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ABSTRACT: This study was performed to investigate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the conversion of linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and α-linolenic acid (α-LNA) as substrates by Bifidobacterium breve LMC520 and to optimize the HHP condition. Cell mixture were tested under HHP in a variety of conditions such as temperature, time, pressure, and pre- or post-treatment with substrates. The cis-9,trans-11 CLA producing activity of B. breve LMC520 was increased by HHP, whereas trans-9,trans-11 CLA producing activity was decreased. Optimal HHP conditions for the highest CLA production were obtained at 100 MPa for 12 h at 37 °C. Post-treatment groups showed higher conversion activity of substrates than pretreatment groups. Post-treatment groups decreased trans-9,trans-11 CLA and other CLnA, whereas the pretreatment groups increased them. It is concluded that HHP treatment could be an important factor to enhance CLA and CLnA production and for reducing trans-fatty acids.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 09/2012; · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of fruit extracts (lemon and Japanese apricot) combined
with red-ginseng on the endurance and availability of metabolic substrates in ICR mice. Administration of the fruit extracts
and red-ginseng (RG) (1:1) significantly increased swimming capacity, by 40%, with increased expenditures of non-esterified
fatty acids and triglycerides in the plasma of the mice after 1 week of feeding. There was no significant increase in swimming
capacity with the fruit extract alone. These results suggest that the fruit extract could synergistically elevate the effects
of red-ginseng on swimming capacity in the mice by increasing fat utilization and reducing the consumption of stored glucose.
Keywordslemon or Japanese apricot-red-ginseng-endurance capacity-swimming-synergism
Food science and biotechnology 04/2012; 19(1):267-270. · 0.49 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The synergistic action between Thermobifida fusca exocellulase Cel6B and endocellulase Cel5A on sodium hydroxide pretreated bacterial cellulose (BC) was determined. The activities
of Cel6B and Cel5A were tested singly and both activities were dramatically increased on pretreated BC, especially in the
early stage of hydrolysis. Cel5A, which attacks the cellulose chain randomly, showed a larger increase on NaOH treated BC
than Cel6B. Mixtures of the two enzymes were also able to degrade NaOH treated BC faster than BC and the kinetics of the mixture
differed from that of the individual enzymes. The degree of synergistic effect (DSE) on BC decreased dramatically with time
of hydrolysis. However, the DSE on NaOH treated BC was almost constant throughout the incubation, with a smaller effect at
higher NaOH concentrations. The change caused by NaOH did not increase the DSE, although each individual cellulase activity
increased. This showed that synergistic activity was more effective on recalcitrant cellulose, which requires effective cooperation
between the cellulase components for hydrolysis.
Cellulose 04/2012; 15(3):465-471. · 3.60 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, we demonstrate that a bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) ethanol extract (RCE) exhibits the strong histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitory activity, and shows specificity against
the p300 HAT enzyme. RCE specifically inhibited p300 acetyltransferase activities with an IC50 of approximately 70 μg/mL, but did not inhibit other epigenetic enzymes. We found that RCE inhibited agonist-dependent androgen
receptor (AR) acetylation and suppressed androgen-induced AR transcriptional activity. RCE treatment also decreased the enhancement
of AR transcriptional activity caused by p300 overexpression, and combined treatment with RCE potentiated the activity of
the AR antagonist flutamide. Finally, RCE treatment reduced the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells via inhibition
of cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression, and concomitantly induced apoptosis. Collectively, our results suggest that therapeutic
targeting of AR acetylation by HATi could lead to a new class of antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Keywords
bokbunja
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Rubus coreanus
–histone acetyltransferase–androgen receptor–prostate cancer
Food science and biotechnology 04/2012; 19(6):1503-1511. · 0.49 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study we employed Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and X-ray diffraction to monitor the molecular weight and crystallinity
of bacterial cellulose I and II (BC-I, BC-II) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) digested with three “pure” Thermobifida fusca cellulases (Cel6A, Cel6B, and Cel9A ). For each enzyme, cellulose crystallinity was found to increase modestly with treatment
time. The digestion rate of BC-II was higher than that of BC-I for Cel6A and Cel9A, both endocellulases. SEC results show
that the endocellulases create a very rapid decrease in cellulose molecular weight while a slower molecular weight loss was
observed with Cel6B, an exocellulase. This work suggests that conversion of native cellulose I to cellulose II by mercerization
may beneficially impact the rate of sugar release by cellulases from biomass. In general, lower conversion rates are observed
for MCC compared to BC, possibly due to a higher initial crystallinity for MCC. Surface area effects may also be important.
Cellulose 04/2012; 14(4):283-293. · 3.60 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study was performed to characterize natural CLnA isomer production by Bifidobacterium breve LMC520 of human origin in comparison to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. B. breve LMC520 was found to be highly active in terms of CLnA production, of which the major portion was identified as cis-9,trans-11,cis-15 CLnA isomer by GC-MS and NMR analysis. B. breve LMC520 was incubated for 48 h using MRS medium (containing 0.05% L-cysteine · HCl) under different environmental conditions such as atmosphere, pH, and substrate concentration. The high conversion rate of α-linolenic acid (α-LNA) to CLnA (99%) was retained up to 2 mM α-LNA, and the production was proportionally increased nearly 7-fold with 8 mM by the 6 h of incubation under anaerobic conditions at a wide range of pH values (between 5 and 9). When α-LNA was compared with linoleic acid (LA) as a substrate for isomerization by B. breve LMC520, the conversion of α-LNA was higher than that of LA. These results demonstrated that specific CLnA isomer could be produced through active bacterial conversion at an optimized condition. Because many conjugated octadecatrienoic acids in nature are shown to play many positive roles, the noble isomer found in this study has potential as a functional source.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 03/2012; 60(12):3204-10. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We examined the biological effect of gallic acid (GA) as a nuclear factor (NF)-κB acetyltransferase inhibitor on microglial-mediated β-amyloid neurotoxicity and restorative effects on the Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction.
The protective effects of GA on the survival of neuronal cells were assessed with an MTT assay and a co-culture system. For the co-culture experiments, both BV-2 and primary microglia cells were treated with GA prior to Aβ stimulation, and conditioned media were transferred to Neuro-2A cells. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines in both microglia and Neuro-2A cells were assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) acetylation with GA treatment resulted in reduced cytokine production in microglia cells and protection of neuronal cells from Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, we observed a restorative effect of GA on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice with Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Finally, we found that GA treatment efficiently blocked neuronal cell death by downregulating the expression of cytokines and the in vivo levels of NF-κB acetylation.
These results suggest that selective inhibition of NF-κB acetylation by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor GA is a possible therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammatory progression of Alzheimer disease.
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 12/2011; 55(12):1798-808. · 4.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, the protective effects of 17 Korean native plants against amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-induced oxidative stress were screened using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Ipomoea batatas exerted the highest protective effects against oxidative stress and was selected for further investigation. To confirm the protective activity of this extract, the I. batatas extract was fed to ICR mice that had been injected with Aβ to induce neuronal deficits. In these experiments, the extract of I. batatas significantly reversed Aβ-induced neurotoxicity as assessed by the passive avoidance test, a behavioral experiment. Moreover, I. batatas administration reduced the level of lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activities in biochemical studies using the brain tissue of mice. These results indicate that I. batatas might be beneficial against Alzheimer's disease, especially by limiting oxidative stress in the brain.
Journal of medicinal food 03/2011; 14(3):304-9. · 1.39 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study was performed to characterize the ability of an active Bifidobacterium strain to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and to test its possible utilization as a probiotic compatible to the ruminal condition. Bifidobacterium breve LMC520 can actively convert linoleic acid (LA) to cis-9,trans-11-CLA, which is a major isomer derived from microbial conversion. LMC520 showed reasonable tolerance under acidic conditions (pH 2.5 with 1% pepsin) and in the presence of oxgall (0-3%). The growth and CLA production of LMC520 were tested under ruminal conditions and compared with those of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38, which is a major CLA producer in the rumen as an intermediate in the biohydrogenation (BH) process. LMC520 converted 15% of LA to CLA under ruminal conditions, which was 2 times higher activity than that of A38, and there was no decline in CLA level during prolonged incubation of 48 h. The BH activity of LMC520 was comparable to that of A38. When LMC520 was cocultured with A38, even with slight decrease of CLA due to high BH activity by A38, but the level of CLA was maintained by the high CLA-producing activity of LMC520. This comparative study shows the potential of this strain to be applied as a functional probiotic not only for humans but also for ruminants as well as to increase CLA production.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 02/2011; 59(3):984-8. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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Jae Kyeom Kim,
Soo Jung Choi,
Hyeri Bae,
Cho Rong Kim,
Hong-Yon Cho, Young Jun Kim,
Seung Taik Lim,
Chang-Ju Kim,
Hye Kyung Kim,
Sabrina Peterson,
Dong Hoon Shin
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ABSTRACT: Previously, we identified methoxsalen (8-methoxy-2',3',6,7-furocoumarin) as the bioactive compound probably responsible for acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibition achieved by feeding crude extract of Poncirus trifoliate. To confirm the activity of methoxsalen, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were fed a control or a methoxsalen-supplemented diet for 4 weeks, and then learning and memory enhancing effects with respect to trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurotoxicity were evaluated. The brain tissues of ICR mice were dissected after completion of the behavioral tests for biochemical analysis. Methoxsalen effectively reversed TMT-induced memory impairment on both Y-maze and passive avoidance tests. Brain AchE activity was inhibited by the oral consumption of all concentrations of methoxsalen. Moreover, the level of oxidative stress was significantly ameliorated in the groups on methodsalen containing diets. This is the first in vivo study conducted with methoxsalen in the field of AD research, and it indicates that further investigation of methoxsalen is warranted.
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 01/2011; 75(10):1984-9. · 1.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The generation of oxygen free radicals and oxidative damage is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Eriobotrya japonica has been used to treat several diseases in East Asia. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of an E. japonica extract against Aβ peptide-induced oxidative stress. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay demonstrated that the E. japonica extract scavenged approximately 40% of DPPH radicals. Also, treatment of the E. japonica extract inhibited Aβ(1-42)-mediated neuronal cell death. Furthermore, treatment of E. japonica extract efficiently suppressed the increase in intracellular ROS triggered by the Aβ(1-42) peptide. Importantly, mice pre-treated with the E. japonica extract showed restoration of alternation behavior and reversal of Aβ(1-42)-induced memory impairment. Consequently, the E. japonica extract substantially inhibited the increase in lipid peroxidation and restored superoxide dismutase activity. These results suggest that E. japonica protects from oxidative stress and cognitive deficits induced by the Aβ peptide.
Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 12/2010; 49(4):780-4. · 2.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: As green tea is being consumed in larger amounts, more green tea waste is being produced. Following extraction, several bioactive compounds may exist in the waste including polyphenols and amino acids. It was found that an Aspergillus niger cellulase treatment of green tea waste increased the extractability of various nutritional and functional components after pretreatments with various extraction solvents such as cold water (CW), hot water (HW), sulfuric acid (SA), hydrochloric acid (HA), and methanol (Me). After the residue was treated with cellulase from Aspergillus niger, the amounts of polyphenols, total catechins, and reducing sugars in the HW extract were increased by 64.6, 941.2, and 350.9%, respectively. In particular, levels of epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid were significantly enhanced compared to those in the nontreated control. However, protein extraction was not significantly affected, and cellulase treatment was not more efficient for caffeine extraction compared to phenolic extraction. Among the four extraction solvents, HW and SA showed relatively higher extractabilities as compared to the other groups (CW, HA, and Me). These results indicate that cellulase from A. niger can increase the extractability of green tea waste when combined with certain solvent pretreatments. Consequently, the residual functional compounds and essential nutrients from cellulase-treated green tea waste have the potential to be applied in the production of new functional foods.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10/2010; 58(19):10747-51. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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Han-Cheon Kim,
Kyung-Chul Choi,
Hyo-Kyoung Choi,
Hee-Bum Kang,
Mi-Jeong Kim,
Yoo-Hyun Lee,
Ok-Hee Lee,
Jeongmin Lee, Young Jun Kim,
Woojin Jun,
Jae-Wook Jeong,
Ho-Geun Yoon
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ABSTRACT: We identified CREB3 as a novel HDAC3-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen for HDAC3-interacting proteins. Among all class I HDACs, CREB3 specifically interacts with HDAC3, in vitro and in vivo. HDAC3 efficiently inhibited CREB3-enhanced NF-κB activation, whereas the other class I HDACs did not alter NF-κB-dependent promoter activities or the expression of NF-κB target genes. Importantly, both knock-down of CREB3 and overexpression of HDAC3 suppressed the transcriptional activation of the novel CREB3-regulated gene, CXCR4. Furthermore, CREB3 was shown to bind to the CRE element in the CXCR4 promoter and to activate the transcription of the CXCR4 gene by causing dissociation of HDAC3 and subsequently increasing histone acetylation. Importantly, both the depletion of HDAC3 and the overexpression of CREB3 substantially increased the migration of MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that HDAC3 selectively represses CREB3-mediated transcriptional activation and chemotactic signalling in human metastatic breast cancer cells.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS 10/2010; 67(20):3499-510. · 6.57 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), in the form of free fatty acid (FFA-CLA) or triacylglycerol (TG-CLA), on serum and liver lipid composition and gene expression associated with lipogenesis and β-oxidation in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Animals were fed a control diet, HFD, HFD supplemented with 2% FFA-CLA, or HFD supplemented with 2% TG-CLA for 8 weeks. Supplementation with both forms of CLA significantly reduced the weights of whole body and adipose tissue and was positively associated with significant liver enlargement. Both forms of CLA significantly decreased serum TG concentration, but had no effect on total cholesterol levels, which were increased in mice fed HFD. There was a prominent increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in mice that received either form of CLA. TG accumulation and lipogenic gene expression, including the expression of genes for fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), and malic enzyme, were significantly lower in the livers of mice that received TG-CLA as compared to FFA-CLA. The gene expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in both liver and adipose tissue were suppressed in mice that were fed either form of CLA as compared to the mice fed HFD alone, whereas there were no increases in the levels of expression of β-oxidation-related genes. These findings demonstrated that free and esterified forms of CLA have differing effects on liver and adipose tissue lipogenesis.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 10/2010; · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This is the first report that L(3)mbt-like 2 (L3MBTL2) specifically interacts with the histone deacetylase domain of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) via its MBT domain. Here, we show that L3MBTL2 selectively interacts with HDAC3, but not other class I HDACs. An in vitro peptide-binding assay demonstrated the specific association of HDAC3 with methylated histone-K20 tail and L3MBTL2. Furthermore, depletion of HDAC3 resulted in a decrease of methylated K20-H4, as well as an increase in acetylated histone H3. Consequently, HDAC3 knock-down selectively suppressed L3MBTL2-mediated transcriptional repression. Taken together, our results reveal the concerted action of both HDAC3 and L3MBTL2 in histone deacetylation and methylation-dependent transcriptional repression.
FEBS letters 04/2010; 584(11):2225-30. · 3.54 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To determine the effects of kaempferol, rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were utilized as neuronal models. Using in vitro assays, kaempferol was shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Administration of kaempferol also significantly reversed amyloid beta peptide (Abeta)-induced impaired performance in a Y-maze test. Taken altogether, the results reported here suggest that further investigation is warranted of the influence of kaempferol on pathways related to Alzheimer's disease.
Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 02/2010; 74(2):397-401. · 1.28 Impact Factor
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Yong-Cheng Jin,
Hong-Gu Lee,
Cheng-Xiong Xu,
Jeng-A Han,
Seong-Ho Choi,
Man-Kang Song, Young-Jun Kim,
Ki-Beom Lee,
Seon-Ku Kim,
Han-Seok Kang,
Byung-Wook Cho,
Teak-Soon Shin,
Yun-Jaie Choi
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ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to investigate the amount of CLA synthesized endogenously by rat mammary tissues in response to TVA (a precursor for cis-9, trans-11 CLA endogenous synthesis) treatment as well as the differences in the protein expression of genes encoding the biosynthesis of CLA in rat mammary tissue and mouse mammary gland epithelia cells (HC11). Treatment with TVA resulted in improved CLA productivity. Furthermore, 2-DE revealed two spots in samples of mammary tissues and one spot in samples of mammary gland epithelia cells (HC11) that were consistently altered in the TVA treatment groups when compared with the control group (non-fatty acid). The mRNA expression patterns of three of the proteins (PDI, PRDX2, LAMR1), as measured by real-time PCR, were similar to the pattern of protein abundance. In addition, the expression of SCD mRNA in the mammary tissue of rats and HC11 cell treated with TVA was higher than in the control group. Our results suggest that the identified proteins may be related to CLA biosynthesis in mammary tissue.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 11/2009; 1804(4):745-51. · 4.66 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by rumen bacteria is closely related to biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA) and affected by various environmental factors. Ruminal biohydrogenation and isomerization were characterized in view of incubation conditions using a mixed culture of microorganisms obtained from surgically prepared cows. Free-floating bacteria (FFB) produced more CLA than particle-attached bacteria (PAB). Some major factors affecting the ruminal environment such as diet, concentrations of fat substrates, incubation time, pre-incubation, and the presence of glucose in the medium were found to be important determinants for the ruminal production of CLA and in a close relationship with biohydrogenation. The mixed bacterial culture, which was pre-exposed to LA, produced more CLA than an unexposed control in a medium containing 30% rumen fluid. The rate of conversion of fat substrate (LA) to hydrogenated products (trans-C18:1, C18:0) was negatively correlated with the initial LA concentration. Overall, the present study showed that CLA accumulation can be increased by modification of diet-induced environmental conditions, which affect changes in ruminal microflora.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 09/2009; 57(19):9263-7. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study was performed to characterize the CLA production ability of a bacterial strain, Bifidobacterium breve LMC 520, which can actively convert linoleic acid (LA) to cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a major isomer derived from microbial enzymatic conversion. The culture conditions were optimized to improve CLA production under the aerobic conditions. B. breve LMC 520 was tested with different amounts of LA in varied culture conditions, such as air, additives, and pH. A maximal level of CLA production (up to 90% of substrate) was obtained after 24 h of incubation in culture medium containing 1 mM LA at pH 5.5 and under anaerobic conditions. There was no decline in the CLA level with prolonged incubation until 48 h. When the effect of pre-incubation with LA on CLA production was tested, there was no significant difference between the CLA-producing activity of pre-incubated and untreated bacteria at the third passage but there was a significant reduction in CLA production by the pre-incubated cells after the fourth passage. These results demonstrate that the CLA-producing activity of B. breve LMC 520 could be maximized by numerous environmental factors. The data also indicate its potential for increasing CLA accumulation in dairy products when B. breve LMC 520 is used as a functional starter culture.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 08/2009; 57(16):7571-5. · 2.82 Impact Factor
