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ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the anti-oxidant activity of the flavonoid compound, kaempferol, and to examine its role in the suppression of oxidative stress and attenuation of bladder hyperactivity in a rat model of bladder injury. METHODS: The anti-oxidative activity of kaempferol was examined in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophages by using flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, rats were pretreated with kaempferol or vehicle for 24 h. The rat urothelium was injured by the administration of protamine sulfate for 1.5 h and irritated by the subsequent infusion of potassium chloride for 4 h. Oxidative stress in the bladder tissue was assessed using chemiluminescence assay, and the bladder pressure was determination by cystomertrogram. RESULTS: Kaempferol significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species production in RAW264.7 rat macrophages. Exposure of the rat bladder to sequential infusion of protamine sulfate and potassium chloride induced bladder hyperactivity. Pretreatment with kaempferol, prevented the formation of reactive oxygen species and prolonged the intercontraction interval. CONCLUSION: Kaempferol suppresses oxidative stress and attenuates bladder hyperactivity caused by potassium chloride after protamine sulfate-induced bladder injury.
International Journal of Urology 05/2013; · 1.75 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Water-in-oil submicron emulsions were used as carrier for the topical delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). The effect of components such as level and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of surfactant, type of cosurfactant, and drug concentration on the delivery capability of drug in the receptor fluid and in the various skin layers (stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis) were evaluated. The result showed the submicron emulsion could increase the transdermal and deposition of 5FU compared with the aqueous control. Submicron emulsion with surfactant at HLB of 6.0 had higher deposition amount of drug in epidermis layer. The deposition amount of drug in the skin layers increased with increased amounts of surfactant and drug loading of submicron emulsion. However, the 0.2% 5FU-load submicron emulsion showed a comparable deposition effect in various skin layers with the commercial product (5%, Efudix®), which indicated that the submicron emulsions could be a promising drug vehicle for topical application.
Journal of Microencapsulation 03/2013; · 1.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this study, submicron emulsions have been employed as a carrier for the topical application of kaempferol. The effect of components of submicron emulsions on the physicochemical properties and permeation capability of drug were evaluated. In case of drug-loaded submicron emulsions, the cumulative amount over 12 h (Q(12 h)), lag time and deposition in skin amount ranged from 13.0±3.4 to 236.1±21.2 µg/cm(2), 1.7 to 5.3 h, and 1.10 to 7.76 µg/cm(2), respectively, which indicated that the permeation parameters of kaempferol were markedly influenced by the component ratio. Kaempferol dispensed in isopropyl myristate was used as the control. The Q(12 h), lag time and deposition amount in skin were 4.2±1.8 µg/cm(2), 6.0 h and 2.25±0.60 µg/cm(2), respectively. The data showed that used appropriate submicron emulsions as vehicle could significantly increase the Q(12 h) and deposition amount in skin and shorten the lag time, demonstrating that submicron emulsions have a potent enhancement effect for kaempferol transdermal delivery.
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 01/2012; 60(9):1171-5. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The synthetic potential chemotherapeutic agent 3-Chloro-4-[(4-methoxyphenyl) amino]furo[2,3-b]quinoline (PK-L4) is an analog of amsacrine. The half-life of PK-L4 is longer than that of amsacrine; however, PK-L4 is difficult to dissolve in aqueous media, which is problematic for administration by intravenous injection.
To utilize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve the delivery of PK-L4 and investigate its biodistribution behavior after intravenous administration.
The particle size of the PK-L4-loaded SLNs was 47.3 nm and the size of the PEGylated form was smaller, at 28 nm. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of PK-L4 in SLNs with and without PEG showed a high capacity of approximately 100% encapsulation. Results also showed that the amount of PK-L4 released over a prolonged period from SLNs both with and without PEG was comparable to the non-formulated group, with 16.48% and 30.04%, respectively, of the drug being released, which fit a zero-order equation. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of PK-L4-loaded SLNs with and those without PEG were significantly reduced by 45%-64% in the human lung carcinoma cell line (A549), 99% in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line with estrogen receptor (MCF7), and 95% in the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). The amount of PK-L4 released by SLNs with PEG was significantly higher than that from the PK-L4 solution (P < 0.05). After intravenous bolus of the PK-L4-loaded SLNs with PEG, there was a marked significant difference in half-life alpha (0.136 ± 0.046 hours) when compared with the PK-L4 solution (0.078 ± 0.023 hours); also the area under the curve from zero to infinity did not change in plasma when compared to the PK-L4 solution. This demonstrated that PK-L4-loaded SLNs were rapidly distributed from central areas to tissues and exhibited higher accumulation in specific organs. The highest deposition of PK-L4-loaded SLNs with PEG was found in the lung and spine.
Sufficient amounts of PK-L4 were entrapped in the SLNs, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of PK-L4-loaded SLNs was established. This formulation successfully resolved the delivery problem, and the drug was localized in particular organs.
International Journal of Nanomedicine 01/2012; 7:4995-5005. · 3.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of the present work was to investigate the specific brain targeting of baicalein by intravenous injection after incorporation into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). The NLC system, composed of tripalmitin, Gelucires, vitamin E, phospholipids, and poloxamer 188 (referred to as tocol NLCs), was characterized in terms of its physicochemical properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability, in vivo pharmacokinetics, and brain distribution. The lipid nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of ∼100 nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was about -50 mV. DSC studies suggested that the majority of the inner cores of tocol NLCs had a slightly disordered crystal arrangement. The nanoparticulate dispersions demonstrated good physical stability during storage for 6 days. The incorporation of vitamin E in the formulations greatly reinforced baicalein's stability. The aqueous control and tocol NLCs were intravenously administered to rats. The plasma level of baicalein in NLCs was much higher and the half-life much longer than those in the free control. In the experiment on the brain distribution, NLCs respectively revealed 7.5- and 4.7-fold higher baicalein accumulations compared to the aqueous solution in the cerebral cortex and brain stem. Greater baicalein accumulations with NLCs were also detected in the hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and olfactory tract. A 2-3-fold increase in baicalein amounts were achieved in these regions. Tocol NLCs improved baicalein's stability and the ability of baicalein to penetrate the brain; thus, this is a promising drug-targeting system for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
International journal of pharmaceutics 12/2011; 423(2):461-70. · 2.96 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Embolism is responsible for half of cerebral infarctions, yet few animal models were developed due to the unpredictability of the embolus-induced infarcts. We manufactured artificial embolic particles by blending chitin and poly(D,L-Lactide-co-glycolide) (chitin/PLGA) for their good biocompatibility and rapid hydration expansion property. We subdivided the chitin/PLGA microparticles into 10 size groups (from 38-45 μm to 255-350 μm) and injected them through the external carotid artery toward the bifurcation of the common carotid artery in the rat. Reduced blood flow of the ipsilateral hemisphere was evident immediately after the injection of particles. The spherical appearance of the particle was critical in occluding the cerebral vessels. Particle(212-250 μm) produced the greatest diffuse infarction in the ipsilateral hemisphere, including the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglion, thalamus, midbrain and cerebellum. Particle(75-90 μm) induced single or sparse isolated infarcts mainly located in the subcortical region, resembling lacunar stroke observed in humans. Particle(38-45 μm) frequently crossed to the contralateral hemisphere and induced diffuse infarctions in both hemispheres. The cortex infarct volumes were positively correlated to neurologic score and seizure incidence. In conclusion, we have established embolic stroke animal models, including a novel model that mainly expresses lacunar infarction, by intravenous injection of chitin/PLGA microparticles.
Biomaterials 06/2011; 32(27):6381-8. · 7.40 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of the current study was to find an optimal estradiol-loaded microemulsion with higher permeation rate and shortened lag time (LT) for transdermal application by using a response surface methodology (RSM) and constrained mixture design. Isopropyl myristate (X(1) ), distilled water (X(2) ), and ethanol (X(3) ) were selected as independent variables, whereas the viscosity of microemulsion and permeation parameters including the cumulative amount at 24 h (Q(24h) ) and LT of estradiol-loaded microemulsion through skin were set as dependent variables. The result showed that the three independent variables had a remarkable effect (p < 0.05) on the dependent variables. Moreover, the predicted and observed values of these three dependent variables of the optimal microemulsion formulations, which were produced by the RSM optimization technique, were close, demonstrating that RSM was a useful technique for optimizing pharmaceutical formulations. However, the experimental estradiol-loaded microemulsion with higher permeation rate was expected to provide effective therapeutic concentration in a workable administration area. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 05/2011; · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to investigate whether the oral bioavailability and brain regional distribution of (+)-catechin could be improved by utilizing elastic liposomes. Liposomes containing soy phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and Tween 80 in the presence of 15% ethanol were prepared by a thin-film method and subsequent sonication and extrusion. The size, zeta potential, and stability of the liposomes in simulated gastrointestinal (GI) media were characterized. The mean size of liposomes was 35-70 nm, which decreased with an increase in the Tween 80 concentration. The zeta potential of the system was about-15 mV. More than 80% of the (+)-catechin was entrapped in the aqueous core of liposomes produced with 1% Tween 80. Liposomes entrapping (+)-catechin remained stable in the presence of GI fluids, especially in simulated intestinal fluid. The liposomes showed suppressed and sustained release of (+)-catechin compared with that from an aqueous solution. The aqueous control and liposomes were orally administered to rats. The blood level of liposomal (+)-catechin was enhanced at a later stage after administration compared with the free control. In the experiment on the brain distribution, liposomes with elastic properties showed 2.9- and 2.7-fold higher (+)-catechin accumulations compared with the aqueous solution in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively. Greater compound accumulations with liposomes were also detected in the striatum and thalamus. The experimental results suggest that elastic liposomes may offer a promising strategy for improving (+)-catechin delivery via oral ingestion.
Journal of Drug Targeting 02/2011; 19(8):709-18. · 2.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist for treating Parkinson's disease, has very poor oral bioavailability (<2%) due to the first-pass effect. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the oral bioavailability and brain regional distribution of apomorphine could be improved by utilizing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and polyethylene glycol monostearate (PMS) were individually incorporated into SLNs as emulsifiers. It was found that variations in the emulsifiers had profound effects on the physicochemical characteristics. Mean diameters of the GMS and PMS systems were 155 and 63 nm, respectively. More than 90% of the apomorphine was entrapped in the SLNs. The interfacial film was the likely location for most of apomorphine molecules. The PMS system, when incubated in simulated intestinal medium, was found to be more stable in terms of particle size and encapsulation efficiency than the GMS system. Using the GMS and PMS systems to orally administer apomorphine (26 mg/kg) equally enhanced the bioavailability in rats. SLNs showed 12- to 13-fold higher bioavailability than the reference solution. The drug distribution in the striatum, the predominant site of therapeutic action, also increased when using the SLNs. The anti-Parkinsonian activity of apomorphine was evaluated in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions, a model of Parkinson's disease. The contralateral rotation behavior was examined after oral apomorphine delivery. The total number of rotations increased from 20 to 94 and from 20 to 115 when the drug was administered from SLNs containing GMS and PMS, respectively. The experimental results suggest that SLNs may offer a promising strategy for apomorphine delivery via oral ingestion.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02/2011; 100(2):547-57. · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of components such as type, level, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of surfactant, type and amount of cosurfactant, and drug concentration on the permeability of buspirone hydrochloride microemulsions through rat skin. The cumulative amount at 24 h ranged from 502.2 ± 57.8 to 1754.3 ± 616.6 μg/cm(2), flux ranged from 23.03 ± 1.84 to 83.36 ± 25.08 μg/(cm(2)/h), and lag time ranged from 3.0 to 4.7 h, indicating that the permeation parameters of buspirone from microemulsions were markedly influenced by the composition of microemulsions. In comparison with the effect of composition of microemulsions on the buspirone permeation capacity, it was found that microemulsions containing surfactant with HLB value of 11.16 possessed higher flux. The viscosity of microemulsions increased, flux decreased, and lag time was prolonged when amount of surfactant in microemulsions increased. The various cosurfactants can also influence the microemulsion formation and drug permeability. The microemulsion with ethanol as cosurfactant had higher permeation rate. However, the buspirone microemulsion with higher flux can provide the therapeutic minimum effective concentration, at workable administrated area about 3.3-5.8 cm(2), demonstrating microemulsions could be a promising drug carrier for transdermal delivery systems.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 01/2011; 100(6):2358-65. · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop and optimize the mesomorphic phase formulation for a meloxicam transdermal dosage form. A mixture design was applied to prepare formulations which consisted of three independent variables including oleic acid (X(1)), distilled water (X(2)) and ethanol (X(3)). The flux and lag time (LT) were selected as dependent variables. The result showed that using mesomorphic phases as vehicles can significantly increase flux and shorten LT of drug. The analysis of variance showed that the permeation parameters of meloxicam from formulations were significantly influenced by the independent variables and their interactions. The X(3) (ethanol) had the greatest potential influence on the flux and LT, followed by X(1) and X(2). A new formulation was prepared according to the independent levels provided by RSM. The observed responses were in close agreement with the predicted values, demonstrating that RSM could be successfully used to optimize mesomorphic phase formulations.
Journal of Microencapsulation 01/2011; 28(6):508-14. · 1.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Nicardipine hydrochloride has been used widely for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Because of its extensive first pass metabolism after oral administration, the transdermal administration of nicardipine microemulsions was developed in this study.
Microemulsions consisted of isopropyl myristate (IPM), surfactant mixture of Tween 80/Span 80 and/or Tween 80/Span 20, co-surfactant (ethanol) and aqueous phase. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed using water titration method. The effect of component of microemulsion on the percutaneous absorption of drug was evaluated by in vitro permeation study.
The area of microemulsion isotropic region in the presence of ethanol was comparably larger in the absence of ethanol. The mean droplet size of nicardipine microemulsions ranged from 70 to 123 nm. With addition of ethanol, the droplet size became smaller. The permeation rate and extent of nicardipine microemulsion transport across rat skin was affected by the components of microemulsion. Nicardipine microemulsion had higher flux at surfactant mixture with lower hyrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value and Tween content.
The microemulsion consisted of 52% IPM, 35% surfactant mixture and 13% water had higher permeation rate through rat skin above 122.53 ± 1.87 μg/cm2/h and was expected to develop a transdermal delivery system.
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 12/2010; 36(12):1398-403. · 1.49 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist for treating Parkinson's disease, has very poor oral bioavailability (<2%) due to the first-pass effect. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the oral bioavailability and brain regional distribution of apomorphine could be improved by utilizing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and polyethylene glycol monostearate (PMS) were individually incorporated into SLNs as emulsifiers. It was found that variations in the emulsifiers had profound effects on the physicochemical characteristics. Mean diameters of the GMS and PMS systems were 155 and 63 nm, respectively. More than 90% of the apomorphine was entrapped in the SLNs. The interfacial film was the likely location for most of apomorphine molecules. The PMS system, when incubated in simulated intestinal medium, was found to be more stable in terms of particle size and encapsulation efficiency than the GMS system. Using the GMS and PMS systems to orally administer apomorphine (26 mg/kg) equally enhanced the bioavailability in rats. SLNs showed 12- to 13-fold higher bioavailability than the reference solution. The drug distribution in the striatum, the predominant site of therapeutic action, also increased when using the SLNs. The anti-Parkinsonian activity of apomorphine was evaluated in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions, a model of Parkinson's disease. The contralateral rotation behavior was examined after oral apomorphine delivery. The total number of rotations increased from 20 to 94 and from 20 to 115 when the drug was administered from SLNs containing GMS and PMS, respectively. The experimental results suggest that SLNs may offer a promising strategy for apomorphine delivery via oral ingestion. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:547–557, 2011
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 08/2010; 100(2):547 - 557. · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Hesperetin is one of the flavonoids and possess anti-inflammatory, UV-protecting and antioxidant effects. Permeation issues for topical delivery systems of such effects are occasionally problematic, and in view of the fact that microemulsions are potential carriers for transdermal delivery system, the objective of this study was to design an optimal microemulsion formulation by in vitro permeation study for hesperetin topical dosage form and determine its topical photoprotective effect and skin irritation by in vivo study. The hesperetin-loaded microemulsion showed an enhanced in vitro permeation compared to the aqueous and isopropyl myristate (IPM) suspension dosage form of hesperetin. In comparison, the effect of co-surfactant on the drug permeation capacity, propylene glycol showed highest permeation rate, followed by ethanol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400). Sunscreen agent padimate O, as a transdermal enhancer could increase the permeation rate of hesperetin. In case of in vivo study, the hesperetin-loaded microemulsion showed significant topical whitening effect and diminished skin irritation when compared with the non-treatment group, indicating that the hesperetin microemulsion could be used as an effective whitening agent.
International journal of pharmaceutics 03/2010; 388(1-2):257-62. · 2.96 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to optimize hesperetin cream formulations by in vitro permeation study and evaluate topical whitening active effect and skin irritation by in vivo study. The results showed that the solubility of lipophilic compound of hesperetin was increased by short-chain alcohol including ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols 400 (PEG 400). PEG 400 showed strongest solubilized effect by increased 3400-fold. With the addition of 5% enhancers, it was found that menthol showed the most potent enhancing effect, followed by azone and depigmentation agents (linoleic acid and lecithin). Moreover, enhancers could shorten the lag time from 3.7 to 1 h. Combination of menthol, linoleic acid and lecithin of 2.5% had a higher permeation rate of 9.8 microg/cm(2)/h and lower lag time 1 h, therefore the formulation was selected to process the skin whitening and irritation test. The results showed that a significantly topical photoprotective effect with acceptable skin irritation was obtained after hesperetin cream topical application when compared with that of the non-treatment group, indicating that the hesperetin cream may be used as an effective whitening agent.
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 01/2010; 58(5):611-4. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to develop a safe and effective delivery vehicle for topical treatment of gemcitabine. The physicochemical properties, drug release rate, drug level in plasma and bladder, and histological changes of tissue after drug administration were investigated. The electrical conductivity, mean size, and viscosity of drug-loaded microemulsions were 0.8-102.0 µS/cm, 116.8-322.5 nm, and 42.9-105.0 cps×10³, respectively. Gemcitabine loaded microemulsions showed a slower and sustained release. After intravesical administration of aqueous control and microemulsions treated, the drug concentrations in plasma were 15.11 µg/ml and 2.81-12.82 µg/ml, respectively, and the accumulation in bladder were 18.27 µg and 9.12-64.16 µg, respectively. Microemulsions slightly decreased the systemic absorption and significantly enhanced the accumulation in bladder tissue. Moreover, the preliminary toxicity studies revealed no overt adverse histological changes or tissue irritation by the microemulsion application. Therefore, the microemulsions were suggested to be a promising drug carrier for intravesical chemotherapy.
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 01/2010; 58(11):1461-5. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Abstract A new, simple and precise method using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of piroxicam in ointment and plasma. A reversed-phase system was used, consisting of a 5-μm NOVA-PAK C18 column with acetunitrile-water (42:58 v/v) containing 0.01M tetrabutylammoniium phosphate and adjusted to pH 7.5 by phosphoric acid as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 ml/min and the effluent was monitored at 355 nm. The sensitivities of this method were 2 ng/ml levels of piroxicam in ointment and plasma samples using indomethacin as internal standard.
10/2008; 15(9):1441-1453.
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ABSTRACT: Abstract Oleic acid (OA) or / and saturated fatty acid (i.e. lauric lyristic, palmitic and stearic acid) decreased the release of piroxican from FAPG (fatty alcohol-propylene glycol) base. The reason would be due to the increase in lipophilicity of the base. The released piroxicam was found to be inversely proportional to the apparent viscosity of the ointments containing OA and saturated fatty acid. However, OA or / and the saturated fatty acids enhanced the in vitro skin permeation and the in vivo percutaneous absorption of piroxican, the enhancing effect was decreased linearly with increasing carbon number of saturated fatty acid from 12 to 18. A useful parameter has been obtained for estimating the properties of the exudation or “bleeding” of the FAPG base. A number of piroxicam FAPG ointments have been selected as an optimal product for less bleeding and more percutaneous absorption of piroxicam than those of controls (containing no oleic acid and saturated fatty acid).
10/2008; 20(8):1425-1437.
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ABSTRACT: Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an alternative therapy for many non-melanoma skin cancers. The major limitation of this therapy, however, is the low permeability of ALA through the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin. The objective of the present work was to characterize ethosomes containing ALA and to enhance the skin production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), compared to traditional liposomes. Results showed that the average particle sizes of the ethosomes were less than those of liposomes. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency of ALA in the ethosome formulations was 8-66% depending on the surfactant added. The particle size of the ethosomes was still approximately <200 nm after 32 days of storage. An in vivo animal study observed the presence of PpIX in the skin by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results indicated that the penetration ability of ethosomes was greater than that of liposomes. The enhancements of all the formulations were ranging from 11- to 15-fold in contrast to that of control (ALA in an aqueous solution) in terms of PpIX intensity. In addition, colorimetry detected no erythema in the irradiated skin. The results demonstrated that the enhancement ratio of ethosome formulations did not significantly differ between the non-irradiated and irradiated groups except for PE/CH/SS, which may have been due to a photobleaching effect of the PDT-irradiation process.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics 06/2008; 356(1-2):144-52. · 3.35 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to prepare sodium nonivamide acetate (SNA) microemulsion for topical administration. Microemulsions consisted of a mixed surfactant of Tween 80 and Span 20 as surfactant, ethanol as cosurfactant, isopropyl myristate (IPM) as an oil phase and water as an external phase. The effect of composition of microemulsion including the ratio of oil phase/surfactant/aqueous phase, various cosurfactant and polymer on the character and permeability of microemulsion were evaluated. The mean droplet size of SNA microemulsions ranged from 64 to 208 nm. Microemulsions showed potent enhancement effect for SNA transdermal delivery by a 3.7-7.1-fold increase when compared with the control group. Microemulsion containing ethanol as cosurfactant had the highest enhancement effect. With incorporated polymer, the viscosity of microemulsions increased resulting in the decrease in penetration rate of SNA. However, the permeability of SNA delivered from microemulsion was higher than SNA from volatile vehicles (pH 4.2 buffer containing 25% ethanol) reported in an earlier study, therefore microemulsions could be an effective vehicle for topical delivery of SNA.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics 03/2008; 349(1-2):206-11. · 3.35 Impact Factor
