Publications (35)60.92 Total impact
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Article: Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern.
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ABSTRACT: Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin.Medical and Veterinary Entomology 08/2012; · 1.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in an endemic area of Guarico State, Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: This study reports cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in Venezuela, with some atypical characteristics. Out of 63 cases of CL in the suburbs of Altagracia de Orituco, Guarico State, Venezuela, 30 presented clinical, parasitological, immunological and epidemiological features different from those of the classical CL known in the country. The initial lesion was small and nodular, which, if not treated, might progress to a superficial ulcer. No secondary infection was observed. The identification of the isolates was carried out by molecular techniques. Twelve species of phlebotomine sandflies were caught, the most abundant being Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis s.l., known vectors of Le. chagasi/Le. infantum. The existence of Le. chagasi/Le. infantum and its vectors in an endemic area of CL has implications and we suggest that epidemiological studies should be carried out to obtain a clearer picture of the extent of this CL form in Venezuela.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 02/2009; 103(7):721-6. · 2.16 Impact Factor -
Article: Genetic homogeneity within Leishmania (L.) infantum isolated from human and dogs: the relationship with the sandfly fauna distribution in endemic areas of Nueva Esparta State, Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: Leishmania infantum has been described as a highly polymorphic group of parasites, responsible for visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this paper we report the life-cycle of L. (L.) infantum in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela, by using molecular diagnosis and characterization of parasites isolated from dogs, humans with visceral leishmaniasis and sand flies. The molecular characterization was carried out by use of kDNA restriction analysis, dot-blot hybridization with species-specific probes and RFLP of the PCR products. The results demonstrated that L. (L.) infantum is the parasite responsible for VL in the island. The parasites were revealed to be genetically homogeneous with no intra-specific differences between isolates from different individuals. The highest homology of the isolates was with L. (L.) infantum from the Old World rather than with L. (L.) chagasi from the New World. Additionally, we report the geographical distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis, and the relationship with the transmission of L. (L.) infantum in the studied area.Parasitology 07/2005; 130(Pt 6):611-9. · 2.96 Impact Factor -
Article: Activity of Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis and L. longipalpis s.l. (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: The nocturnal activity of the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis and two populations of L. longipalpis s.l. from different American visceral leishmaniasis foci in Venezuela was studied using collection bottle rotator traps. The activity of L. pseudolongipalpis from Lara State was continuous throughout the night, while that of L. longipalpis s.l. from El Layero, Guárico State and from Santa Ana del Valle, Margarita Island, was greatest before 23:00 h. The activity of sandflies of both populations and sexes steadily decreased thereafter. These different patterns seem to correlate with genetic data that indicate the presence in Venezuela of at least two sibling species in the L. longipalpis complex. The advantages of the bottle rotator trap for this type of study are discussed.Parasite (Paris, France) 10/2004; 11(3):273-8. · 1.00 Impact Factor -
Article: Natural breeding places of phlebotomine sandflies.
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ABSTRACT: Methods of finding larvae and pupae of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are described and the known types of breeding sites used by sandflies are listed. Three ways of detecting sandfly breeding places are the use of emergence traps placed over potential sources to catch newly emerged adult sandflies; flotation of larvae and pupae from soil, etc., and desiccation of media to drive out the larvae. Even so, remarkably little information is available on the ecology of the developmental stages of sandflies, despite their importance as vectors of Leishmania, Bartonella and phleboviruses affecting humans and other vertebrates in warmers parts of the world. Regarding the proven or suspected vectors of leishmaniases, information on breeding sites is available for only 15 out of 29 species of sandflies involved in the Old World and 12 out of 44 species of sandflies involved in the Americas, representing approximately 3% of the known species of Phlebotominae. Ecotopes occupied by immature phlebotomines are usually organically rich moist soils, such as the rain forest floor (Lutzomyia intermedia, Lu. umbratilis, Lu. whitmani in the Amazon; Lu. gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. trapidoi in Panama), or contaminated soil of animal shelters (Lu. longipalpis s.l. in South America, Phlebotomus argentipes in India; P. chinensis in China; P. ariasi, P. perfiliewi, P. perniciosus in Europe). Developmental stages of some species (P. langeroni and P. martini in Africa; P. papatasi in Eurasia; Lu. longipalpis s.l. in South America), have been found in a wide range of ecotopes, and many species of sandflies employ rodent burrows as breeding sites, although the importance of this niche is unclear. Larvae of some phlebotomines have been found in what appear to be specialized niches such as Lu. ovallesi on buttress roots of trees in Panama; P. celiae in termite hills in Kenya; P. longipes and P. pedifer in caves and among rocks in East Africa. Old World species found as immatures in the earthen floor of human habitations include P. argentipes, P. chinensis, P. martini and P. papatasi. Much more information on sandfly breeding sites is required to facilitate their control by source reduction.Medical and Veterinary Entomology 04/2004; 18(1):71-80. · 1.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Phylogeography of the neotropical sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences.
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ABSTRACT: Sand flies in the Lutzomyia longipalpis species complex include the primary vector of Leishmania chagasi, the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropics. Twelve L. longipalpis populations from South and Central America were compared using the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene from the mitochondrial genome. The haplotype profiles for each population revealed that the majority of sequence variation was inter-population (98%) rather than intra-population, suggesting that sequence polymorphisms at the COI locus should provide excellent characters for the study of phylogenetic relationships among populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction using distance (neighbor-joining) and maximum parsimony analysis revealed the existence of four clades among the L. longipalpis populations studied: (1) Laran, (2) Brazilian, (3) cis-Andean and (4) trans-Andean. We suggest that these clades represent species. A biogeographical interpretation of the molecular phylogeny suggests that the process of speciation in the L. longipalpis complex began in the Pliocene, from a sub-Andean-Amazonian gene pool resulting from the Andean orogeny (formation of the East Andean Cordillera). The four clades probably diverged as a result of vicariance events that occurred throughout the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. We propose and discuss several historical scenarios, based on the biogeography and historical geology of Central and South America.Infection Genetics and Evolution 01/2003; 2(2):83-95. · 3.13 Impact Factor -
Article: Value of a dipstick based on recombinant RK39 antigen for differential diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis from other sympatric endemic diseases in Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: A laboratory trial using recombinant rK39 dipsticks for differential diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) from other sympatric endemic diseases which share similar clinic features (Chagas disease, malaria, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis) was conducted in Venezuela. The 100% specificity of the test previously obtained in other countries was confirmed. The use of this test at the primary health care level in Venezuela for a rapid diagnosis of active AVL cases, which may avoid deaths, is recommended.Parasite (Paris, France) 01/2002; 8(4):355-7. · 1.00 Impact Factor -
Article: Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis: the first new species within the longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) complex from La Rinconada, Curarigua, Lara State, Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: Lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis, the first new sand fly species within the longipalpis complex, is described based on females and males from La Rinconada, Curarigua, Lara State, Venezuela. Similar to Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato, females of the new species show spermathecae with 8-10 annulations and cibarial armature with 8-12 horizontal teeth. However, L. pseudolongipalpis females show conspicuous vertical cibarial teeth, large stipites and wing vein sections, round cerci, and short and broad valvifers that separate them from L. longipalpis s. l. females. L. pseudolongipalpis and L. longipalpis s. l. males are isomorphic, both having parameres with two curved setae on a simple tubercle. The analysis of morphometric characters and their diagnostic value is in progress.Journal of Medical Entomology 12/2001; 38(6):783-90. · 1.76 Impact Factor -
Article: Phlebotomine sandflies in Venezuela. V. Review of the genus Brumptomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae), with description of the female of Brumptomyia devenanzii, re-description of the male and isozymatic profile.
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ABSTRACT: Recently collected data on the Venezuelan species of the genus Brumptomyia are used to produce an updated review of these sandflies. At present, four species are recognized in Venezuela: B. devenanzii, B. beaupertuyi, B. avellari and B. pintoi. A key for the males is given and the geographical distribution of each of these species is outlined. The previously unknown female of B. devenanzii is described, the male is re-described, and the genetic variability (based on 11 enzymatic loci) of this species and of B. beaupertuyi (a sympatric species in Rancho Grande, the type locality of B. devenanzii) are reported. Fixed allelic differences in one diagnostic locus (adenylate kinase; Ak), between sympatric and allopatric populations, allowed for the unequivocal separation of both sexes of B. beaupertuyi from those of B. devenanzii. Significant inter-specific differences were also detected in the allele frequencies of malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-2) and decarboxylating malate dehydrogenase (Me). For B. devenanzii, mean heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 2.0%-3.1% and 1.1-1.5, respectively. The corresponding values for B. beaupertuyi were 3.8% and 1.2.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 05/2001; 95(3):297-308. · 1.43 Impact Factor -
Article: Ootaxonomic investigation of five Lutzomyia species (Diptera, Psychodidae) from Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: The eggshell fine structure of five sand fly species from Venezuela belonging to the genus Lutzomyia (L. migonei, L. ovallesi, L. absonodonta, L. gomezi and L. panamensis) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The chorionic sculpturing of L. migonei, L. ovallesi, L. absonodonta and L. gomezi was characterized by series of columns arranged in palisade to form sinuous ridges. In inter-ridge areas, the basal layer was covered with fibrous material. The outer chorion of L. panamensis had a pattern known as "mountain- or volcano-like". The morphology of the posterior pole and aeropyle had a common structure in the five species, with some species-specific characters. The eggshell features of the five species are compared with those of other phlebotomine sand flies.Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 03/2001; 96(2):197-204. · 2.15 Impact Factor -
Article: A possible role of bats as a blood source for the Leishmania vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).
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ABSTRACT: Some evidence suggests that bats may provide an alternative blood source for Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of American visceral leishmaniasis. Feeding trials were conducted to determine whether L. longipalpis feeds on captive bats. The high feeding success indicated that L. longipalpis is capable of feeding on at least four species of bats. Implications for the epidemiology of leishmaniases are discussed.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 07/2000; 62(6):718-9. · 2.59 Impact Factor -
Article: Correlated morphologic and genetic diversity among Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) collections in Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: Diversity among Lutzomyia longipalpis populations in Venezuela was characterized using 2 methods: larval mouthpart morphology-morphometry and isoenzyme electrophoresis. Analysis of the results suggested the presence of 2 morpho-genotypes. The mentum, maxillary comb, mandibular ventral teeth, and adenylate kinase and hexokinase enzyme-encoding loci suggested that a population from the northwestern Coriano System (Curarigua) is a distinct lineage within the L. longipalpis complex. Three widely separated populations from the Llanos (savanna), Andes, and northcentral Coastal Cordillera showed no significant substructure. These studies provide morphologic markers that are congruent with genetic data and suggest that the morphologic markers may be used to characterize and differentiate populations within this species complex.Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 07/2000; 16(2):171-4. · 0.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Genetic divergence among Venezuelan populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).
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ABSTRACT: Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) is the primary vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela. An analysis of alleles at seven enzyme-encoding loci among four populations from different geographic and epidemiological regions revealed strong genetic substructuring. Isozyme analysis indicated that L. longipalpis in Venezuela is a complex of at least two subspecies. Possible differences in population size during their evolutionary histories, varying colonization histories and geological events may explain discrepancies in the patterns of variation observed at genetic markers between these four populations.Journal of Medical Entomology 05/2000; 37(3):325-30. · 1.76 Impact Factor -
Article: Epidemiologic aspects of American visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic focus in Eastern Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: An endemic focus of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in eastern Venezuela has been evaluated in terms of patients (n = 48), immunologic reactivity to Leishmania in household contacts (n = 187) and neighborhood controls (n = 170), detection of Leishmania (L. donovani complex) in dogs and wild animals by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characteristics of the sandfly population. The male:female ratio of patients was 1.18:1; 89.6% were < or =12 years old. Serologic reactivity was significantly higher in household contacts than in controls (P = 0.0008), as was the size of leishmanin reactions in contacts < or =10 years of age (P = 0.0141). Leishmania donovani complex-specific PCRs were positive in dogs, an opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and a black rat (Rattus rattus). Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. evansi, both implicated in the transmission of AVL, were identified among the 386 sand flies examined. These observations provide the bases for an active control program as well as further studies of reservoirs and vector-host relationships in this area.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 12/1999; 61(6):945-50. · 2.59 Impact Factor -
Article: The re-emergence of American visceral leishmaniasis in an old focus in Venezuela. II. Vectors and parasites.
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ABSTRACT: As part of an epidemiological study in an old focus of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) in Venezuela (Guayabita, Aragua State), a longitudinal entomological survey (January 1993-June 1994) was carried out. A total of 3,239 males and 6,043 females belonging to 11 phlebotomine sandfly species were collected. The two recognised vectors of AVL in the New World, Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis were found to be sympatric. Lutzomyia evansi was the dominant species (86.4%), almost ten fold times more abundant than Lu. longipalpis (10.6%). The two species alternated seasonally: Lu evansi peaked at the end of the rainy season while Lu. longipalpis, almost virtually absent during such period, increased in the dry season. This species seems more greatly influenced by the temperature. Seven of 4,559 Lutzomyia evansi (0.15%) and one of 353 Lu. longipalpis (0.28%) were found positive for suprapyloric promastigotes. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primers, all isolates were identified as Leishmania spp. Two cultures from Lu. evansi, IEVA/VE/93/UCNA-2 and IEVA/VE/93/UCNA-3, were established. k-DNA restriction analysis showed high homologies between these isolates and Leishmania chagasi. High hybridization signal with L. chagasi specific kDNA confirmed these results. These findings suggest that Lu. evansi may play a role as vector of visceral leishmaniasis in this area. The identity of the parasite carried by Lu. longipalpis needs to be confirmed.Parasite (Paris, France) 07/1999; 6(2):113-20. · 1.00 Impact Factor -
Article: The re-emergence of American visceral leishmaniasis in an old focus in Venezuela: present situation of human and canine infections.
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ABSTRACT: The report of a new autochthonous case of human American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) in 1992 in the village of Guayabita, Aragua State, Venezuela (10 degrees 16'N, 67 degrees 28'W; 500 m asl), led us to undertake an epidemiological study in this locality. A demographic survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire in which data was collected regarding sex, age, occupation, length of residence in the area and migratory history. A leishmanin skin test (LST) was applied and samples of venous blood for counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and immunofluorescent antibodies (IFAT) tests were drawn. The prevalence of positive LST was 11.4%. The positivity was highest among males and increased with age. Young males seemed to be more exposed to infection than females. Since occupation per se did not seem to account for this association, it may be explained as a gender-associated behavior, leading to different degrees of exposure to sand flies. The canine population was also screened for leishmanial infection. One dog was shown to be parasitologically infected with Leishmania sp. Four out of 71 dogs (5.6%) were positive for FG, CIEP, IFAT and Western Blot and 11 (15.5%) were positive for CIEP. These results suggest that after almost 30 years of epidemiological silence, American visceral leishmaniasis has re-emerged in this focus.Parasite (Paris, France) 01/1999; 5(4):317-23. · 1.00 Impact Factor -
Article: Abundance of Lutzomyia ovallesi but not Lu. gomezi (Diptera: Psychodidae) correlated with cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in north-central Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: In north-central Venezuela Lutzomyia gomezi and Lu. ovallesi are the main endophilic/anthropophilic species of phlebotomine sandflies implicated as vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Lutzomyia ovallesi has been found infected with Leishmania braziliensis (1.2%) and less often with Le. mexicana (0.07%), while Le. braziliensis infections have also been found in Lu. gomezi (0.47%). We investigated population densities of these sandflies using two sampling methods with four series of collections between January 1991 and March 1995 at El Ingenio, Miranda State. All-night outdoor collections from a Shannon trap were correlated with indoor collections from CDC light-traps by linear regression, which proved to be statistically significant for both species. Estimated numbers of female sandflies per house per night were found to be proportional to monthly precipitation (i.e. rainfall), with a lag time of seven months for Lu. ovallesi and of six months for Lu. gomezi. Predominance of Lu. ovallesi over Lu. gomezi (c. 10:1) was observed throughout the year, with the number of infected females estimated as 0.043+/-0.047 Lu. ovallesi and 0.0085+/-0.0124 Lu. gomezi per CDC trap per house per night (ratio approximately 5:1). The mean rate of new CL cases per house per year and sandfly abundance were correlated by linear regression, showing a statistically significant relationship for Lu. ovallesi but not for Lu. gomezi. The negative intercept indicated that, on average, the CDC trap density exceeds 800 Lu. ovallesi females/house/year before new CL cases occur at El Ingenio.Medical and Veterinary Entomology 05/1998; 12(2):121-31. · 1.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Man-vector contact of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in north-central Venezuela as assessed by blood meal identification using dot-ELISA.
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ABSTRACT: Human bait is traditionally used to assess man-vector contact, which is a key point in the study of the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. However, in highly endemic foci, where this method should be avoided, this information could be obtained by blood meal analysis of engorged insects. In the village El Ingenio, Miranda State, Venezuela, Lutzomyia ovallesi and Lutzomyia gomezi are vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). From June 1994 to March 1995, sand flies were collected inside houses on 974 CDC trap nights from 1900 to 0700 h. A total of 7,281 female sand flies were caught: 68.7% of them were identified as L. ovallesi, and 3.3% were identified as L. gomezi. Almost all of the blood-engorged flies (233 of 237) were dissected and identified, and gut contents were examined by dot enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (dot-ELISA) using antisera against humans and common household animals including the domestic mouse. The Human Blood Index was 0.817 for L. ovallesi. These results suggest that intradomiciliary transmission may occur and account for the cases of CL frequently observed in newborn children in El Ingenio.Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 04/1998; 14(1):28-32. · 0.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Susceptibility of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) to selected insecticides in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela.
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ABSTRACT: A field population of Lutzomyia longipalpis from La Rinconada, Lara State, an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela, was tested for susceptibility to organochlorine (DDT 2%), carbamate (propoxur 0.01%), organophosphate (malathion 2%, fenitrothion 1%, and pirimiphos methyl 1%), and pyrethroid (deltamethrin 0.06%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.06%, and permethrin 0.2%) insecticides. Susceptibility to the insecticides tested was evaluated in the field population of L. longipalpis and compared with a laboratory reference strain. The (LT95) to propoxur and malathion insecticides for the field population was lower than the LT95 for the laboratory reference strain, demonstrating high susceptibility to these compounds. A low level of resistance at LT50 (< 3-fold) was found for fenitrothion, pirimiphos methyl, and permethrin insecticides, but no resistance was detected at LT95. No significant resistance at the LT50 and LT95 was detected for the pyrethroids deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. The susceptibility levels of L. longipalpis to the insecticides tested are discussed in view of a future control program against endophilic vectors of leishmaniases based on the use of pesticides.Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12/1997; 13(4):335-41. · 0.91 Impact Factor -
Article: Multivariate analysis to discriminate species of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae): Lutzomyia townsendi, L. spinicrassa, and L. youngi.
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ABSTRACT: Multivariate discriminant analysis was employed to discriminate on a morphological basis females of 3 closely related sand fly species, Lutzomyia townsendi (Ortiz), L. spinicrassa Morales, Osorno-Mesa, Osorno & Hoyos, and L. youngi Feliciangeli & Murillo. Principal component and canonical discriminant analysis compared a set of 31 morphological characters measured from known specimens to detect differences among the 3 species. A subset of 6 characters separated the 3 species with a high level of confidence. A simple method is presented to identify an unknown specimen as L. townsendi, L. spinicrassa, or L. youngi using these 6 morphological characters.Journal of Medical Entomology 06/1997; 34(3):312-6. · 1.76 Impact Factor
Top co-authors
Top Journals
Institutions
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2005
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Central University of Venezuela
- Instituto de Biomedicina
Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela
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1988–2004
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Universidad de Carabobo, UC
- • Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
- • Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (Biomed)
Valencia, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela
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1997
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Los Andes University (Colombia)
- Facultad de Ciencias
Bogotá, Bogota D.C., Colombia
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