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ABSTRACT: Thirteen highly oxygenated daphnane diterpenoids, including six known compounds, were isolated from the stems of Trigonostemon lii. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 2D NMR spectroscopy (HSQC, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HMBC, and ROESY) and mass spectrometry. The absolute stereochemistries of compounds were established on the basis of CD spectra. Four of the compounds showed modest anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50=2.04, 9.17, 11.42, and 9.05μg/ml, TI=26.49, >21.81, 9.32, and 9.56, respectively) in vitro.
Phytochemistry 04/2013; · 3.35 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Nonhuman primate animal models play an important role in studying HIV-1 pathogenesis, developing antiviral drugs and vaccines. Due to the lack of animals that can be directly infected with HIV-1, SIV/SHIV-infected macaques have been widely used in AIDS research. Although these models are somewhat similar to human AIDS, there are many limitations due to genetic differences between SIV/SHIV and HIV-1. Developing a suitable nonhuman primate animal model is still an important topic in HIV/AIDS research. The pigtailed macaque is the only primate in Old World monkeys that can be infected with HIV-1 and offer many benefits as HIV-1 intravenous and sexual transmission models. Here we reviewed the characteristics of pigtailed macaque models infected by SIV, HIV, SHIV, and HSIV via intravenous and mucosal routes. In addition, we briefly introduced the molecular mechanisms of viral replication in pigtailed macaque cells, and discussed the limitations and prospects of pigtailed macaque models in AIDS research.
Zoological Research 04/2013; 34(2):77-88.
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ABSTRACT: The pig-tailed macaque is an important non-human primate experimental animal model that has been widely used in the research of AIDS and other diseases. Pig-tailed macaques include Mentawai macaques (Macaca pagensis), Sunda pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) and northern pig-tailed macaques (M. leonina). Northern pig-tailed macaques inhabit China and surrounding Southeast Asia countries. To our knowledge, no reports have been published regarding the hematology and blood chemistry parameters of northern pig-tailed macaques, which are important for the objective evaluation of experimental results. We measured and analyzed 18 hematology parameters and 13 blood chemistry parameters in juvenile (aged 2-4 years) and adult (aged 5-10 years) northern pig-tailed macaques. We found that red blood cells, hemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase values were lower in female macaques than male macaques in both juvenile and adult groups. White blood cells, lymphocyte, monocytes, platelet distribution width, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase values were higher in juvenile macaques than adult macaques, while creatinine and triglycerides values were lower in juvenile macaques. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and creatinine values were positively correlated with weight in juvenile groups. In adult groups, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, percentage of granulocyte, hemoglobin and creatinine were also positively correlated with weight, and lymphocyte, percentage of lymphocyte, red cell distribution width, aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol values were negatively correlated with weight. The results suggest that age, gender and weight of northern pig-tailed macaques affected their hematology and blood chemistry parameters. This hematological and blood chemistry study has great significance in biomedical research and animal models using northern pig-tailed macaque as an experimental animal.
Zoological Research 04/2013; 34(2):89-96.
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ABSTRACT: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response among vertebrates. Accordingly, in numerous mammals the genomic structure and molecular characterization of MHC class I genes have been thoroughly investigated. To date, however, little is known about these genes in tree shrews, despite the increasingly popularity of its usage as an animal model. To address this deficiency, we analyzed the structure and characteristic of the tree shrew MHC class I genes (Tube-MHC I) and performed a comparative gene analysis of the tree shrew and other mammal species. We found the full-length cDNA sequence of the tree shrew MHC class I is 1074bp in length. The deduced peptide is composed of 357 amino acids containing a leader peptide, an α1 and α2 domain, an α3 domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain. Among these peptides, the cysteines, CD8(+) interaction and N-glycosylation sites are all well conserved. Furthermore, the genomic sequence of the tree shrew MHC class I gene was identified to be 3,180 bp in length, containing 8 exons and 7 introns. In 21 MHC class I sequences, we conducted an extensive study of nucleotide substitutions. The results indicated that in the peptide binding region (PBR) the rate of non-synonymous substitutions (dN) to synonymous substitutions (dS) was great than 1, suggesting balancing selection at the PBR. These findings provide valuable contributions in furthering our understanding of the structure, molecular polymorphism, and function of the MHC class I genes in tree shrews, further improving their utility as an animal model in biomedical research.
Gene 04/2013; · 2.34 Impact Factor
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Cheng-Qin Liang,
Jing Hu,
Rong-Hua Luo,
Yi-Ming Shi,
Shan-Zhai Shang,
Zhong-Hua Gao,
Rui-Rui Wang, Yong-Tang Zheng,
Wen-Yong Xiong,
Hong-Bin Zhang,
Wei-Lie Xiao,
Han-Dong Sun
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ABSTRACT: Six new lignans, schisphenlignans F-K (1-6), together with ten known ones, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra sphenanthera. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including extensive NMR, MS and CD spectra. In addition, some compounds were tested for their acute activity on insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes and anti-HIV-1 activity.
Fitoterapia 03/2013; · 1.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Three new phenolic compounds, yunnanensins A-C (1-3), together with fourteen known ones (4-17), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Parakmeria yunnanensis. The structures of new compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Several compounds showed weak anti-HIV-1 activity.
Archives of Pharmacal Research 02/2013; · 1.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Seven new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, marlignans M-S (1-7), four new norlignans, marphenols C-F (8-11), and 21 known compounds (12-32) were isolated from the fruits of Schisandra wilsoniana. The structures of 1-11 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and CD experiments. Compounds 1-11 were evaluated for their anti-HIV activities and showed EC(50) values in the range 2.97-6.18 μg/mL and therapeutic index values of 5.33-29.13.
Journal of Natural Products 01/2013; · 3.13 Impact Factor
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Cheng-Qin Liang,
Yi-Ming Shi,
Rong-Hua Luo,
Xing-Yao Li,
Zhong-Hua Gao,
Xiao-Nian Li,
Liu-Meng Yang,
Shan-Zhai Shang,
Yan Li, Yong-Tang Zheng,
Hong-Bin Zhang,
Wei-Lie Xiao,
Han-Dong Sun
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ABSTRACT: A pair of new triterpenoid epimers, kadcoccitones A (1) and B (2), together with a new biogenetically related compound kadcoccitone C (3), were isolated from Kadsura coccinea. The epimers featured an unprecedented carbon skeleton with a 6/6/5/5-fused tetracyclic ring system unit and a C(9) side chain. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 3 showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC(50) value of 47.91 and 32.66 μg/mL, respectively.
Organic Letters 12/2012; · 5.86 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A library of new 2-alkyl-2-(N-arylsulfonylindol-3-yl)-3-N-acyl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazolines was efficiently synthesized from hydrazones and anhydrides under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions. Compared with the traditional procedure (100 equiv. of anhydride and 1.5-4 h of reaction time), the present methodology has the advantages of short reaction time (10-20 min), and avoiding excess of anhydride (only 1.5 equiv.). Moreover, two compounds exhibited the promising anti-HIV-1 activity when evaluated for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication in acutely infected C8166 cells.
Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening 11/2012; · 2.46 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A series of 5,6-dihydroxypyrimidine analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in vitro. Among all of the analogs, several compounds exhibited significant anti-HIV activity, especially 1b and 1e, which showed the most potent anti-HIV activity with EC(50) values of 0.14 and 0.15μM, and TI (therapeutic index) values of >300 and >900, respectively. Further docking studies revealed that the representative compounds 1e and 3a could meet the HIV-1 integrase inhibition minimal requirements of a chelating domain (two metal ions) and an aromatic domain (π-π stacking interactions).
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 10/2012; · 2.65 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules play a pivotal role in the immune recognition to intracellular pathogens. A number of important splice variants have already been characterized for these molecules in different species, suggesting their important roles in modulation of immune responses. In this study, we have identified and characterized a novel alternatively spliced form of rhesus macaque MHC IA (designated MHC IA-sv2) that lacks exons coding for the α2 and α3 domains. Despite lacking the α2 and α3 domains, MHC IA-sv2 is targeted to the cell surface, as a 23-kDa glycoprotein that is totally susceptible to endoglycosidase-H digestion and is reduced to 18kDa after deglycosylation with PNGase F. In contrast, the full-length MHC IA reaches the cell surface as a 43-kDa protein of form with complex-type N-glycosylation (endoglycosidase-H resistant). Moreover, we provide evidence here that MHC IA-sv2 can self-associate, forming homodimers, or associate with the fully mature MHC IA molecule, forming a heterodimeric structure in mammalian cells. These data demonstrate that the formation of heterodimers may have some functional implications in the fine tuning of MHC IA-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses.
Molecular Immunology 09/2012; 53(3):206-13. · 2.90 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: It is currently widely accepted that immune activation in HIV-infected individuals leads to a severe loss of CD4⁺ T cells and the progression to AIDS. However, the underlying mechanism of this immune activation remains unclear. Experimental data suggest that the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) by plasma viremia may play a critical role in HIV-induced immune activation. In this study, we found that the level of immune activation was higher in the late phase of SIVmac239 infection compared with chronic infection, which suggests that immune activation might be related to disease progression in SIVmac239-infected non-human primate models. Our work also showed that chloroquine could effectively inhibit the activation of pDCs in vitro and in vivo. However, chloroquine treatment of SIVmac239-infected macaques had no significant influence on the Cellular composition of peripheral blood in these animals.
Cellular & molecular immunology 08/2012; 9(5):410-6. · 2.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: China-Myanmar border plays a crucial role in HIV-1 transmission in Asia. Here, we performed Bayesian phylodynamics analyses on p17 gene using BEAST to investigate HIV-1 transmission in this region. Maximum clade credibility trees of subtype C and CRF01_AE show that majority of unique recombinant forms (URFs) and pure subtype strains from Dehong and Myanmar cluster together, forming large clades with ancestral geographical states of Dehong. Bayes factor tests support the statistically significant geographic diffusion link between Dehong and Myanmar. The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of Myanmar URFs_BC (1999.2) was later than that of Dehong URFs_BC (1998.0), but earlier than that of Myanmar URFs_01BC (2004.3). Since 1998, HIV-1 recombination between subtypes B, C and CRF01_AE has been continuously occurring in China-Myanmar border region. These results suggest that HIV-1 subtypes B, C and CRF01_AE were most likely transmitted from Dehong to Myanmar, and predict that URFs_01BC should be also prevalent in Dehong, Yunnan.
Infection, genetics and evolution: journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 08/2012; 12(8):1944-1948. · 3.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In order to discover compounds with superior anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity, 9 new indolyl glyoxamide derivatives (3a-i) were synthesized and preliminarily evaluated as HIV-1 inhibitors in vitro. Among all the derivatives, especially compounds 3e and 3h showed the potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC(50) values of 6.83 and 4.35 µg/mL, and TI values of >27.15 and 49.45, respectively. It demonstrated that introduction of the substituent R(3) as the halogen atom and the position of R(3) were generally important to their activity.
Medicinal chemistry (Shāriqah (United Arab Emirates)) 06/2012; 8(5):831-3. · 1.64 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A new benzophenone C-glycoside, malaferin A (1), and two new epicatechin derivatives, malaferin B (2) and malaferin C (3), together with five known compounds were isolated from Malania oleifera. In addition, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-benzoate (6) was isolated for the first time from a natural resource. Structures of 1-3 were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. All of the compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activities.
Fitoterapia 05/2012; 83(6):1068-71. · 1.85 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In the present research, two Chinese rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with 5000 TCID50 of SIVmac239. The changes in the numbers of CD4+ T lymphocyte in peripheral blood, plasma viral loads, proviral DNA and humoral antibodies against virus were periodically
monitored during 121 days. At the early stage of infection, proviral DNA had been detected in PBMCs, and infectious SIVmac239
virus had been isolated from PBMCs. At the same period, the numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes were significantly decreased, and maintained at low level during the 121-day period of infection. Plasma viral
loads reached the peak at week 2 post-inoculation and kept at a steady state subsequently. Moreover, antibodies against viral
proteins were detected from plasma. All the results showed that the two Chinese rhesus monkeys had been infected with SIVmac239
successfully. This animal model can be applied for further AIDS researches.
Virologica Sinica 04/2012; 22(6):509-516.
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ABSTRACT: A series of new quinolone-3-carboxylic acids as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors featuring a fluorine atom at C-5 position were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activity in C8166 cell culture. These newly synthesized compounds showed anti-HIV activity against wild-type virus with an EC(50) value ranging from 29.85 to 0.032 μΜ. The most active compound 4e exhibited activity against wild-type virus and the mutant virus A17 with an EC(50) value of 0.032 and 0.082 μΜ, respectively. Preliminary structure-activity relationship of these 5-fluoroquinolone-3-carboxylic acids was also investigated.
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 04/2012; · 1.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A series of N-phenylarylformamide derivatives (PAFAs) with anti-wild-type HIV-1 activity (EC(50) values) ranging from 0.3 nM to 5.1 nM and therapeutic index (TI) ranging from 10 616 to 271 000 were identified as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Among them, compound 13g (EC(50) = 0.30 nM, TI = 184 578), 13l (EC(50) = 0.37 nM, TI = 212 819), 13m (EC(50) = 0.32 nM, TI = 260 617) and 13r (EC(50) = 0.27 nM, TI = 271 000) displayed the highest activity against this type virus nearly as potent as lead compound GW678248. Moreover, all of them were also active to inhibit the double mutant strain A(17) (K103N + Y181C) with EC(50) values of 0.29 μM, 0.14 μM, 0.10 μM and 0.27 μM, respectively. In particular, compound 13m, which showed broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity, was also effective to inhibit the HIV-2 ROD replication within 4.37 μM concentration.
European journal of medicinal chemistry 03/2012; 58C:504-512. · 3.27 Impact Factor
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Shi-Fei Li,
Ying-Tong Di,
Rong-Hua Luo, Yong-Tang Zheng,
Yue-Hu Wang,
Xin Fang,
Yu Zhang,
Ling Li,
Hong-Ping He,
Shun-Lin Li,
Xiao-Jiang Hao
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ABSTRACT: A phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Cassia occidentalis led to the isolation of two new cycloartane triterpenoids, cycloccidentalic acids A and B (1 and 2), and five new related saponins, cycloccidentalisides I-V (3-7), together with sixteen known compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and chemical methods. Compounds 2 and 5 showed modest anti-HIV-1 activities with EC₅₀ values of 2.23 µM and 4.36 µM, respectively, in comparison to the positive control.
Planta Medica 03/2012; 78(8):821-7. · 2.15 Impact Factor
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Xiao Luo,
Yi-Ming Shi,
Rong-Hua Luo,
Shi-Hong Luo,
Xiao-Nian Li,
Rui-Rui Wang,
Sheng-Hong Li, Yong-Tang Zheng,
Xue Du,
Wei-Lie Xiao,
Jian-Xin Pu,
Han-Dong Sun
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ABSTRACT: Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A-C (1-3), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia . Compound 1 possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C(29) backbone, while 2 and 3 feature a C(27) skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. Compound 3 showed anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC(50) value of 27.54 μg/mL, and 1 exhibited antifeedant activity at 15.73 μg/cm(2).
Organic Letters 03/2012; 14(5):1286-9. · 5.86 Impact Factor
