Publications (57)245.94 Total impact
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Article: [Rh(III) (dmbpy)(2) Cl(2) ](+) as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production in Pure Water: Comparison with Other Rhodium Catalysts.
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ABSTRACT: We report a very efficient homogeneous system for the visible-light-driven hydrogen production in pure aqueous solution at room temperature. This comprises [Rh(III) (dmbpy)(2) Cl(2) ]Cl (1) as catalyst, [Ru(bpy)(3) ]Cl(2) (PS1) as photosensitizer, and ascorbate as sacrificial electron donor. Comparative studies in aqueous solutions also performed with other known rhodium catalysts, or with an iridium photosensitizer, show that 1) the PS1/1/ascorbate/ascorbic acid system is by far the most active rhodium-based homogeneous photocatalytic system for hydrogen production in a purely aqueous medium when compared to the previously reported rhodium catalysts, Na(3) [Rh(I) (dpm)(3) Cl] and [Rh(III) (bpy)Cp*(H(2) O)]SO(4) and 2) the system is less efficient when [Ir(III) (ppy)(2) (bpy)]Cl (PS2) is used as photosensitizer. Because catalyst 1 is the most efficient rhodium-based H(2) -evolving catalyst in water, the performance limits of this complex were further investigated by varying the PS1/1 ratio at pH 4.0. Under optimal conditions, the system gives up to 1010 turnovers versus the catalyst with an initial turnover frequency as high as 857 TON h(-1) . Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements show that the initial step of the photocatalytic H(2) -evolution mechanism is a reductive quenching of the PS1 excited state by ascorbate, leading to the reduced form of PS1, which is then able to reduce [Rh(III) (dmbpy)(2) Cl(2) ](+) to [Rh(I) (dmbpy)(2) ](+) . This reduced species can react with protons to yield the hydride [Rh(III) (H)(dmbpy)(2) (H(2) O)](2+) , which is the key intermediate for the H(2) production.Chemistry 11/2012; · 5.93 Impact Factor -
Article: Long-Range Electron Transfer in Zinc-Phthalocyanine-Oligo(Phenylene-ethynylene)-Based Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Dyads.
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ABSTRACT: In the context of long-range electron transfer for solar energy conversion, we present the synthesis, photophysical, and computational characterization of two new zinc(II) phthalocyanine oligophenylene-ethynylene based donor-bride-acceptor dyads: ZnPc-OPE-AuP(+) and ZnPc-OPE-C(60). A gold(III) porphyrin and a fullerene has been used as electron accepting moieties, and the results have been compared to a previously reported dyad with a tin(IV) dichloride porphyrin as the electron acceptor (Fortage et al. Chem. Commun.2007, 4629). The results for ZnPc-OPE-AuP(+) indicate a remarkably strong electronic coupling over a distance of more than 3 nm. The electronic coupling is manifested in both the absorption spectrum and an ultrafast rate for photoinduced electron transfer (k(PET) = 1.0 × 10(12) s(-1)). The charge-shifted state in ZnPc-OPE-AuP(+) recombines with a relatively low rate (k(BET) = 1.0 × 10(9) s(-1)). In contrast, the rate for charge transfer in the other dyad, ZnPc-OPE-C(60), is relatively slow (k(PET) = 1.1 × 10(9) s(-1)), while the recombination is very fast (k(BET) ≈ 5 × 10(10) s(-1)). TD-DFT calculations support the hypothesis that the long-lived charge-shifted state of ZnPc-OPE-AuP(+) is due to relaxation of the reduced gold porphyrin from a porphyrin ring based reduction to a gold centered reduction. This is in contrast to the faster recombination in the tin(IV) porphyrin based system (k(BET) = 1.2 × 10(10) s(-1)), where the excess electron is instead delocalized over the porphyrin ring.Inorganic Chemistry 10/2012; 51:11500−11512. · 4.60 Impact Factor -
Article: Diketopyrrolopyrrole-porphyrin conjugates as broadly absorbing sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells.
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ABSTRACT: A series of four new push-pull zinc porphyrin-based dyes was synthesised for hybrid photovoltaic solar cells with a view to enhancing the light-harvesting efficiency at approximately 550 nm with a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit. The strength of the donor side of the push-pull porphyrin was tuned by affixing the electron-rich 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine group at the meso position of the macrocycle, and the influence of the distance between the semiconductor surface and the porphyrin chromophore was assessed by introducing different π-conjugated spacers. Charge-transfer transitions over great distances were characterised by electronic absorption spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The absorption and photoactivity spectra of the new bichromophoric dyes spans the whole visible spectrum to the red, implying a better light-harvesting efficiency than regular porphyrin as the absorption spectra of DPP and porphyrin complement one another. Photovoltaic conversion efficiencies accordingly increase from 2.40 to 5.19 %. Interestingly, the best overall efficiency was reached with dye 3, which lacks the powerful donating group in the meso position of the porphyrin core. Optical and electrochemical measurements coupled to time dependent (TD)-DFT calculations give insight into the deleterious effect of the 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine unit on the photovoltaic performances, paving the way towards the design of efficient push-pull porphyrin-based sensitizers.ChemSusChem 07/2012; 5(8):1568-77. · 6.83 Impact Factor -
Article: Role of the triiodide/iodide redox couple in dye regeneration in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells.
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ABSTRACT: A series of perylene dyes with different optical and electronic properties have been used as photosensitizers in NiO-based p-type dye-sensitized solar cells. A key target is to develop dyes that absorb light in the red to near-infrared region of the solar spectrum in order to match photoanodes optically in tandem devices; however, the photocurrent produced was found to decrease dramatically as the absorption maxima of the dye used was varied from 517 to 565 nm and varied strongly with the electrolyte solvent (acetonitrile, propionitrile, or propylene carbonate). To determine the limitations of the energy properties of the dye molecules and to provide guidelines for future sensitizer design, we have determined the redox potentials of the diiodide radical intermediate involved in the charge-transfer reactions in different solvents using photomodulated voltammetry. E°(I(3)(-)/I(2)(•-)) (V vs Fe(Cp)(2)(+/0)) = -0.64 for propylene carbonate, -0.82 for acetonitrile, and -0.87 for propionitrile. Inefficient regeneration of the sensitizer appears to be the efficiency-limiting step in the device, and the values presented here will be used to design more efficient dyes, with more cathodic reduction potentials, for photocathodes in tandem dye-sensitized solar cells.Langmuir 03/2012; 28(15):6485-93. · 4.19 Impact Factor -
Article: Ultrafast recombination for NiO sensitized with a series of perylene imide sensitizers exhibiting Marcus normal behaviour.
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ABSTRACT: Ultrafast recombination observed from several perylene imide sensitizers bound to NiO appears to align with Marcus normal region behaviour; this indicates recombination to intra-bandgap states.Chemical Communications 01/2012; 48(5):678-80. · 6.17 Impact Factor -
Article: Excited-state nature in benzodifuranone dyes: Insights from ab initio simulations
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ABSTRACT: Using ab initio theoretical tools simultaneously accounting for electron correlation and environmental effects, we have simulated the optical spectra of benzodifuranone dyes. In a first step, a valuable computational protocol has been defined and it turned out that a PCM-TD-M06-2X/6-311+G(2d,p)//PCM-PBE0/6-311G(d,p) approach provides an adequate balance between computational requirements and accuracy (deviations of ca. 10 nm with respect to experiment). In a second stage, we have calculated the spectrum of a large series of push-pull structures, and it turned out that the benzodifuranone core is a strong electron capturing group at the excited-state. Indeed, strong auxochroms like the nitro and cyano groups fall short to significantly perturb the LUMO of this series of chromogens. Eventually, in a last phase, the implications of these results are discussed for a series of organic dyes of potential interest for solar cells (DSSC).Dyes and Pigments 01/2012; 92(3):1144 - 1152. · 3.13 Impact Factor -
Article: Accumulative electron transfer: multiple charge separation in artificial photosynthesis.
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ABSTRACT: To achieve artificial photosynthesis it is necessary to couple the single-electron event of photoinduced charge separation with the multi-electron reactions of fuel formation and water splitting. Therefore, several rounds of light-induced charge separation are required to accumulate enough redox equivalents at the catalytic sites for the target chemistry to occur, without any sacrificial donors or acceptors other than the catalytic substrates. Herein, we discuss the challenges of such accumulative electron transfer in molecular systems. We present a series of closely related systems base on a Ru(II)-polypyridine photosensitizer with appended triaryl-amine or oligo-triaryl-amine donors, linked to nanoporous TiO2 as the acceptor. One of the systems, based on dye 4, shows efficient accumulative electron transfer in high overall yield resulting in the formation of a two-electron charge-separated state upon successive excitation by two photons. In contrast, the other systems do not show accumulative electron transfer because of different competing reactions. This illustrates the difficulties in designing successful systems for this still largely unexplored type of reaction scheme.Faraday Discussions 01/2012; 155:233-52; discussion 297-308. · 5.00 Impact Factor -
Article: Supramolecular light harvesting antennas to enhance absorption cross-section in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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ABSTRACT: Doping a zinc porphyrin based-sensitizer with antenna molecules, axially held by metallo-supramolecular interactions, enhances the light-harvesting efficiency and the overall photo-conversion efficiency of the solar cells by about 30%.Chemical Communications 12/2011; 48(5):675-7. · 6.17 Impact Factor -
Article: New heteroleptic bis-phenanthroline copper(I) complexes with dipyridophenazine or imidazole fused phenanthroline ligands: spectral, electrochemical, and quantum chemical studies.
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ABSTRACT: Two new sterically challenged diimine ligands L(1) (2,9-dimesityl-2-(4'-bromophenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and L(2) (3,6-di-n-butyl-11-bromodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) have been synthesized with the aim to build original heteroleptic copper(I) complexes, following the HETPHEN concept developed by Schmittel and co-workers. The structure of L(1) is based on a phen-imidazole molecular core, derivatized by two highly bulky mesityl groups in positions 2 and 9 of the phenanthroline cavity, preventing the formation of a homoleptic species, while L(2) is a dppz derivative, bearing n-butyl chains in α positions of the chelating nitrogen atoms. The unambiguous formation of six novel heteroleptic copper(I) complexes based on L(1), L(2), and complementary matching ligands (2,9-R(2)-1,10-phenanthroline, with R = H, methyl, n-butyl or mesityl) has been evidenced, and the resulting compounds were fully characterized. The electronic absorption spectra of all complexes fits well with DFT calculations allowing the assignment of the main transitions. The characteristics of the emissive excited state were investigated in different solvents using time-resolved single photon counting and transient absorption spectroscopy. The complexes with ligand L(2), bearing a characteristic dppz moiety, exhibit a very low energy excited-state which mainly leads to fast nonradiative relaxation, whereas the emission lifetime is higher for those containing the bulky ligand L(1). For example, a luminescence quantum yield of about 3 × 10(-4) is obtained with a decay time of about 50 ns for C2 ([Cu(I)(nBu-phen)(L(1))](+)) with a weak influence of strong coordinating solvent on the luminescence properties. Overall, the spectral features are those expected for a highly constrained coordination cage. Yet, the complexes are stable in solution, partly due to the beneficial π stacking between mesityl groups and vicinal phenanthroline aromatic rings, as evidenced by the X-ray structure of complex C3 ([Cu(I)(Mes-phen)(L(2))](+)). Electrochemistry of the copper(I) complexes revealed reversible anodic behavior, corresponding to a copper(I) to copper(II) transition. The half wave potentials increase with the steric bulk at the level of the copper(I) ion, reaching a value as high as 1 V vs SCE, with the assistance of ligand induced electronic effects. L(1) and L(2) are further end-capped by a bromo functionality. A Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was directly performed on the complexes, in spite of the handicapping lability of copper(I)-phenanthroline complexes.Inorganic Chemistry 11/2011; 50(22):11309-22. · 4.60 Impact Factor -
Article: P-type nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles stable under ambient conditions.
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ABSTRACT: Zinc oxide is considered as a very promising material for optoelectronics. However, to date, the difficulty in producing stable p-type ZnO is a bottleneck, which hinders the advent of ZnO-based devices. In that context, nitrogen-doped zinc oxide receives much attention. However, numerous reviews report the controversial character of p-type conductivity in N-doped ZnO, and recent theoretical contributions explain that N-doping alone cannot lead to p-typeness in Zn-rich ZnO. We report here that the ammonolysis at low temperature of ZnO(2) yields pure wurtzite-type N-doped ZnO nanoparticles with an extraordinarily large amount of Zn vacancies (up to 20%). Electrochemical and transient spectroscopy studies demonstrate that these Zn-poor nanoparticles exhibit a p-type conductivity that is stable over more than 2 years under ambient conditions.Journal of the American Chemical Society 11/2011; 134(1):464-70. · 9.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Panchromatic trichromophoric sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells using antenna effect.
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ABSTRACT: The first trichromophoric sensitizer, consisting of covalently linked boradiazaindacene (BODIPY), zinc porphyrin (ZnP), and squaraine (SQ) units, has been synthesized by Heck alkynylation to obtain a panchromatic dye, for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Efficient intramolecular energy transfers (ET) were observed between all chromophoric subunits and enhance the overall conversion efficiency by 25%. The antenna effect is demonstrated by the photoaction spectrum which features all of a chromophore's absorption bands.Organic Letters 07/2011; 13(15):3944-7. · 5.86 Impact Factor -
Article: Application of poly(3-hexylthiophene) functionalized with an anchoring group in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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ABSTRACT: A series of three poly(3-hexylthiophene) functionalized either with a cyanoacetic acid (CA) or a rhodanine-3-acetic acid anchoring groups were synthesized and characterized. The TiO(2) based dye-sensitized solar cells have been fabricated and performances were tested. We show that shorter chain length (15 thiophene units) linked to CA binding group gives good performances as J(sc) , V(oc) , FF and η(%) were 6.93(mA · cm(-2) ), 0.65(V), 0.67 and 3.02%, respectively. A maximum IPCE of ≈50% at 500 nm was recorded with a liquid electrolyte, under AM 1.5 simulated solar irradiance.Macromolecular Rapid Communications 06/2011; 32(15):1190-4. · 4.60 Impact Factor -
Article: Preparation of a new electro-optic polymer cross-linkable via copper-free thermal Huisgen cyclo-addition and fabrication of optical waveguides by Reactive Ion Etching.
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ABSTRACT: High-quality trails of ridge waveguides were successfully fabricated using a new cross-linkable polymer (PCC01) by UV photolithography followed by Reactive-Ion Etching (RIE) process. The cross-linking reaction of PCC01 is based on the copper-free Huisgen cyclo-addition between an azide and an acetylene group. The new cross-linkable polymer (PCC01) consists of a structural modification of the previously described materials (Scarpaci et al. Polym. Chem.2011, 2, 157), because the ethynyl group is functionalized by a methyl group instead of the TMS protecting group. This feature prevents the formation of silica (SiO(2)) generated by trimethylsilyl groups and which was stopping the engraving process before completion. Herein, we describe the synthesis, the NLO characterizations, and the fabrication of a high-quality ridge waveguide with PCC01. The new cross-linkable polymer PCC01 not only solves the problems encountered with our previously described polymers, but also presents an enhancement of the electro-optic stability, because d(33) coefficients up to 30 pm/V stable at 150 °C were recorded.ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 06/2011; 3(6):2092-8. · 4.53 Impact Factor -
Article: Long-lived, charge-shift states in heterometallic, porphyrin-based dendrimers formed via click chemistry.
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ABSTRACT: A series of multiporphyrin clusters has been synthesized and characterized in which there exists a logical gradient for either energy or electron transfer between the porphyrins. A central free-base porphyrin (FbP), for example, is equipped with peripheral zinc(II) porphyrins (ZnP) which act as ancillary light harvesters and transfer excitation energy to the FbP under visible light illumination. Additional energy-transfer steps occur at the triplet level, and the series is expanded by including magnesium(II) porphyrins and/or tin(IV) porphyrins as chromophores. Light-induced electron transfer is made possible by incorporating a gold(III) porphyrin (AuP(+)) into the array. Although interesting by themselves, these clusters serve as control compounds by which to understand the photophysical processes occurring within a three-stage dendrimer comprising an AuP(+) core, a second layer formed from four FbP units, and an outer layer containing 12 ZnP residues. Here, illumination into a peripheral ZnP leads to highly efficient electronic energy transfer to FbP, followed by charge transfer to the central AuP(+). Charge recombination within the resultant charge-shift state is intercepted by secondary hole transfer to the ZnP, which occurs with a quantum yield of around 20%. The final charge-shift state survives for some microseconds in fluid solution at room temperature.The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 05/2011; 115(20):5069-80. · 2.95 Impact Factor -
Article: Cobalt Polypyridyl-Based Electrolytes for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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ABSTRACT: A series of polypyridyl cobalt complexes with different substituents was applied as redox mediators in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSCs), consisting of mesoporous NiO sensitized with a perylenemonoimide−naphthalenediimide (PMI-NDI) dyad. The photocurrent and photovoltages of the devices were found to depend on the steric bulk of the redox species rather than their electrochemical potential. Bulky substituents were found to slow the detrimental charge recombination reactions between holes in the NiO semiconductor and the reduced form of the redox couple. The open-circuit potential (VOC) of each of the devices was superior to the equivalent PMI-NDI-sensitized p-DSCs containing the triiodide/iodide redox couple.04/2011; -
Article: Ruthenium polypyridine complexes as sensitizers in NiO based p-type dye-sensitized solar cells: Effects of the anchoring groups
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ABSTRACT: In this contribution, we investigate the photovoltaic performances of four ruthenium trisbipyridine complexes in NiO based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The four complexes differ by the nature of the anchoring groups, which are either carboxylic acids, biscarbodithioic acids catechol or methyl phosphonic acids. The properties of the dyes were studied by electrochemistry, absorption and emission spectroscopies, surface binding measurements, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) as well as by determining their photoconversion efficiencies in DSSCs under AM 1.5. We show that these simple dyes are relatively efficient sensitizers in NiO-based DSSCs, since some of them give photoconversion efficiencies comparable to that of a standard benchmark dye coumarin C343. We also demonstrate that both catechol and methyl phosphonic acid are promising binding groups for NiO sensitizers to replace classical carboxylic acids in NiO sensitizers and finally we report molecular design rules to elaborate a new generation of better performing ruthenium polypyridine sensitizers.Graphical abstractRuthenium polypyridine complexes show promising potential as sensitizer in NiO-based dye-sensitized solar cells.Highlights► Four ruthenium trisbipyridine complexes were tested in NiO based edye-sensitized solar cells. ► Four different anchoring groups (carboxylic acids, biscarbodithioic acids, catechol and methyl phosphonic acids) were used to chimisorbe the dye on NiO. ► We show that ruthenium polypyridine complexes show promising potential as sensitizer in NiO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. ► Catechol and methyl phosphonic acid can replace the classical carboxylic acid anchoring group.Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry 03/2011; 219:235-242. · 2.42 Impact Factor -
Article: A compact diketopyrrolopyrrole dye as efficient sensitizer in titanium dioxide dye-sensitized solar cells
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ABSTRACT: Two novel TiO2 sensitizers, based on the highly stable diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) skeleton, have been synthesized for application in the field of dye sensitized solar cells. The obtained dyes, DPP1 and DPP2 bear respectively a cyanoacrylic acid and a rhodanine acid anchoring groups, thus tuning the extent of the electronic communication with the semi-conducting oxide. The two chromophores were characterized by solution phase spectroscopy and electrochemistry. DFT calculations gave deeper insight into the electronic structure of both dyes, through the disclosure of their frontier orbitals. Photovoltaic performances unravelled the undisputable advantage of DPP1 over DPP2, owing to the combination of a favourable dipolar moment interaction with TiO2, and more intimate orbital blending between the chemisorbed dye and the conduction band. Chenodeoxycholic acid proved to be useful in limiting the formation of dye aggregates, improving to a great extent the performances of DPP1 based DSSCs, reaching in our conditions a 4.47% yield and 57% IPCE at 500 nm.Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry 01/2011; 226(1):9 - 15. · 2.42 Impact Factor -
Article: Accumulative charge separation inspired by photosynthesis.
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ABSTRACT: Molecular systems that follow the functional principles of photosynthesis have attracted increasing attention as a method for the direct production of solar fuels. This could give a major carbon-neutral energy contribution to our future society. An outstanding challenge in this research is to couple the light-induced charge separation (which generates a single electron-hole pair) to the multielectron processes of water oxidation and fuel generation. New design considerations are needed to allow for several cycles of photon absorption and charge separation of a single artificial photosystem. Here we demonstrate a molecular system with a regenerative photosensitizer that shows two successive events of light-induced charge separation, leading to high-yield accumulation of redox equivalents on single components without sacrificial agents.Journal of the American Chemical Society 12/2010; 132(51):17977-9. · 9.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Photoinduced electron transfer in Zn(II)porphyrin-bridge-Pt(II)acetylide complexes: variation in rate with anchoring group and position of the bridge.
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ABSTRACT: The synthesis and photophysical characterization of two sets of zinc porphyrin platinum acetylide complexes are reported. The two sets of molecules differ in the way the bridging phenyl-ethynyl unit is attached to the porphyrin ring. One set is attached via an ethynyl unit on the β position, while the other set is attached via a phenyl unit on the meso position of the porphyrin. These were compared with previously studied complexes where attachment was made via an ethynyl unit on the meso position. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements showed in all systems a rapid quenching of the porphyrin singlet state. Electron transfer is suggested as the quenching mechanism, followed by an even faster recombination to form both the porphyrin ground and triplet excited states. This is supported by the variation in quenching rate and porphyrin triplet yield with solvent polarity, and the observation of an intermediate state in the meso-phenyl linked systems. The different linking motifs between the dyads resulted in significant variations in electron transfer rates.Inorganic Chemistry 10/2010; 49(21):9823-32. · 4.60 Impact Factor -
Article: Hole-transfer dyads and triads based on perylene monoimide, quaterthiophene, and extended tetrathiafulvalene.
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ABSTRACT: Two families of dyad and triad systems based on perylene monoimide (PMI), quaterthiophene (QT), and 9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene (extended tetrathiafulvalene, exTTF) molecular components have been designed and synthesized. The dyads (D1 and D2) are of the PMI-QT type and the triads (T1 and T2) of the PMI-QT-exTTF type. The two families differ in the saturated or unsaturated nature of the linker groups (ethynylene in D1 and T1, ethylene in D2 and T2) that bridge the molecular components. The dyads and triads have been characterized by electrochemical, photophysical, and computational methods. Both the experimental and the computational (DFT) results indicate that in the unsaturated systems strong intercomponent interactions lead to substantial perturbation of the properties of the subunits. In particular, in T1, delocalization is particularly effective between the QT and exTTF units, which would be better viewed combined as a single electronic subsystem. For the dyad systems, the photophysics observed following excitation of the PMI unit is solvent-dependent. In moderately polar solvents (dichloromethane, diethyl ether) fast charge separation is followed by recombination to the ground state. In toluene, slow conversion to the charge-separated state is followed by intersystem crossing and recombination to yield the triplet state of the PMI unit. The behavior of the triads, on the other hand, is remarkably similar to that of the corresponding dyads, which indicates that, after primary charge separation, hole shift from the oxidized QT component to exTTF is quite inefficient. This unexpected result has been rationalized on the basis of the anomalous (simultaneous two-electron oxidation) electrochemistry of exTTF and with the help of DFT calculations. In fact, although exTTF is electrochemically easier to oxidize than QT by around 0.6 V, the one-electron redox orbitals (HOMOs) of the two units in triad T2 are almost degenerate.Chemistry 08/2010; 16(30):9140-53. · 5.93 Impact Factor
Top co-authors
Top Journals
Institutions
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2006–2012
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Uppsala University
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory
Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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2003–2012
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French National Centre for Scientific Research
Lyon, Rhone-Alpes, France
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2009
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Newcastle University
- School of Chemistry
Newcastle upon Tyne, ENG, United Kingdom
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2002–2009
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Université de Nantes
Nantes, Pays de la Loire, France
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