Toshihisa Takagi

Publications of Toshihisa Takagi

• The DNA Data Bank of Japan launches a new resource, the DDBJ Omics Archive of functional genomics experiments.

  Authors: Yuichi Kodama, Jun Mashima, Eli Kaminuma, Takashi Gojobori, Osamu Ogasawara, Toshihisa Takagi, Kousaku Okubo, Yasukazu Nakamura

  Nucleic acids research. 11/2011; 40(Database issue):D38-42.

  The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ; http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) maintains and provides archival, retrieval and analytical resources for biological information. The central DDBJ resource consists ofThe DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ; http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) maintains and provides archival, retrieval and analytical resources for biological information. The central DDBJ resource consists of public, open-access nucleotide sequence databases including raw sequence reads, assembly information and functional annotation. Database content is exchanged with EBI and NCBI within the framework of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). In 2011, DDBJ launched two new resources: the 'DDBJ Omics Archive' (DOR; http://trace.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/dor) and BioProject (http://trace.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/bioproject). DOR is an archival database of functional genomics data generated by microarray and highly parallel new generation sequencers. Data are exchanged between the ArrayExpress at EBI and DOR in the common MAGE-TAB format. BioProject provides an organizational framework to access metadata about research projects and the data from the projects that are deposited into different databases. In this article, we describe major changes and improvements introduced to the DDBJ services, and the launch of two new resources: DOR and BioProject.

• Functional Interpretation of Omics Data by Profiling Genes and Diseases Using MeSH�Controlled Vocabulary

  Authors: Takeru Nakazato, Hidemasa Bono, Toshihisa Takagi

  11/2011;

  ISBN: 978-953-307-305-7

• The 2nd DBCLS BioHackathon: interoperable bioinformatics Web services for integrated applications.

  Authors: Toshiaki Katayama, Mark D Wilkinson, Rutger Vos, Takeshi Kawashima, Shuichi Kawashima, Mitsuteru Nakao, Yasunori Yamamoto, Hong-Woo Chun, Atsuko Yamaguchi, Shin Kawano [......] Martin Senger, Jessica Severin, Yasumasa Shigemoto, Hideaki Sugawara, James Taylor, Oswaldo Trelles, Chisato Yamasaki, Riu Yamashita, Noriyuki Satoh, Toshihisa Takagi

  Journal of biomedical semantics. 08/2011; 2:4.

  ABSTRACT: The interaction between biological researchers and the bioinformatics tools they use is still hampered by incomplete interoperability between such tools. To ensure interoperabilityABSTRACT: The interaction between biological researchers and the bioinformatics tools they use is still hampered by incomplete interoperability between such tools. To ensure interoperability initiatives are effectively deployed, end-user applications need to be aware of, and support, best practices and standards. Here, we report on an initiative in which software developers and genome biologists came together to explore and raise awareness of these issues: BioHackathon 2009. Developers in attendance came from diverse backgrounds, with experts in Web services, workflow tools, text mining and visualization. Genome biologists provided expertise and exemplar data from the domains of sequence and pathway analysis and glyco-informatics. One goal of the meeting was to evaluate the ability to address real world use cases in these domains using the tools that the developers represented. This resulted in i) a workflow to annotate 100,000 sequences from an invertebrate species; ii) an integrated system for analysis of the transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) enriched based on differential gene expression data obtained from a microarray experiment; iii) a workflow to enumerate putative physical protein interactions among enzymes in a metabolic pathway using protein structure data; iv) a workflow to analyze glyco-gene-related diseases by searching for human homologs of glyco-genes in other species, such as fruit flies, and retrieving their phenotype-annotated SNPs. Beyond deriving prototype solutions for each use-case, a second major purpose of the BioHackathon was to highlight areas of insufficiency. We discuss the issues raised by our exploration of the problem/solution space, concluding that there are still problems with the way Web services are modeled and annotated, including: i) the absence of several useful data or analysis functions in the Web service "space"; ii) the lack of documentation of methods; iii) lack of compliance with the SOAP/WSDL specification among and between various programming-language libraries; and iv) incompatibility between various bioinformatics data formats. Although it was still difficult to solve real world problems posed to the developers by the biological researchers in attendance because of these problems, we note the promise of addressing these issues within a semantic framework.

• Tutorial videos of bioinformatics resources: online distribution trial in Japan named TogoTV.

  Authors: Shin Kawano, Hiromasa Ono, Toshihisa Takagi, Hidemasa Bono

  Briefings in bioinformatics. 07/2011; 13(2):258-68.

  In recent years, biological web resources such as databases and tools have become more complex because of the enormous amounts of data generated in the field of life sciences. Traditional methods ofIn recent years, biological web resources such as databases and tools have become more complex because of the enormous amounts of data generated in the field of life sciences. Traditional methods of distributing tutorials include publishing textbooks and posting web documents, but these static contents cannot adequately describe recent dynamic web services. Due to improvements in computer technology, it is now possible to create dynamic content such as video with minimal effort and low cost on most modern computers. The ease of creating and distributing video tutorials instead of static content improves accessibility for researchers, annotators and curators. This article focuses on online video repositories for educational and tutorial videos provided by resource developers and users. It also describes a project in Japan named TogoTV (http://togotv.dbcls.jp/en/) and discusses the production and distribution of high-quality tutorial videos, which would be useful to viewer, with examples. This article intends to stimulate and encourage researchers who develop and use databases and tools to distribute how-to videos as a tool to enhance product usability.

• Interactive, multiscale navigation of large and complicated biological networks.

  Authors: Thanet Praneenararat, Toshihisa Takagi, Wataru Iwasaki

  Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 02/2011; 27(8):1121-7.

  Many types of omics data are compiled as lists of connections between elements and visualized as networks or graphs where the nodes and edges correspond to the elements and the connections,Many types of omics data are compiled as lists of connections between elements and visualized as networks or graphs where the nodes and edges correspond to the elements and the connections, respectively. However, these networks often appear as 'hair-balls'-with a large number of extremely tangled edges-and cannot be visually interpreted. We present an interactive, multiscale navigation method for biological networks. Our approach can automatically and rapidly abstract any portion of a large network of interest to an immediately interpretable extent. The method is based on an ultrafast graph clustering technique that abstracts networks of about 100 000 nodes in a second by iteratively grouping densely connected portions and a biological-property-based clustering technique that takes advantage of biological information often provided for biological entities (e.g. Gene Ontology terms). It was confirmed to be effective by applying it to real yeast protein network data, and would greatly help modern biologists faced with large, complicated networks in a similar manner to how Web mapping services enable interactive multiscale navigation of geographical maps (e.g. Google Maps). Java implementation of our method, named NaviCluster, is available at http://navicluster.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/. thanet@cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

• Bio-molecular Event Extraction with Markov Logic.

  Authors: Sebastian Riedel, Rune Sætre, Hong-Woo Chun, Toshihisa Takagi, Jun-ichi Tsujii

  Computational Intelligence. 01/2011; 27:558-582.

• Discriminative Application of String Similarity Methods to Chemical and Non-chemical Names for Biomedical Abbreviation Clustering.

  Authors: Atsuko Yamaguchi, Yasunori Yamamoto, Jin-Dong Kim, Toshihisa Takagi, Akinori Yonezawa

  IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, BIBM 2011, Atlanta, GA, USA, 12-15 November, 2011; 01/2011

• Interactive, multiscale navigation of large and complicated biological networks.

  Authors: Thanet Praneenararat, Toshihisa Takagi, Wataru Iwasaki

  Bioinformatics. 01/2011; 27:1121-1127.

• Allie: a database and a search service of abbreviations and long forms.

  Authors: Yasunori Yamamoto, Atsuko Yamaguchi, Hidemasa Bono, Toshihisa Takagi

  Database : the journal of biological databases and curation. 01/2011; 2011:bar013.

  Many abbreviations are used in the literature especially in the life sciences, and polysemous abbreviations appear frequently, making it difficult to read and understand scientific papers that areMany abbreviations are used in the literature especially in the life sciences, and polysemous abbreviations appear frequently, making it difficult to read and understand scientific papers that are outside of a reader's expertise. Thus, we have developed Allie, a database and a search service of abbreviations and their long forms (a.k.a. full forms or definitions). Allie searches for abbreviations and their corresponding long forms in a database that we have generated based on all titles and abstracts in MEDLINE. When a user query matches an abbreviation, Allie returns all potential long forms of the query along with their bibliographic data (i.e. title and publication year). In addition, for each candidate, co-occurring abbreviations and a research field in which it frequently appears in the MEDLINE data are displayed. This function helps users learn about the context in which an abbreviation appears. To deal with synonymous long forms, we use a dictionary called GENA that contains domain-specific terms such as gene, protein or disease names along with their synonymic information. Conceptually identical domain-specific terms are regarded as one term, and then conceptually identical abbreviation-long form pairs are grouped taking into account their appearance in MEDLINE. To keep up with new abbreviations that are continuously introduced, Allie has an automatic update system. In addition, the database of abbreviations and their long forms with their corresponding PubMed IDs is constructed and updated weekly. Database URL: The Allie service is available at http://allie.dbcls.jp/.

• INOH: ontology-based highly structured database of signal transduction pathways.

  Authors: Satoko Yamamoto, Noriko Sakai, Hiromi Nakamura, Hiroshi Fukagawa, Ken Fukuda, Toshihisa Takagi

  Database : the journal of biological databases and curation. 01/2011; 2011:bar052.

  The Integrating Network Objects with Hierarchies (INOH) database is a highly structured, manually curated database of signal transduction pathways including Mammalia, Xenopus laevis, DrosophilaThe Integrating Network Objects with Hierarchies (INOH) database is a highly structured, manually curated database of signal transduction pathways including Mammalia, Xenopus laevis, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and canonical. Since most pathway knowledge resides in scientific articles, the database focuses on curating and encoding textual knowledge into a machine-processable form. We use a hierarchical pathway representation model with a compound graph, and every pathway component in the INOH database is annotated by a set of uniquely developed ontologies. Finally, we developed the Similarity Search using the combination of a compound graph and hierarchical ontologies. The INOH database is to be a good resource for many users who want to analyze a large protein network. INOH ontologies and 73 signal transduction and 29 metabolic pathway diagrams (including over 6155 interactions and 3395 protein entities) are freely available in INOH XML and BioPAX formats. Database URL: http://www.inoh.org/

• DDBJ progress report.

  Authors: Eli Kaminuma, Takehide Kosuge, Yuichi Kodama, Hideo Aono, Jun Mashima, Takashi Gojobori, Hideaki Sugawara, Osamu Ogasawara, Toshihisa Takagi, Kousaku Okubo, Yasukazu Nakamura

  Nucleic acids research. 11/2010; 39(Database issue):D22-7.

  The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ, http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) provides a nucleotide sequence archive database and accompanying database tools for sequence submission, entry retrieval and annotationThe DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ, http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) provides a nucleotide sequence archive database and accompanying database tools for sequence submission, entry retrieval and annotation analysis. The DDBJ collected and released 3,637,446 entries/2,272,231,889 bases between July 2009 and June 2010. A highlight of the released data was archive datasets from next-generation sequencing reads of Japanese rice cultivar, Koshihikari submitted by the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences. In this period, we started a new archive for quantitative genomics data, the DDBJ Omics aRchive (DOR). The DOR stores quantitative data both from the microarray and high-throughput new sequencing platforms. Moreover, we improved the content of the DDBJ patent sequence, released a new submission tool of the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive (DRA) which archives massive raw sequencing reads, and enhanced a cloud computing-based analytical system from sequencing reads, the DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline. In this article, we describe these new functions of the DDBJ databases and support tools.

• An intuitive, informative, and most balanced representation of phylogenetic topologies.

  Authors: Wataru Iwasaki, Toshihisa Takagi

  Systematic biology. 10/2010; 59(5):584-93.

  The recent explosion in the availability of genetic sequence data has made large-scale phylogenetic inference routine in many life sciences laboratories. The outcomes of such analyses are, typically,The recent explosion in the availability of genetic sequence data has made large-scale phylogenetic inference routine in many life sciences laboratories. The outcomes of such analyses are, typically, a variety of candidate phylogenetic relationships or tree topologies, even when the power of genome-scale data is exploited. Because much phylogenetic information must be buried in such topology distributions, it is important to reveal that information as effectively as possible; however, existing methods need to adopt complex structures to represent such information. Hence, researchers, in particular those not experts in evolutionary studies, sometimes hesitate to adopt these methods and much phylogenetic information could be overlooked and wasted. In this paper, we propose the centroid wheel tree representation, which is an informative representation of phylogenetic topology distributions, and which can be readily interpreted even by nonexperts. Furthermore, we mathematically prove this to be the most balanced representation of phylogenetic topologies and efficiently solvable in the framework of the traveling salesman problem, for which very sophisticated program packages are available. This theoretically and practically superior representation should aid biologists faced with abundant data. The centroid representation introduced here is fairly general, so it can be applied to other fields that are characterized by high-dimensional solution spaces and large quantities of noisy data. The software is implemented in Java and available via http://cwt.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/.

• TogoWS: integrated SOAP and REST APIs for interoperable bioinformatics Web services.

  Authors: Toshiaki Katayama, Mitsuteru Nakao, Toshihisa Takagi

  Nucleic acids research. 07/2010; 38(Web Server issue):W706-11.

  Web services have become widely used in bioinformatics analysis, but there exist incompatibilities in interfaces and data types, which prevent users from making full use of a combination of theseWeb services have become widely used in bioinformatics analysis, but there exist incompatibilities in interfaces and data types, which prevent users from making full use of a combination of these services. Therefore, we have developed the TogoWS service to provide an integrated interface with advanced features. In the TogoWS REST (REpresentative State Transfer) API (application programming interface), we introduce a unified access method for major database resources through intuitive URIs that can be used to search, retrieve, parse and convert the database entries. The TogoWS SOAP API resolves compatibility issues found on the server and client-side SOAP implementations. The TogoWS service is freely available at: http://togows.dbcls.jp/.

• Figure classification in biomedical literature to elucidate disease mechanisms, based on pathways.

  Authors: Natsu Ishii, Asako Koike, Yasunori Yamamoto, Toshihisa Takagi

  Artificial intelligence in medicine. 07/2010; 49(3):135-43.

  As more full-text biomedical papers are becoming available in digitized form online, there is a need for tools to mine information from all parts of such papers. Because the figures andAs more full-text biomedical papers are becoming available in digitized form online, there is a need for tools to mine information from all parts of such papers. Because the figures and legends/captions in biomedical papers provide important information about research outcomes, mining techniques targeting them have attracted a great deal of attention. In this study, we focused on pathway figures that illustrate signaling or metabolic pathways, because many of these are important in understanding disease mechanism(s). We developed a figure classification system based on textual information contained in biomedical papers to provide an automated acquisition system for such pathway figures. We used full-text journal articles available on PubMed Central as our data set. We used several supervised machine learning methods, such as decision tree and a support vector machine, to classify figures in the data set. We compared the classification performance among the cases using only figure legends, using only sentences referring to the figure in the main text of the article, and combining figure legends with sentences referring to the figure in the main text of the article. Compared with previous related work, a sufficiently high performance was achieved with the figure legends alone. The performance with the sentences referring to the figure in the main text was actually lower than that with the figure legends alone, indicating that focusing on the main text alone is inadequate. The combination of legend and main text clearly had an effect, but including the prior and following sentences in addition to the sentence referring to the figure dramatically improved the performance. We developed an automatic pathway figure classification system based on both figure legends and the main text that has quite a high degree of accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to address a figure classification task using legends and the main text, and it may provide a first stage for achieving efficient figure mining.

• Ligand-binding site prediction of proteins based on known fragment-fragment interactions.

  Authors: Kota Kasahara, Kengo Kinoshita, Toshihisa Takagi

  Bioinformatics (Oxford, England). 06/2010; 26(12):1493-9.

  The identification of putative ligand-binding sites on proteins is important for the prediction of protein function. Knowledge-based approaches using structure databases have become interesting,The identification of putative ligand-binding sites on proteins is important for the prediction of protein function. Knowledge-based approaches using structure databases have become interesting, because of the recent increase in structural information. Approaches using binding motif information are particularly effective. However, they can only be applied to well-known ligands that frequently appear in the structure databases. We have developed a new method for predicting the binding sites of chemically diverse ligands, by using information about the interactions between fragments. The selection of the fragment size is important. If the fragments are too small, then the patterns derived from the binding motifs cannot be used, since they are many-body interactions, while using larger fragments limits the application to well-known ligands. In our method, we used the main and side chains for proteins, and three successive atoms for ligands, as fragments. After superposition of the fragments, our method builds the conformations of ligands and predicts the binding sites. As a result, our method could accurately predict the binding sites of chemically diverse ligands, even though the Protein Data Bank currently contains a large number of nucleotides. Moreover, a further evaluation for the unbound forms of proteins revealed that our building up procedure was robust to conformational changes induced by ligand binding. Our method, named 'BUMBLE', is available at http://bumble.hgc.jp/. Supplementary Material is available at Bioinformatics online.

• Natural Language Query Processing for Life Science Knowledge - Position Paper.

  Authors: Jin-Dong Kim, Yasunori Yamamoto, Atsuko Yamaguchi, Mitsuteru Nakao, Kenta Oouchida, Hong-Woo Chun, Toshihisa Takagi

  Active Media Technology, 6th International Conference, AMT 2010, Toronto, Canada, August 28-30, 2010. Proceedings; 01/2010

• TogoDoc server/client system: smart recommendation and efficient management of life science literature.

  Authors: Wataru Iwasaki, Yasunori Yamamoto, Toshihisa Takagi

  PloS one. 01/2010; 5(12):e15305.

  In this paper, we describe a server/client literature management system specialized for the life science domain, the TogoDoc system (Togo, pronounced Toe-Go, is a romanization of a Japanese word forIn this paper, we describe a server/client literature management system specialized for the life science domain, the TogoDoc system (Togo, pronounced Toe-Go, is a romanization of a Japanese word for integration). The server and the client program cooperate closely over the Internet to provide life scientists with an effective literature recommendation service and efficient literature management. The content-based and personalized literature recommendation helps researchers to isolate interesting papers from the "tsunami" of literature, in which, on average, more than one biomedical paper is added to MEDLINE every minute. Because researchers these days need to cover updates of much wider topics to generate hypotheses using massive datasets obtained from public databases or omics experiments, the importance of having an effective literature recommendation service is rising. The automatic recommendation is based on the content of personal literature libraries of electronic PDF papers. The client program automatically analyzes these files, which are sometimes deeply buried in storage disks of researchers' personal computers. Just saving PDF papers to the designated folders makes the client program automatically analyze and retrieve metadata, rename file names, synchronize the data to the server, and receive the recommendation lists of newly published papers, thus accomplishing effortless literature management. In addition, the tag suggestion and associative search functions are provided for easy classification of and access to past papers (researchers who read many papers sometimes only vaguely remember or completely forget what they read in the past). The TogoDoc system is available for both Windows and Mac OS X and is free. The TogoDoc Client software is available at http://tdc.cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/, and the TogoDoc server is available at https://docman.dbcls.jp/pubmed_recom.

• The DBCLS BioHackathon: standardization and interoperability for bioinformatics web services and workflows. The DBCLS BioHackathon Consortium*.

  Authors: Toshiaki Katayama, Kazuharu Arakawa, Mitsuteru Nakao, Keiichiro Ono, Kiyoko F Aoki-Kinoshita, Yasunori Yamamoto, Atsuko Yamaguchi, Shuichi Kawashima, Hong-Woo Chun, Jan Aerts [......] Daron M Standley, Hideaki Sugawara, Toshiyuki Tashiro, Oswaldo Trelles, Rutger A Vos, Mark D Wilkinson, William York, Christian M Zmasek, Kiyoshi Asai, Toshihisa Takagi

  Journal of biomedical semantics. 01/2010; 1(1):8.

  Web services have become a key technology for bioinformatics, since life science databases are globally decentralized and the exponential increase in the amount of available data demands forWeb services have become a key technology for bioinformatics, since life science databases are globally decentralized and the exponential increase in the amount of available data demands for efficient systems without the need to transfer entire databases for every step of an analysis. However, various incompatibilities among database resources and analysis services make it difficult to connect and integrate these into interoperable workflows. To resolve this situation, we invited domain specialists from web service providers, client software developers, Open Bio* projects, the BioMoby project and researchers of emerging areas where a standard exchange data format is not well established, for an intensive collaboration entitled the BioHackathon 2008. The meeting was hosted by the Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS) and Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC) and was held in Tokyo from February 11th to 15th, 2008. In this report we highlight the work accomplished and the common issues arisen from this event, including the standardization of data exchange formats and services in the emerging fields of glycoinformatics, biological interaction networks, text mining, and phyloinformatics. In addition, common shared object development based on BioSQL, as well as technical challenges in large data management, asynchronous services, and security are discussed. Consequently, we improved interoperability of web services in several fields, however, further cooperation among major database centers and continued collaborative efforts between service providers and software developers are still necessary for an effective advance in bioinformatics web service technologies.

• DDBJ launches a new archive database with analytical tools for next-generation sequence data.

  Authors: Eli Kaminuma, Jun Mashima, Yuichi Kodama, Takashi Gojobori, Osamu Ogasawara, Kousaku Okubo, Toshihisa Takagi, Yasukazu Nakamura

  Nucleic acids research. 10/2009;

  The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) (http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) has collected and released 1 701 110 entries/1 116 138 614 bases between July 2008 and June 2009. A few highlighted data releases fromThe DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) (http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) has collected and released 1 701 110 entries/1 116 138 614 bases between July 2008 and June 2009. A few highlighted data releases from DDBJ were the complete genome sequence of an endosymbiont within protist cells in the termite gut and Cap Analysis Gene Expression tags for human and mouse deposited from the Functional Annotation of the Mammalian cDNA consortium. In this period, we started a novel user announcement service using Really Simple Syndication (RSS) to deliver a list of data released from DDBJ on a daily basis. Comprehensive visualization of a DDBJ release data was attempted by using a word cloud program. Moreover, a new archive for sequencing data from next-generation sequencers, the 'DDBJ Read Archive' (DRA), was launched. Concurrently, for read data registered in DRA, a semi-automatic annotation tool called the 'DDBJ Read Annotation Pipeline' was released as a preliminary step. The pipeline consists of two parts: basic analysis for reference genome mapping and de novo assembly and high-level analysis of structural and functional annotations. These new services will aid users' research and provide easier access to DDBJ databases.

• Gendoo: Functional profiling of gene and disease features using MeSH vocabulary.

  Authors: Takeru Nakazato, Hidemasa Bono, Hideo Matsuda, Toshihisa Takagi

  Nucleic acids research. 07/2009;

  Genome-wide data enables us to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of complex phenotypes. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a widely employed knowledge base of human genes andGenome-wide data enables us to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of complex phenotypes. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a widely employed knowledge base of human genes and genetic disorders for biological researchers. However, OMIM has not been fully exploited for omics analysis because its bibliographic data structure is not suitable for computer automation. Here, we characterized diseases and genes by generating feature profiles of associated drugs, biological phenomena and anatomy with the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) vocabulary. We obtained 1 760 054 pairs of OMIM entries and MeSH terms by utilizing the full set of MEDLINE articles. We developed a web-based application called Gendoo (gene, disease features ontology-based overview system) to visualize these profiles. By comparing feature profiles of types 1 and 2 diabetes, we clearly illustrated their differences: type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease (P-value = 4.55 x 10(-5)) and type 2 diabetes is related to obesity (P-value = 1.18 x 10(-15)). Gendoo and the developed feature profiles should be useful for omics analysis from molecular and clinical viewpoints. Gendoo is available at http://gendoo.dbcls.jp/.