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Nikhil Wagle,
Caroline Emery,
Michael F Berger,
Matthew J Davis,
Allison Sawyer,
Panisa Pochanard, Sarah M Kehoe,
Cory M Johannessen,
Laura E Macconaill,
William C Hahn,
Matthew Meyerson,
Levi A Garraway
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ABSTRACT: A detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which tumors acquire resistance to targeted anticancer agents should speed the development of treatment strategies with lasting clinical efficacy. RAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma exemplifies the promise and challenge of many targeted drugs; although response rates are high, resistance invariably develops. Here, we articulate overarching principles of resistance to kinase inhibitors, as well as a translational approach to characterize resistance in the clinical setting through tumor mutation profiling. As a proof of principle, we performed targeted, massively parallel sequencing of 138 cancer genes in a tumor obtained from a patient with melanoma who developed resistance to PLX4032 after an initial dramatic response. The resulting profile identified an activating mutation at codon 121 in the downstream kinase MEK1 that was absent in the corresponding pretreatment tumor. The MEK1(C121S) mutation was shown to increase kinase activity and confer robust resistance to both RAF and MEK inhibition in vitro. Thus, MEK1(C121S) or functionally similar mutations are predicted to confer resistance to combined MEK/RAF inhibition. These results provide an instructive framework for assessing mechanisms of acquired resistance to kinase inhibition and illustrate the use of emerging technologies in a manner that may accelerate personalized cancer medicine.
Journal of Clinical Oncology 03/2011; 29(22):3085-96. · 18.37 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
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ABSTRACT: The genetics of advanced biliary tract cancers (BTC), which encompass intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinomas as well as gallbladder carcinomas, are heterogeneous and remain to be fully defined.
To better characterize mutations in established known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes we tested a mass spectrometric based platform to interrogate common cancer associated mutations across a panel of 77 formalin fixed paraffin embedded archived BTC cases.
Mutations among three genes, KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA were confirmed in this cohort. Activating mutations in PIK3CA were identified exclusively in GBC (4/32, 12.5%). KRAS mutations were identified in 3 (13%) intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinomas and 1 (33%) perihillar cholangiocarcinoma but were not identified in gallbladder carcinomas and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
The presence of activating mutations in PIK3CA specifically in GBC has clinical implications in both the diagnosis of this cancer type, as well as the potential utility of targeted therapies such as PI3 kinase inhibitors.
BMC Cancer 02/2011; 11:60. · 3.01 Impact Factor
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Michael K Kiessling,
Patrick A Oberholzer,
Chandrani Mondal,
Maria B Karpova,
Marie C Zipser,
William M Lin,
Michael Girardi,
Laura E Macconaill, Sarah M Kehoe,
Charlie Hatton,
Lars E French,
Levi A Garraway,
Gernot Polier,
Dorothee Süss,
Claus-Detlev Klemke,
Peter H Krammer,
Karsten Gülow,
Reinhard Dummer
[show abstract]
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ABSTRACT: Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are malignancies of skin-homing lymphoid cells, which have so far not been investigated thoroughly for common oncogenic mutations. We screened 90 biopsy specimens from CTCL patients (41 mycosis fungoides, 36 Sézary syndrome, and 13 non-mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome CTCL) for somatic mutations using OncoMap technology. We detected oncogenic mutations for the RAS pathway in 4 of 90 samples. One mycosis fungoides and one pleomorphic CTCL harbored a KRAS(G13D) mutation; one Sézary syndrome and one CD30(+) CTCL harbored a NRAS(Q61K) amino acid change. All mutations were found in stage IV patients (4 of 42) who showed significantly decreased overall survival compared with stage IV patients without mutations (P = .04). In addition, we detected a NRAS(Q61K) mutation in the CTCL cell line Hut78. Knockdown of NRAS by siRNA induced apoptosis in mutant Hut78 cells but not in CTCL cell lines lacking RAS mutations. The NRAS(Q61K) mutation sensitized Hut78 cells toward growth inhibition by the MEK inhibitors U0126, AZD6244, and PD0325901. Furthermore, we found that MEK inhibitors exclusively induce apoptosis in Hut78 cells. Taken together, we conclude that RAS mutations are rare events at a late stage of CTCL, and our preclinical results suggest that such late-stage patients profit from MEK inhibitors.
Blood 01/2011; 117(8):2433-40. · 9.90 Impact Factor
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Gayane Badalian-Very,
Jo-Anne Vergilio,
Barbara A Degar,
Laura E MacConaill,
Barbara Brandner,
Monica L Calicchio,
Frank C Kuo,
Azra H Ligon,
Kristen E Stevenson, Sarah M Kehoe,
Levi A Garraway,
William C Hahn,
Matthew Meyerson,
Mark D Fleming,
Barrett J Rollins
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ABSTRACT: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) has a broad spectrum of clinical behaviors; some cases are self-limited, whereas others involve multiple organs and cause significant mortality. Although Langerhans cells in LCH are clonal, their benign morphology and their lack (to date) of reported recurrent genomic abnormalities have suggested that LCH may not be a neoplasm. Here, using 2 orthogonal technologies for detecting cancer-associated mutations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material, we identified the oncogenic BRAF V600E mutation in 35 of 61 archived specimens (57%). TP53 and MET mutations were also observed in one sample each. BRAF V600E tended to appear in younger patients but was not associated with disease site or stage. Langerhans cells stained for phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (phospho-MEK) and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (phospho-ERK) regardless of mutation status. High prevalence, recurrent BRAF mutations in LCH indicate that it is a neoplastic disease that may respond to RAF pathway inhibitors.
Blood 09/2010; 116(11):1919-23. · 9.90 Impact Factor
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Jonas N Søndergaard,
Ramin Nazarian,
Qi Wang,
Deliang Guo,
Teli Hsueh,
Stephen Mok,
Hooman Sazegar,
Laura E MacConaill,
Jordi G Barretina, Sarah M Kehoe,
Narsis Attar,
Erika von Euw,
Jonathan E Zuckerman,
Bartosz Chmielowski,
Begoña Comin-Anduix,
Richard C Koya,
Paul S Mischel,
Roger S Lo,
Antoni Ribas
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Blocking oncogenic signaling induced by the BRAFV600E mutation is a promising approach for melanoma treatment. We tested the anti-tumor effects of a specific inhibitor of Raf protein kinases, PLX4032/RG7204, in melanoma cell lines. PLX4032 decreased signaling through the MAPK pathway only in cell lines with the BRAFV600E mutation. Seven out of 10 BRAFV600E mutant cell lines displayed sensitivity based on cell viability assays and three were resistant at concentrations up to 10 muM. Among the sensitive cell lines, four were highly sensitive with IC50 values below 1 muM, and three were moderately sensitive with IC50 values between 1 and 10 muM. There was evidence of MAPK pathway inhibition and cell cycle arrest in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. Genomic analysis by sequencing, genotyping of close to 400 oncogeninc mutations by mass spectrometry, and SNP arrays demonstrated no major differences in BRAF locus amplification or in other oncogenic events between sensitive and resistant cell lines. However, metabolic tracer uptake studies demonstrated that sensitive cell lines had a more profound inhibition of FDG uptake upon exposure to PLX4032 than resistant cell lines. In conclusion, BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell lines displayed a range of sensitivities to PLX4032 and metabolic imaging using PET probes can be used to assess sensitivity.
Journal of Translational Medicine 01/2010; 8:39. · 3.41 Impact Factor
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Laura E Macconaill,
Catarina D Campbell, Sarah M Kehoe,
Adam J Bass,
Charles Hatton,
Lili Niu,
Matt Davis,
Keluo Yao,
Megan Hanna,
Chandrani Mondal, [......],
Sandro Santagata,
Gianni Corso,
Franco Roviello,
Ramesh Shivdasani,
Mark W Kieran,
Keith L Ligon,
Charles D Stiles,
William C Hahn,
Matthew L Meyerson,
Levi A Garraway
PLoS ONE 01/2010; 5(9). · 4.09 Impact Factor
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Mark M Pomerantz,
Nasim Ahmadiyeh,
Li Jia,
Paula Herman,
Michael P Verzi,
Harshavardhan Doddapaneni,
Christine A Beckwith,
Jennifer A Chan,
Adam Hills,
Matt Davis, [......],
Baruch Frenkel,
Jordi Barretina,
Adam Bass,
Josep Tabernero,
José Baselga,
Meredith M Regan,
J Robert Manak,
Ramesh Shivdasani,
Gerhard A Coetzee,
Matthew L Freedman
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ABSTRACT: An inherited variant on chromosome 8q24, rs6983267, is significantly associated with cancer pathogenesis. We present evidence that the region harboring this variant is a transcriptional enhancer, that the alleles of rs6983267 differentially bind transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and that the risk region physically interacts with the MYC proto-oncogene. These data provide strong support for a biological mechanism underlying this non-protein-coding risk variant.
Nature Genetics 07/2009; 41(8):882-4. · 35.53 Impact Factor
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Laura E MacConaill,
Catarina D Campbell, Sarah M Kehoe,
Adam J Bass,
Charles Hatton,
Lili Niu,
Matt Davis,
Keluo Yao,
Megan Hanna,
Chandrani Mondal, [......],
Sandro Santagata,
Gianni Corso,
Franco Roviello,
Ramesh Shivdasani,
Mark W Kieran,
Keith L Ligon,
Charles D Stiles,
William C Hahn,
Matthew L Meyerson,
Levi A Garraway
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Detection of critical cancer gene mutations in clinical tumor specimens may predict patient outcomes and inform treatment options; however, high-throughput mutation profiling remains underdeveloped as a diagnostic approach. We report the implementation of a genotyping and validation algorithm that enables robust tumor mutation profiling in the clinical setting.
We developed and implemented an optimized mutation profiling platform ("OncoMap") to interrogate approximately 400 mutations in 33 known oncogenes and tumor suppressors, many of which are known to predict response or resistance to targeted therapies. The performance of OncoMap was analyzed using DNA derived from both frozen and FFPE clinical material in a diverse set of cancer types. A subsequent in-depth analysis was conducted on histologically and clinically annotated pediatric gliomas. The sensitivity and specificity of OncoMap were 93.8% and 100% in fresh frozen tissue; and 89.3% and 99.4% in FFPE-derived DNA. We detected known mutations at the expected frequencies in common cancers, as well as novel mutations in adult and pediatric cancers that are likely to predict heightened response or resistance to existing or developmental cancer therapies. OncoMap profiles also support a new molecular stratification of pediatric low-grade gliomas based on BRAF mutations that may have immediate clinical impact.
Our results demonstrate the clinical feasibility of high-throughput mutation profiling to query a large panel of "actionable" cancer gene mutations. In the future, this type of approach may be incorporated into both cancer epidemiologic studies and clinical decision making to specify the use of many targeted anticancer agents.
PLoS ONE 01/2009; 4(11):e7887. · 4.09 Impact Factor
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Jonas N Søndergaard,
Ramin Nazarian,
Qi Wang,
Deliang Guo,
Teli Hsueh,
Stephen Mok,
Hooman Sazegar,
Laura E Macconaill,
Jordi G Barretina, Sarah M Kehoe,
Narsis Attar,
Erika von Euw,
Jonathan E Zuckerman,
Bartosz Chmielowski,
Begoña Comin-Anduix,
Richard C Koya,
Paul S Mischel,
Roger S Lo,
Antoni Ribas
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Blocking oncogenic signaling induced by the BRAFV600E mutation is a promising approach for melanoma treatment. We tested the anti-tumor effects of a specific inhibitor of Raf protein kinases, PLX4032/RG7204, in melanoma cell lines. PLX4032 decreased signaling through the MAPK pathway only in cell lines with the BRAFV600E mutation. Seven out of 10 BRAFV600E mutant cell lines displayed sensitivity based on cell viability assays and three were resistant at concentrations up to 10 μM. Among the sensitive cell lines, four were highly sensitive with IC50 values below 1 μM, and three were moderately sensitive with IC50 values between 1 and 10 μM. There was evidence of MAPK pathway inhibition and cell cycle arrest in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. Genomic analysis by sequencing, genotyping of close to 400 oncogeninc mutations by mass spectrometry, and SNP arrays demonstrated no major differences in BRAF locus amplification or in other oncogenic events between sensitive and resistant cell lines. However, metabolic tracer uptake studies demonstrated that sensitive cell lines had a more profound inhibition of FDG uptake upon exposure to PLX4032 than resistant cell lines. In conclusion, BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell lines displayed a range of sensitivities to PLX4032 and metabolic imaging using PET probes can be used to assess sensitivity.
