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ABSTRACT: In this study, epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was utilized as a plasticizer for polylactic acid (PLA) using chloroform as a solvent
by solution casting process at six weight ratios of PLA/EPO, 95/05, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50, respectively. Fourier-transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups of PLA, EPO, and PLA/EPO blends. Thermal stability,
mechanical, and morphological properties of the blends were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), tensile properties
measurements, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique, respectively. The FTIR spectra indicate that there are some
molecular interactions by intramolecular hydrogen bond between PLA and EPO. All sets of PLA/EPO blends show high thermal stability
and significant improvement of mechanical properties compare to pure PLA. The highest elongation at break (about 210%) was
obtained when the ratio of PLA/EPO blend was 80/20. Morphological results of PLA/EPO blends show that ESO was good miscible
with PLA.
Journal of Materials Science 05/2012; 45(7):1942-1946. · 2.02 Impact Factor
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03/2012; , ISBN: 978-953-51-0226-7
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ABSTRACT: Biopolymer nanocomposites, which have attracted much attention due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility, have been prepared by melt blending polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) and two types of organoclay (OMMT) include octadecylamine-montmorillonite (ODA-MMT) and fatty hydroxamic acid- montmorillonite (FHA-MMT). Materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties were also investigated for these nanocomposites. The nanocomposites showed increasing mechanical properties and thermal stability. XRD results indicated that the materials formed intercalated nanocomposites. SEM morphology showed that increasing content of OMMT reduces the domain size of phase separated particles. Additionally, a solution casting process has been used to prepare these nanocomposites and characterized to compare these results with above process. These nanocomposites offer potential for diversification and application of biopolymer due to their good properties such as improved thermal and mechanical properties.
Journal of Applied Sciences. 01/2010;
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ABSTRACT: Fatty thiohydroxamic acids (FTAs) have been successfully synthesized from palm olein and thiohydroxamic acid by a one-step lipase catalyzed reaction. The use of immobilized lipase (Lipozyme RMIM) as the catalyst for the preparation reaction provides an easy isolation of the enzyme from the products and other components in the reaction mixture. The FTAs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) technique and elemental analysis. The highest conversion percentage (95 %) was obtained when the process was carried out for 30 hours using urea to palm oil ratio of 6.0: 1.0 at 40 °C. The method employed offers several advantages such as renewable and abundant of the raw material, simple reaction procedure, environmentally friendly process and high yield of the product.
Journal of oleo science 01/2010; 59(11):569-73. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Fatty amides have been successfully synthesized from palm olein and urea by a one-step lipase catalyzed reaction. The use of immobilized lipase as the catalyst for the preparation reaction provides an easy isolation of the enzyme from the products and other components in the reaction mixture. The fatty amides were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) technique and elemental analysis. The highest conversion percentage (96%) was obtained when the process was carried out for 36 hours using urea to palm oil ratio of 5.2: 1.0 at 40 degrees C. The method employed offers several advantages such as renewable and abundant of the raw material, simple reaction procedure, environmentally friendly process and high yield of the product.
Journal of oleo science 01/2010; 59(2):59-64. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Difatty acyl thiourea (DFAT), which has biological activities as antibiotics and antifungal, has been synthesized from palm oil and thiourea using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. Ethyl fatty ester (EFE) and glycerol were produced as by-products. The synthesis was carried out by reflux palm oil with thiourea in ethanol. In this process, palm oil converted to about 81% pure DFAT after 11 hour and molar ratio of thiourea to palm oil was 6.0: 1 at 78 degrees C. Elemental analysis, Fourier transform iInfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique were used to characterize both DFAT and EFE.
Journal of oleo science 01/2010; 59(5):229-33. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, difatty acyl urea has been successfully synthesized from corn oil using sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. Ethyl fatty ester and glycerol were produced as by-products. In this reaction, corn oil was refluxed with urea in ethanol. The highest conversion percentage (78%) was obtained when the process was carried out for 8 hours using urea to corn oil ratio of 5.6: 1.0 at 78 degrees C. Both difatty acyl urea and ethyl fatty ester have been characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
Journal of oleo science 01/2010; 59(3):157-60. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, fatty haydroxamic acids (FHAs), which have biological activities as antibiotics and antifungal, have been synthesized via refluxing of triacylglycrides, palm olein, palm stearin or corn oil with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The products were characterized using the complex formation test of hydroxamic acid group with zinc(I), copper(II) and iron(III), various technique methods including nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Parameters that may affect the conversion of oils to FHAs including the effect of reaction time, effect of organic solvent and effect of hydro/oil molar issue were also investigated in this study. Results of characterization indicate that FHAs were successfully produced from triacylglycrides. The conversion percentages of palm stearin, palm olein and corn oil into their fatty hydroxamic acids are 82, 81 and 78, respectively. Results also showed that hexane is the best organic solvent to produce the FHAs from the three oils used in this study. The optimum reaction time to achieve the maximum conversion percentage of the oils to FHAs was found to be 10 hours for all the three oils, while the optimum molar ration of hydro/to oil was found to be 7:1 for all the different three oils.
Journal of oleo science 01/2010; 59(1):15-9. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: N,N'-Carbonyl difatty amides (CDFAs) have been synthesized from palm oil using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. Ethyl fatty esters (EFEs) were produced as a by-product as well as glycerol. The synthesis was carried out by reflux palm oil and urea in presence of ethanol. In this process, palm oil gave 79% pure CDFAs after 8 hours and molar ratio of urea to palm oil was 6.2: 1 at 78 degrees C. Both CDFAs and EFEs have been characterized using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
Journal of oleo science 02/2009; 58(9):467-71. · 1.42 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Problem statement: Sodium Montmorillonite (Na-MMT) has been modified via cation exchange reaction using Fatty Hydroxamic Acids (FHAs) synthesized from palm oil as a surfactant to produce organoclay which is used to prepare polymer nanocomposites. Approach: Basal spacing, functional groups identification and thermal stability of this Organo-Montmorillonite (OMMT) were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) respectively. Elemental analysis was also used to know the composition of OMMT. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was also investigated in this study. Results: The (XRD) results showed that the basal spacing of the treated clay with FHA increased to 31Å. The highest d-spacing was observed at 1.8 CEC. FTIR spectra illustrate that FHA compound was successfully intercalated into the clay layers. Tthermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal decomposition of organoclay occurs in four steps. Conclusion: The new organic cation (FHA) was used to modify montmorollonite clay in an attempt to create susceptible clay to polymers. In future, we may predict any derivative of fatty nitrogen compounds can be used as a surfactant for clay modification.
American Journal of Applied Sciences. 01/2009;
