetic profiles among the lactobacilli isolates. Their probiotic potential was evaluated through different assays, including survival in conditions that resemble those existing in the gastrointestinal tract, production of antimicrobial compounds, adherence to intestinal mucin, degradation of mucin and pattern of antibiotic sensitivity. Some strains showed potential for future applications as canine probiotics.
The Veterinary Journal 06/2009; 185(2):193-8. · 2.24 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716, a probiotic strain isolated from human milk, was characterized in a previous study. The objective of this study was to evaluate its sensitivity to antibiotics and its potential toxicity and translocation ability after oral administration to mice. For this purpose, 40 Balb/C mice were divided in two groups (n=20 per group). One group was treated orally with 10(10) colony forming units (cfu)/mouse/day of Lb. fermentum CECT5716 during 28 d. The other group only received the excipient and was used as control. Food intake, body weight, bacterial translocation and different biochemical and haematological parameters were analysed. Oral administration of Lb. fermentum CECT5716 to mice had no adverse effects on mice. There were no significant differences in body weight or food intake between control and probiotic-treated mice. No bacteraemia was observed and there was no treatment-associated bacterial translocation to liver or spleen. Stress oxidative markers were not different in control and probiotic-treated mice. These results suggest that the strain Lb. fermentum CECT5716 is non-pathogenic for mice even in doses 10,000 times higher (expressed per kg of body weight) than those normally consumed by humans.
Journal of Dairy Research 06/2009; 76(2):216-21. · 1.34 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Macrophages have the capacity to proliferate in response to specific growth factors, such as macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). In the presence of several cytokines and activating factors, macrophages undergo growth arrest, become activated, and participate in the development of an immune response. We have previously observed that activation of extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK-1/2) is required for macrophage proliferation in response to growth factors. A short and early pattern of ERK activity correlated with the proliferative response. In contrast, slightly prolonged patterns of activity of these kinases were induced by signals that lead to macrophage activation and growth arrest. IFN-gamma is the main endogenous Th1-type macrophage activator. Here we report that stimulation with IFN-gamma prolongs the pattern of ERK activity induced by M-CSF in macrophages. These effects correlate with IFN-gamma-mediated inhibition of the expression of several members of the MAPK phosphatase family, namely MKP-1, -2, and -4. Moreover, inhibition of MKP-1 expression using siRNA technology or synthetic inhibitors also led to elongated ERK activity and significant blockage of M-CSF-dependent proliferation. These data suggest that subtle changes in the time course of activity of members of the MAPK family contribute to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-gamma in macrophages.
Blood 09/2008; 112(8):3274-82. · 9.90 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In a previous study, bacteria were able to be isolated from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates and from murine amniotic fluid obtained by caesarean section. This suggested that term fetuses are not completely sterile and that a prenatal mother-to-child efflux of commensal bacteria may exist. Therefore, the presence of such bacteria in meconium of 21 healthy neonates was investigated. The identified isolates belonged predominantly to the genuses Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. Later, a group of pregnant mice were orally inoculated with a genetically labelled E. fecium strain previously isolated from breast milk of a healthy woman. The labelled strain could be isolated and PCR-detected from meconium of the inoculated animals obtained by caesarean section one day before the predicted date of labor. In contrast, it could not be detected in samples obtained from a non-inoculated control group.
Research in Microbiology 05/2008; 159(3):187-93. · 2.76 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The preventative effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 were evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of septic shock in mice. The probiotic was administered suspended in drinking water at the final concentration of 108 colony-forming units/ml for 2 weeks before the induction of an endotoxic shock by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (400 microg/200 microl per mouse). Blood and different organs were collected after 24 h to evaluate the severity of the endotoxic shock and the preventative effects of the probiotic. L. fermentum reduced TNF-alpha levels in blood, which promotes the major alterations observed during septic shock, as well as the infiltration of activated neutrophils into the lungs. Furthermore, free radical overproduction and oxidative stress were associated with a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione levels in septic mice, and with an excessive NO production attributed to the induction of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS). In fact, hepatic glutathione levels were significantly increased in the group of mice receiving the probiotic, and the increased iNOS expression both in the colon and lungs was down-regulated in those mice treated with L. fermentum. Finally, pre-treatment with L. fermentum may also exert its protective action modulating the expression of different cytokines in splenocyte-derived T cells such us IL-2, IL-5, IL-6 or IL-10. In conclusion, pre-treatment with L. fermentum may exert its protective action against LPS-induced organ damage in mice by a combination of several actions including its antioxidant properties and by reduction of the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha and IL-6.
The British journal of nutrition 05/2008; 101(1):51-8. · 3.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in the modulation of the immune response. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) produced from dietary precursors may not be sufficient to match nutritional requirements and thus should be included in our diet. In this sense, the administration of higher amounts of DHA than of EPA in infant formulations is recommended. The aims of this work were to demonstrate that dietary administration of EPA or DHA to mice allows reaching similar tissue DHA levels and to compare their anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of action.
Balb/c mice were fed diets enriched with EPA or DHA for 3 wk. Twelve hours before sacrifice, a contact dermatitis was induced in the ears of the animals. Tissue fatty acid contents were determined. Cytokine and immunoglobulin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and ears were collected to analyze local inflammatory effects.
The DHA concentrations attained in tissues were similar to the two diets, whereas the EPA concentration increased only when the diet was enriched with this polyunsaturated fatty acid. Although EPA and DHA reduced ear inflammation, EPA reduced neutrophil infiltration in the ears more efficiently. EPA was associated with a greater reduction in the systemic macrophage inflammatory response and T-helper type 2 response and with increased interleukin-10 production.
Similar levels of DHA in tissues are reached in mice fed an EPA- or a DHA-enriched diet. Dietary EPA and DHA show anti-inflammatory properties, but EPA appears to be more potent.
Nutrition 04/2008; 24(3):245-54. · 3.03 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Breast milk is the best food for the neonate because it provides a unique combination of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins that ensures the correct growth and development of the infant. In addition, it also contains bioactive compounds responsible for a wide range of beneficial effects such as the promotion of immune system maturation and the protection against infections. Among these bioactive agents, probiotic bacteria have been recently isolated from human milk. The present work reviews the beneficial effects of these bacteria both in animal models and in clinical trials. The promotion of immune system maturation and defence against infections as well as the anti-inflammatory properties are among the main healthy effects of these bacteria. The isolation of probiotic bacteria with beneficial effects for the host provides scientific support for the supplementation of infant formula with these bacteria, in order to advance the pursuit of the main goal of formula: to mimic breast milk and its functional effects as closely as possible.
British Journal Of Nutrition 11/2007; 98 Suppl 1:S96-100. · 3.01 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Macrophages proliferate in the presence of their growth factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in a process that is dependent on early and short ERK activation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces macrophage activation, stops proliferation, and delays ERK phosphorylation, thereby triggering an inflammatory response. Proliferating or activating responses are balanced by the kinetics of ERK phosphorylation, the inactivation of which correlates with Mkp1 induction. Here we show that the transcriptional induction of this phosphatase by M-CSF or LPS depends on JNK but not on the other MAPKs, ERK and p38. The lack of Mkp1 induction caused by JNK inhibition prolonged ERK-1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. The two JNK genes, jnk1 and jnk2, are constitutively expressed in macrophages. However, only the JNK1 isoform was phosphorylated and, as determined in single knock-out mice, was necessary for Mkp1 induction by M-CSF or LPS. JNK1 was also required for pro-inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6) and LPS-induced NO production. This requirement is independent of Mkp1 expression, as shown in Mkp1 knock-out mice. Our results demonstrate a critical role for JNK1 in the regulation of Mkp1 induction and in LPS-dependent macrophage activation.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 05/2007; 282(17):12566-73. · 4.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We studied the coadjuvant capability of oral consumption of the breast-milk-isolated strain Lactobacillus fermentum (CECT5716) for an anti-influenza vaccine.
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled human clinical trial including 50 volunteers (31 male and 19 female) was performed to address the immunologic effects of an intramuscular anti-influenza vaccine in adults (33.0 +/- 7.7 y old). Fifty percent of volunteers received an oral daily dose of methylcellulose (placebo) or probiotic bacteria (1 x 10(10) colony-forming units/d) 2 wk before vaccination and 2 wk after vaccination.
Two weeks after vaccination there was an increase in the proportion of natural killer cells in the probiotic group but not in the placebo group. The vaccination induced an increase in T-helper type 1 cytokine concentrations and in T-helper and T-cytotoxic proportions in both groups; however, the probiotic group showed a significant higher induction in some of these parameters. Regarding the humoral effects, induction of antibody response in the placebo group could not be detected. In the case of the probiotic group, a significant increase in antigen specific immunoglobulin A was detected. Although an increase in total immunoglobulin M was observed, changes in anti-influenza antigen specific immunoglobulin M were not observed. The incidence of an influenza-like illness during 5 mo after vaccination (October to February) was lower in the group consuming the probiotic bacteria.
Oral administration of the strain L. fermentum CECT5716 potentates the immunologic response of an anti-influenza vaccine and may provide enhanced systemic protection from infection by increasing the T-helper type 1 response and virus-neutralizing antibodies.
Nutrition 04/2007; 23(3):254-60. · 3.03 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The higher incidence of inflammatory diseases in Western countries might be related, in part, to a high consumption of saturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and an insufficient intake of n-3 fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on innate and specific immune response and their anti-inflammatory action in models of contact and atopic dermatitis. Balb/C mice were fed for 3 wk either n-6 or n-3 PUFA-fortified diets. After inducing a contact or an atopic dermatitis, immunological parameters were analyzed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of these n-3 PUFA. n-3 PUFA reduced innate and specific immune responses through inhibition of TH1 and TH2 responses, increase of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10, and regulation of gene expression. The inhibition of both kinds of responses was confirmed by the anti-inflammatory effect observed in contact and atopic dermatitis. Reduction in weight, edema, thickness, leukocyte infiltration, and enhancement of antioxidant defenses in the inflamed ears of mice from both models along with the prevention of delayed-type hypersensitivity induced in atopic dermatitis proved n-3 PUFA efficacy. Our data suggest that dietary fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids have immunomodulatory effects and could be useful in inflammatory disorders.
Lipids 01/2007; 41(12):1115-25. · 2.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with intestinal oxidative stress. In the present study we test the preventative effect of Lactobacillus fermentum, a probiotic that produces per se glutathione, in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis.
Colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic administration of 10 mg of TNBS dissolved in 0.25 ml of 50% ethanol. L. fermentum was administered orally (5x10(8) CFU suspended in 0.5 ml of skim milk) to a group of rats for 3 weeks, starting 2 weeks before colitis induction. Colonic damage was evaluated both histologically and biochemically, and the colonic luminal contents were used for bacterial studies as well as for short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production.
L. fermentum treatment resulted in an amelioration of the inflammatory response in colitic rats as evidenced histologically and by a significant reduction of colonic MPO activity (P<0.05). The probiotic partially counteracted the colonic glutathione depletion induced by the inflammatory process. In addition, probiotic-treated colitic rats showed significant lower colonic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha levels (P<0.01) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression when compared to non-treated rats. Finally, the probiotic induced growth of Lactobacilli species and production of SCFA in colonic contents in comparison with control colitic rats.
Administration of the probiotic L. fermentum facilitates the recovery of the inflamed tissue in the TNBS model of rat colitis, an effect associated with increased levels of glutathione as well as with amelioration of the production of some of the mediators involved in the inflammatory response of the intestine, such as TNFalpha and NO.
International Journal of Colorectal Disease 01/2007; 21(8):737-46. · 2.38 Impact Factor
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Laura Peran,
Saleta Sierra,
Mònica Comalada,
Federico Lara-Villoslada,
Elvira Bailón,
Ana Nieto,
Angel Concha,
Mónica Olivares,
Antonio Zarzuelo, Jordi Xaus,
Julio Gálvez
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ABSTRACT: The intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of two probiotics isolated from breast milk, Lactobacillus reuteri and L. fermentum, were evaluated and compared in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis. Colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic administration of 10 mg TNBS dissolved in 50% ethanol (0.25 ml). Either L. reuteri or L. fermentum was daily administered orally (5 x 10(8) colony-forming units suspended in 0.5 ml skimmed milk) to each group of rats (n 10) for 3 weeks, starting 2 weeks before colitis induction. Colonic damage was evaluated histologically and biochemically, and the colonic luminal contents were used for bacterial studies and for SCFA production. Both probiotics showed intestinal anti-inflammatory effects in this model of experimental colitis, as evidenced histologically and by a significant reduction of colonic myeloperoxidase activity (P<0.05). L. fermentum significantly counteracted the colonic glutathione depletion induced by the inflammatory process. In addition, both probiotics lowered colonic TNFalpha levels (P<0.01) and inducible NO synthase expression when compared with non-treated rats; however, the decrease in colonic cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression was only achieved with L.fermentum administration. Finally, the two probiotics induced the growth of Lactobacilli species in comparison with control colitic rats, but the production of SCFA in colonic contents was only increased when L. fermentum was given. In conclusion, L. fermentum can exert beneficial immunomodulatory properties in inflammatory bowel disease, being more effective than L. reuteri, a probiotic with reputed efficacy in promoting beneficial effects on human health.
British Journal Of Nutrition 01/2007; 97(1):96-103. · 3.01 Impact Factor
