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ABSTRACT: We report the case of a 71-year-old male who was first diagnosed with conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in September 2010. The lesion was excised twice and cryotherapy of the margins was performed. On histology the margins were not tumor-free but this was not followed up by further excision. After 5 months the patient was referred to this department with a growing tumor mass which had infiltrated into the anterior chamber and partly destroyed the iris. Because of this advanced finding extended enucleation was performed. The histological examination showed a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and no evidence of metastasis in lymph nodes or elsewhere could be found by conventional computed tomography (CT) and positron emission CT (PET-CT).
Der Ophthalmologe 06/2012; · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Ein Enophthalmus kann vielfältige Ursachen haben. Vor allem können traumatische Veränderungen oder eine Atrophie des Orbitainhalts
(z.B. im Rahmen einer Sklerodermie oder Bestrahlung) verantwortlich sein. Aus radiologischer Sicht sollten jedoch auch ungewöhnlichere
Krankheitsprozesse in die differenzialdiagnostischen Überlegungen einbezogen werden. Hierzu zählt neben dem für die Kieferhöhlen
typischen Silent-sinus-Syndrom auch das sog. Ethmoid-silent-sinus-Syndrom. Anhand des vorliegenden Fallbeispiels werden Pathogenese,
Inzidenz, und Diagnostik dieser seltenen, klinisch stummen Atelektase der Ethmoidalzellen mit Implosion der medialen Orbitawand
vorgestellt und mögliche Differenzialdiagnosen erörtert, insbesondere die anlagebedingte Dehiszenz der Lamina papyracea.
An extensive spectrum of differential diagnoses has to be considered when a patient presents with enophthalmos. The most common
causes of this presentation include orbital trauma or contraction and atrophy of the orbital contents secondary to scleroderma
or radiotherapy. However radiologists also have to consider less common causes of enophthalmos, such as the imploding antrum
syndrome or the ethmoid silent sinus syndrome. The latter involves the ethmoidal cells and results in medial orbital wall
implosion. Along with the case presentation the pathogenesis, incidence and differential diagnoses of ethmoid silent sinus
syndrome are elucidated. In particular the differentiation from normal anatomical variants, such as dehiscent lamina papyracea
is discussed.
SchlüsselwörterEthmoid-silent-sinus-Syndrom-Silent-sinus-syndrom-Computertomographie (CT)-Lamina papyracea-Retraktionssyndrom
KeywordsEthmoid silent sinus syndrome-Silent sinus syndrome-Computed tomography (CT)-Lamina papyracea-Retraction syndrome
Der Radiologe 05/2012; 50(10):902-906. · 0.61 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An extensive spectrum of differential diagnoses has to be considered when a patient presents with enophthalmos. The most common causes of this presentation include orbital trauma or contraction and atrophy of the orbital contents secondary to scleroderma or radiotherapy. However radiologists also have to consider less common causes of enophthalmos, such as the imploding antrum syndrome or the ethmoid silent sinus syndrome. The latter involves the ethmoidal cells and results in medial orbital wall implosion. Along with the case presentation the pathogenesis, incidence and differential diagnoses of ethmoid silent sinus syndrome are elucidated. In particular the differentiation from normal anatomical variants, such as dehiscent lamina papyracea is discussed.
Der Radiologe 10/2010; 50(10):902-6. · 0.61 Impact Factor
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British Journal of Ophthalmology 08/2005; 89(7):918-20. · 2.90 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To report on a modified technique for upper eyelid lengthening in lid retraction associated with Graves' disease.
A prospective consecutive interventional case series. 41 patients, 38 women and three men, with a mean age of 55 years (range 32-75 years) were included. Full transsection of the upper eyelid with optional transsection of the lateral horn was performed in 60 lids. A central bridge of conjunctiva was left intact in the pupillary axis. Before and after surgery, the skin crease, palpebral aperture, and scleral show were measured and the contour of the lid margin was assessed. The overall result was graded as "perfect," "acceptable," and "failure."
The mean period review was 6 months (range 2-36 months). Preoperatively, upper eyelid retraction varied from 1 mm to 7 mm; mean scleral show was 2 mm in 45 lids, the palpebral aperture was in the desired height (SD 1 mm) in 53 of 60 lids (88%) and was reduced by 3 mm (mean), the skin crease remained unchanged (SD 1 mm) in 44 of 60 lids (73%). The result was considered "perfect" in 43 and "acceptable" in 14 of 60 lids after one or two surgical approaches. In three lids, the surgery had failed.
In contrast with other surgical techniques the surgical approach presented here is easy to perform and still leads to very satisfying and predictable postoperative results.
British Journal of Ophthalmology 05/2005; 89(4):413-6. · 2.90 Impact Factor
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C Hintschich
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ABSTRACT: Various alloplastic orbital implants, preferably with a spherical configuration, are employed for the routine care of an enucleated socket. Alternately, an autologous dermis-fat graft can also be used. It represents a safe alternative to alloplastic orbital implants. The method does not require preserved sclera, thus excluding even theoretically possible transfer of pathogens such as viruses or prions in sclera preserved in alcohol. Loss of the transplant or other serious complications were only very rarely observed, late extrusion is unknown. Due to its high degree of safety concurrent with excellent functional and cosmetic results, the dermis-fat transplant is particularly advantageous for young patients. In cases of complicated orbits and contracted sockets the method of dermis-fat transplantation often represents the only promising option.
Der Ophthalmologe 08/2003; 100(7):518-24. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To present epidemiological data on eyelid trauma which appear rarely in the literature.
Medical records of 180 patients given surgical treatment for eyelid injuries at the ophthalmology department of LMU Munich between 1997 and 1999 were evaluated. Clinical findings of eyelids and eyeballs, surgical procedures and complications during wound healing were considered.
Out of 180 patients, 140 suffered blunt trauma of which 66 were due to manual work, 38 to sudden falls, 23 to violence, 7 to motor vehicle accidents and 6 to sports. From 26 cutting injuries caused by glass, 12 were caused by broken spectacles, 8 were caused by sudden falls, 4 by violence and only 2 by car accidents. Clinically 85 patients showed injuries of the upper eyelid, 55 of the lower and 40 of both lids. The lid margin was affected in 43 patients and the lacrimal drainage system in 28. Wound contamination occurred in 34 patients, 19 had foreign bodies and 13 loss of tissue. Accompanying injuries of the face was noticed in 16 patients and of the eyeball in 79 patients of which 31 were superficial, 36 were eyeball contusions of varying severity, 12 were perforations or ruptures and 4 patients additionally had orbital bone fractures. The average time from injury to surgery was 3.3 h. A total of 100 patients needed simple skin suturing, 26 sutures to the skin and subcutaneous tissue including the orbicularis and levator muscle, 43 needed readaption of the lid margin and 24 repair of the canalicular system. Post-operatively only one patient developed a necrosis and one an infection.
In eyelid trauma, the lid margin is affected in 24% and the lacrimal drainage system in 16% of all injuries. Our data also showed a high association (44%) of eyelid injuries with trauma to the eyeball. This emphasises the necessity for eyelid injuries to be treated primarily by an ophthalmic surgeon, although difficult primary reconstruction and early complications in particular, are relatively rare.
Der Ophthalmologe 12/2001; 98(11):1079-82. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We surveyed ocularists' views on orbital implants, secondary surgical procedures, patient satisfaction, and cooperation between ophthalmologists and ocularists.
A 14-item questionnaire was sent to all 29 ocularists working in Germany all 4 in the Netherlands.
Primary implants are generally recommended, preferably dermofat grafts and ,,baseball" implants. Outcome depends crucially upon surgical procedure and postoperative course. Scepticism is common toward secondary surgical procedures, with the success rate estimated at 70%. Cooperation between ocularists and ophthalmologists is generally regarded as unsatisfactory, also the information provided to the patients by the ophthalmologist after enucleation.
The ocularists demand best possible enucleation techniques including the use of primary implants. However, they are critical toward secondary procedures for correcting postenucleation socket syndrome. Cooperation between ocularists and ophthalmologists need to be improved in providing patient care.
Der Ophthalmologe 02/2001; 98(1):74-80. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To analyse the extent of bony orbital volume reduction after enucleation in humans.
Volumetric studies on bony orbital volumes based on three dimensional reconstructions acquired from high resolution computed tomograph (CT) scans were performed in 29 patients with acquired anophthalmia and four patients before enucleation (controls). Eight patients (follow up 25-52 years) were enucleated in childhood aged between 0.4 and 8 years (group I), 21 in adulthood aged between 15 and 53 years. Fifteen of these patients (group IIa) had long standing anophthalmia (follow up 7-53 years), six patients (group IIb) were enucleated 9 months to 4 years before CT.
Bony orbital volumes were reduced in all patients with long standing anophthalmia. The median percentage reduction in enucleated orbits was 7.0% in group I, 3.8% in group IIa, and 1.9% in group IIb. In patients with long standing anophthalmia (I and IIa) the reductions were statistically significantly different (p <0.01) from zero. There was some evidence of a correlation between orbital volume reduction and age at enucleation (rho = 0.36, p = 0.09, Spearman rank correlation coefficient) and a statistically significant correlation between volume reduction and time interval since enucleation (rho = -0.5, p = 0.003). Clinically none of the patients showed significant facial asymmetry.
These data provide strong evidence that enucleation both in children and adults is associated with a reduction of bony orbital volume and that this decrease in volume is associated with increasing time. However, the reduction is smaller than generally assumed and does not cause obvious facial asymmetry. It is more related to the time interval since enucleation than the age at enucleation, which makes a mechanism of volume adaptation more likely than just retardation of growth.
British Journal of Ophthalmology 02/2001; 85(2):205-8. · 2.90 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Hintergrund. Epidemiologische Daten über Verletzungen der Augenlider sind nur spärlich zu finden.
Patienten und Methoden. Analysiert wurden die Krankenakten von 180 Patienten, die zwischen 1997 und 1999 wegen Verletzungen im Lidbereich an der
Augenklinik der LMU München operativ versorgt wurden.
Ergebnisse. Von den 180 Patienten erlitt der überwiegende Teil ein stumpfes Trauma, gefolgt von Schnittverletzungen. Klinisch wiesen
85 Patienten Verletzungen des Oberlids, 55 des Unterlids und 40 Verletzungen beider Lider auf. Die durchschnittliche Zeit
zwischen Verletzung und operativer Wundversorgung betrug 3,3 h. Einfache Hautnähte benötigten 100 Patienten, 26 eine zusätzliche
Versorgung subkutaner Gewebe. Nur ein Patient entwickelte im Verlauf eine Nekrose, ein anderer eine Infektion.
Schlussfolgerungen. Unsere Daten zeigen bei 24% der Lidverletzungen eine Beteiligung der Lidkante, bei 16% eine des Tränenwegssystem. Darüber
hinaus findet sich bei einem hohen Prozentsatz der Patienten mit Lidverletzungen eine Mitverletzung des Bulbus. Diese Ergebnisse
unterstreichen die Forderung nach einer Primärversorgung von Lidverletzungen durch den Augenarzt, wenngleich schwierigere
Ersteingriffe und frühe Komplikationen relativ selten sind.
Purpose. To present epidemiological data on eyelid trauma which appear rarely in the literature.
Patients and methods. Medical records of 180 patients given surgical treatment for eyelid injuries at the ophthalmology department of LMU Munich
between 1997 and 1999 were evaluated. Clinical findings of eyelids and eyeballs, surgical procedures and complications during
wound healing were considered.
Results. Out of 180 patients, 140 suffered blunt trauma of which 66 were due to manual work, 38 to sudden falls, 23 to violence, 7
to motor vehicle accidents and 6 to sports. From 26 cutting injuries caused by glass, 12 were caused by broken spectacles,
8 were caused by sudden falls, 4 by violence and only 2 by car accidents. Clinically 85 patients showed injuries of the upper
eyelid, 55 of the lower and 40 of both lids. The lid margin was affected in 43 patients and the lacrimal drainage system in
28. Wound contamination occurred in 34 patients, 19 had foreign bodies and 13 loss of tissue. Accompanying injuries of the
face was noticed in 16 patients and of the eyeball in 79 patients of which 31 were superficial, 36 were eyeball contusions
of varying severity, 12 were perforations or ruptures and 4 patients additionally had orbital bone fractures. The average
time from injury to surgery was 3.3 h. A total of 100 patients needed simple skin suturing, 26 sutures to the skin and subcutaneous
tissue including the orbicularis and levator muscle, 43 needed readaption of the lid margin and 24 repair of the canalicular
system. Post-operatively only one patient developed a necrosis and one an infection.
Conclusions. In eyelid trauma, the lid margin is affected in 24% and the lacrimal drainage system in 16% of all injuries. Our data also
showed a high association (44%) of eyelid injuries with trauma to the eyeball. This emphasises the necessity for eyelid injuries
to be treated primarily by an ophthalmic surgeon, although difficult primary reconstruction and early complications in particular,
are relatively rare.
Der Ophthalmologe 01/2001; 98(11):1079-1082. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Hintergrund. Durch eine Befragung wurde die Meinung von Okularisten zu Orbitaimplantaten, sekundären Korrektureingriffen, Zufriedenheit
der Patienten sowie Kooperation zwischen Ophthalmologen und Okularisten ermittelt.
Methode. Allen 29 in Deutschland und 4 in den Niederlanden tätigen Okularisten wurde ein Erhebungsbogen vorgelegt.
Ergebnisse. Primäre Orbitaimplantate werden empfohlen, bevorzugt Dermis-Fett-Transplantat und “Baseball”-Implantat. Operationsmethode
und postoperativer Verlauf wurden für das Ergebnis als wichtig erachtet. Gegenüber sekundären Korrekturen eines Postenukleationssyndroms
besteht Skepsis. Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Okularist und Augenarzt wird von der Mehrzahl als mangelhaft beurteilt, ebenso
die Informationsvermittlung der Augenärzte an die Patienten.
Schlussfolgerungen. Okularisten fordern optimale Operationsmethoden bei der Enukleation und die Verwendung von Orbitaimplantaten. Unbedingt verbesserungsbedürfig
ist die Kooperation zwischen Okularisten und Augenärzten. Die Umfrageergebnisse deuten auf erheblichen Handlungsbedarf bei
der Betreuung anophthalmischer Patienten hin.
Background. We surveyed ocularists' views on orbital implants, secondary surgical procedures, patient satisfaction, and cooperation between
ophthalmologists and ocularists.
Method. A 14-item questionnaire was sent to all 29 ocularists working in Germany all 4 in the Netherlands.
Results. Primary implants are generally recommended, preferably dermofat grafts and “baseball” implants. Outcome depends crucially
upon surgical procedure and postoperative course. Scepticism is common toward secondary surgical procedures, with the success
rate estimated at 70%. Cooperation between ocularists and ophthalmologists is generally regarded as unsatisfactory, also the
information provided to the patients by the ophthalmologist after enucleation.
Conclusions. The ocularists demand best possible enucleation techniques including the use of primary implants. However, they are critical
toward secondary procedures for correcting postenucleation socket syndrome. Cooperation between ocularists and ophthalmologists
need to be improved in providing patient care.
Der Ophthalmologe 12/2000; 98(1):74-80. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the appearance and location of the healed intranasal ostium and the internal aperture of the common canaliculus after uncomplicated external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). In 21 patients who underwent uncomplicated external DCR, the distances between the lacrimal puncta and the internal aperture of the common canaliculus were measured during surgery. The measurements were taken with a 1 mm diameter Bowman probe graded in millimeters. These measurements were recorded and considered the landmarks for the spatial localization of the internal aperture of the canaliculus. After surgery, under endoscopic control, the same method was used to measure the distance between the lacrimal puncta and the internal ostium, which was defined as the aperture through which it was possible to visualize the very first protrusion of the probe into the nose. The intra- and post-operative measurements were compared. Endoscopic photos of the healed endonasal ostium were also taken. The photos showed that when DCR procedures were not complicated by scarring or mucosal adhesions, the lacrimal sac became a depression perfectly integrated within the nasal mucosa. The scar at the site of junction between the nasal and the lacrimal sac mucosa appeared as a large-diameter pearl-like colored frame that surrounded the depression. In the context of the depression a small aperture, which presented a diameter of around 2 mm, could be easily visualized. The spatial location of this aperture corresponded to the internal aperture of the common canaliculus (p < 0.05).
Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 06/2000; 19(2):81-86.
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ABSTRACT: Cysticercosis is one of the two infections caused by Taenia solium. It is endemic in areas with poor hygienic standards. In western countries the patients history of previous living or travelling in endemic areas is important. Neurocysticercosis is a manifestation with single or multiple ocular, orbital or cerebral lesions.
Two patients presented with severe headache and pain in the ocular region. Both patients were diagnosed to have a cystic lesion in an extraocular muscle.
Both patients had a manifestation of cysticercosis. Additionally patient no. 1 had a myositis of this muscle, patient no. 2 had a posterior scleritis.
Without evidence of an eosinophilia and stool ova and cysts and without a positive ELISA-test for cysticercosis the pathognomonic appearance of the thickened muscle, the cyst and the scolex inside should lead to the diagnosis cysticercosis.
Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 11/1999; 215(5):321-4. · 0.51 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To assess the potential of a porous glass-ionomer cement (GIC) as an alternative material for spherical orbital implants, the handling, side effects and rates of fibrovascular ingrowth of this material were compared with those of a synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) implant.
Twenty-one GIC and 8 HA uncovered 14-mm spheres were implanted into the orbits of New Zealand albino rabbits. Postoperative reactions, animal's behaviour, weight increase and socket conditions were monitored. Light and electron microscopy of the exenterated orbits were performed 2, 3 and 6 months after primary insertion.
Implanting of GIC was easier than HA. Postoperatively all animals did well. Three HA and 1 GIC implant caused conjunctival dehiscences, but no implant extrusion was observed. Histologically, both materials caused mild inflammation in the surrounding connective tissue capsule, decreasing with time. GIC implants proved to be not truly porous, with only peripheral pores partly occupied by relatively acellular collagenous connective tissue. Free glass particles were observed in both the connective tissue and giant cells, occupying the partly filled pore spaces. HA implants showed extensive ingrowth of vital host tissue from the beginning.
Considering the clinical findings and the mild inflammation in the connective tissue capsule surrounding both materials, they would appear to be equally well tolerated at the implant site. The significantly different microstructure and the histological results make GIC, despite better handling, less suitable as an orbital implant.
Albrecht von Graæes Archiv für Ophthalmologie 03/1999; 237(2):169-74. · 2.17 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Secondary orbital implants are used for the correction of the post-enucleation socket syndrome (PESS). This study evaluates retrospectively the post-operative course, complications, additional surgery, long-term cosmetic and functional results, and patient's satisfaction after secondary orbital implants.
Nineteen out of 24 patients who underwent secondary baseball implant insertion between 1986 and 1989 for the correction of PESS were re-examined.
Five patients had complications, 11 patients (58%) further surgery. After a mean follow-up of 8.6 years, 17 patients (89%) showed findings better than preoperatively. Two patients were unchanged. The static overall impression, assessing particularly volume deficit and symmetry, using a scale of 1 to 5, was improved from 4.5 preoperatively to 2.5.
Secondary orbital implants improve symptoms of PESS and patient's satisfaction in a high proportion of cases also in the long term. Complications are not rare, and frequently more than one operation is necessary. There is no significant risk of long-term side effects and no reduction of the positive effect with time.
Der Ophthalmologe 02/1999; 96(1):34-9. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To assess the level of contamination of full-thickness skin grafts stored with or without an antibiotic cover.
Full-thickness skin grafts were harvested from 40 bilateral upper lid blepharoplasties. Before surgery the face was sterilised, the head of the patient was packed with sterile, single-use surgical drapes and the whole face was left exposed. The harvested full-thickness skin grafts were conserved in sterile containers at 4 degrees C for 6 days, rolled in gauze moistened with either 4 ml of sterile saline solution (group I) or with 4 ml of gentamicin solution (2 mg/ml) (group II). The degree of contamination, expressed in colony forming units (CFU), was evaluated on days 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Identification of the microorganisms was done to species level following standard procedures and commercial methods.
In group I 2 grafts (5%) were negative during the whole observation period while the other 38 grafts (95%) presented a degree of contamination ranging from 10(2) to 10(4) CFU. Microorganisms isolated were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (24 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (5 cases), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 cases), Serratia liquefaciens (1 case) and Klebsiella oxytoca (2 cases). In group II, 26 grafts (65%) were negative during the whole observation time while in 14 cases (35%) a few colonies (3 to 6) of Candida albicans were isolated on day 2 and remained constant in number for the whole observation time.
The storage of full-thickness skin graft with an antibiotic cover is more reliable than the storage of full-thickness skin graft without an antibiotic cover.
Eye 02/1998; 12 ( Pt 4):714-6. · 1.85 Impact Factor
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C Hintschich
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ABSTRACT: For the therapy of palpebral xanthelasmas surgical, chemical and physical methods are used. We report on the first results of argon laser coagulation of 32 xanthelasma lesions with an average size of 34 mm2 in 11 women and 2 men. The lesions were treated with argon green, spot size 1000 microns, energy 250-500 mW and continuous mode. The therapy was well tolerated; all lesions responded to the therapy. There were no complications, and no functionally relevant scars developed. The cosmetic outcome was assessed as good or very good in 80%). Twelve recurrences were seen after 12-16 months. The method described represents an alternative treatment in selected cases. It is easy to perform and very well accepted by the patients.
Der Ophthalmologe 01/1996; 92(6):858-61. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Indocyanine green angiographies of 33 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) were examined in order to find out whether the location of ICG exudation was correlated with other findings. Areas of delayed choroidal filling at the site of the hot spot were found in 27 patients (82%). The hot spot was usually located at the margin of such areas. Furthermore, it seemed correlated to a larger ciliary artery in 19 patients (60.6%). A detachment of the pigment epithelium was detected in 18% and showed a characteristic early hypo- and late hyperfluorescence. There is evidence that the exudation of indocyanine green indicates a primary choroidal disorder as the cause of CSC. Many clinical features, for example pigment epithelial detachments, are easier to explain with this hypothesis. A correlation of the hot spot with variation of choroidal filling has to be interpreted with caution. Yet, it seems feasible that the border between areas of different speed of filling is especially vulnerable and might therefore decompensate in the case of diseased regulation of the choroidal vessels, as has been postulated for CSC.
Der Ophthalmologe 01/1995; 91(6):745-51. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Owing to its tight binding to protein, exudation of indocyanine green from subretinal new vessels would not normally be expected, but it has been demonstrated. We investigated 102 subretinal new vessels to find out how often exudation develops and to understand the reason for it. Exudation was found in 29 (28.4%) of the cases examined; 37 (36.6%) were stained, which means that these membranes became hyperfluorescent but not lighter than other, definitively non-exuding, structures on the fundus. In 26 (25.5%) no hyperfluorescence was seen in the late phase, and in 10, or 9.8%, neovascularization remained occult. The correlation of indocyanine green exudation with retinal blood or lipid deposits was significant (r = 0.77, p = 0.0001). Histological examinations showed a correlation of lipid deposits with a severe disintegration of retinal vessels. This finding, in combination with others, indicates that the exudation of indocyanine green reflects severe destruction of vessel walls, which does not seem to occur consistently in all neovascular membranes. The exudation of indocyanine green might be of prognostic value.
Der Ophthalmologe 01/1995; 91(6):752-7. · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) remains an experimental approach for the treatment of small, mainly superficial malignant tumors. When given intravenously, hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) selectively photosensitizes tumor tissue. Activated by light of 630 nm wave-length, HpD leads to tumor necrosis. This paper presents the results of PDT to eyelid basal-cell carcinomas in 21 patients. All lesions primarily responded to the treatment and became necrotic. A generalized photosensitization lasting for more than 4 weeks was seen in all patients. In five patients, lid malformations due to scar formation were noted, being marked in three cases. Ten patients showed a recurrence of tumor after 3-12 months. At present, PDT has no advantage over well-established therapies for basal-cell carcinomas of the eyelid.
German journal of ophthalmology 09/1993; 2(4-5):212-7.
