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ABSTRACT: The goal of the present studies was to construct and validate a short form of the 50-item Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ; T.H. Brandon & T. B. Baker, 1991), a measure of smoking outcome expectancies. In Study 1, a 21-item short form (S-SCQ) was derived from a sample of 107 young adults previously treated for substance abuse. In Study 2, the measure was cross-validated on 125 adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good model fit and factorial invariance for the 4 S-SCQ subscales across both samples. Validation analyses on each sample found that subscale scores generally correlated significantly with smoking-related variables. The present studies provide initial evidence for the utility of the S-SCQ when used with young adults and adolescents.
Psychological Assessment 07/2003; 15(2):163-72. · 2.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Nicotine dependence has been found to be a significant factor in adolescent smoking persistence. However, measures of this construct are primarily adult-derived, limiting their utility as bases for characterizing nicotine dependence and formulating youth intervention strategies. This issue is of particular importance among substance abusing youth who have substantially higher rates of cigarette smoking than do adolescents in the general population. The objectives of this preliminary study were to examine the construct validity of the DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria and the modified Fagerstrm Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) and to compare the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence with the mFTQ in a sample of 67 adolescent smokers in treatment for substance abuse. Results revealed that more participants were classified as nicotine dependent using DSM-IV criteria than by mFTQ scores. Little evidence was found for construct validity of these measures and convergence between the two measures was low. Findings also suggested that the present measures do not capture optimally broad dimensions of adolescent nicotine dependence.
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 11/2002; 24(4):225-233. · 1.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The present study examined whether the tendency to experience negative affective states combines with smoking outcome expectancies to predict smoking behavior over time. Participants were 121 young adults and resource people recruited from 3 alcohol and drug treatment programs and through community advertisements. Each participant completed 3 interviews over a 4-year period. Results indicated that dispositional negative affect and positive smoking expectancies were significantly correlated with smoking behavior both within and across time. Expectations of positive and negative reinforcement partially mediated negative affect's relation with smoking across time. Positive expectancies did not function as a moderator of negative affect's relation with smoking behavior. These results represent an important step in incorporating smoking outcome expectancies into multivariate models of smoking risk.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 07/2002; 16(2):91-7. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Research with adolescents has revealed salutary effects for 12-step attendance on substance use outcomes, but no studies have examined the effects of 12-step affiliation, or active involvement, beyond simple measures of attendance. Prior research with adults has shown that measures of affiliation are more predictive than measures of attendance. This study (1) assessed attributes that may influence 12-step attendance and affiliation; (2) tested whether 12-step affiliation in the first 3 months posttreatment possessed unique predictive power above that attributable to attendance alone; and (3) examined the extent to which motivation, coping and self-efficacy measured at 3 months mediated the relation between 12-step affiliation and substance use outcome in the ensuing 3 months.
Adolescent inpatients (N = 74, 62% female), who were aged 14-18 years (mean [SD] = 15.9 [1.19] years), were interviewed during treatment and at 3 and 6 months postdischarge.
More severely substance-involved youth were more motivated for abstinence and more likely to attend and affiliate with 12-step groups. A high degree of collinearity between 12-step attendance and affiliation suggested that those attending were also likely to be those actively involved. As a consequence, affiliation did not predict outcome over and above frequency of attendance. Motivation was found to influence the relationship between 12-step affiliation and future substance use outcome.
Given the widespread treatment recommendations for adolescent 12-step involvement, more study is needed to determine what kinds and what aspects of 12-step groups and fellowships are helpful to adolescent change efforts and what alternatives should be developed.
Journal of studies on alcohol 06/2002; 63(3):293-304.
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ABSTRACT: Social anxiety disorder in adolescents is increasingly recognized as a common condition that may precede onset of other mental health problems. However, few measures are currently available to screen for adolescent social anxiety, and little is known about their psychometric characteristics in school-based samples. To this end, the present study was undertaken as a psychometric cross validation of the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) supported the original 3-factor structure of the SAS-A but retained fewer items than in the original scale. The revised scales demonstrated good internal consistency as well as criterion and concurrent validity. Despite including fewer items, psychometric characteristics of the revised scales were equivalent to or stronger than those reported in previous studies of the measure. As such, the present study provides initial support for the utility of the revised SAS-A as a measure of social anxiety in adolescent school samples.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders 02/2002; 16(2):221-32. · 2.96 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse is an important public health concern, and the past two decades has seen a dramatic increase in the demand for interventions to address substance use problems among teenagers. This demand has led to the development of multiple primary, secondary, and tertiary substance abuse prevention programs, some of which have little theoretical basis and most of which currently operate in the absence of data supporting their effectiveness. Very recently, there has been increased emphasis on the goal of developing and testing theoretically based and empirically supported intervention approaches for adolescent substance abuse. We describe five ongoing research programs devoted to meeting this goal. The background and rationale for each research program are discussed, and preliminary efficacy data concerning the specific interventions are presented.
Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 01/1999; 23(2):236 - 249. · 3.34 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Although studies have indicated that delinquency predicts adolescent substance use, little research has examined whether it predicts problem use or has explored the mechanisms by which it relates to problem use. Accordingly, this study tested the nature of the relations between delinquency and problem use over a 1-year interval in adolescents who had been treated for substance abuse. Results show that delinquency moderated the relation between consumption and problem use, with high-delinquent teens showing consistently elevated levels of use-related problems across all levels of substance use and nondelinquent teens showing a stronger correspondence between use levels and problems. Results support the assertion that antisocial pathology fosters problem substance use. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 05/1998; 12(2):136-146. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Although studies have explored the predictors of changes in rank ordering of adolescent substance use over time, little research has specifically examined the predictors of substance use escalation and de-escalation. The present study tested whether social influences, individual differences, and symptomatology predicted substance use escalation and de-escalation over a 9-month period in a community sample of adolescents (
n = 390). Peer substance use, negative affectivity, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms prospectively predicted substance use escalation. Only peer substance use and parental control predicted de-escalation. Results provide support for the assertion that social influences, individual differences, and symptomatology predict substance use escalation and de-escalation but suggest that the relations differ for alcohol use versus illicit substance use and for the prediction of escalation versus de-escalation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 02/1998; 12(1):14-27. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this chapter is to provide clinicians with a general understanding of adolescent substance involvement. The chapter begins by reviewing the clinical background of adolescent substance use, including prevalence estimates, diagnostic criteria, developmental issues, and mechanisms that lead adolescents into and out of problematic involvement with alcohol and drugs. The 2nd part of the chapter reviews methods of assessment, details specific psychosocial domains to evaluate in an assessment, and suggests a hypothesis-testing approach to integrate the assessment data. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
10/1997;
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ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken to provide information relevant to intervening with cigarette smoking by substance abusing adolescents. The persistence of cigarette smoking and predictors of smoking 4 years following treatment were examined for 125 adolescent substance abusers. Eighty percent of participants were still smoking 4 years following treatment. Analyses found that age of initial cigarette use and extent of smoking at the time of treatment significantly predicted late adolescent/early adult smoking for male but not female participants. Those no longer smoking at the 4-year time-point reported less alcohol and drug involvement than those whose smoking persisted. The substantial persistence of cigarette smoking into early adulthood reinforces the need for smoking intervention with adolescent substance abusers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 10/1997; · 0.62 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Relatively few studies have examined the role of cognitive appraisal in the process of addictive relapse. This investigation was undertaken to develop a measure of primary appraisal in situations involving a high risk for cocaine relapse. The development and psychometric properties of the Relapse Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (RSAQ) are described. The RSAQ was administered to 114 adult cocaine abusers. Participants rated their appraisal of 2 hypothetical relapse risk situations. A principal-components analysis yielded a single component solution consisting of the same 26 items for the 2 situations, both involving high internal consistency. Analyses demonstrated construct, predictive, and discriminant validity. This study provides initial evidence for the psychometric validity of the RSAQ. Results support the role of primary appraisal of high-risk situations in the process of addictive relapse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 11/1996; 10(4):237-247. · 2.09 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Examined the extent to which conduct disorder (CDI) type behavior predates substance use among 166 alcohol and other drug-abusing 12–18 yr old adolescents, the prognostic significance of CDI after treatment, and the differences between genders. Ss were recruited from 2 inpatient treatment facilities and interviewed during treatment and again after 6 mo, 1, and 2 yrs. It was found that, while 95% displayed a history of CDI, only 47% met the criteria when behaviors related to drug use were excluded. Boys displayed a greater number of CDI behaviors than girls, but the relative incidence was comparable. A history of CDI without drug use was related to both greater posttreatment alcohol use and a later diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Thus, a significant number of delinquent behaviors is secondary to drug use, and a primary diagnosis of CDI is linked to poorer clinical course in the 1st 2 yrs after treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of studies on alcohol 04/1996;
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ABSTRACT: Tobacco use is prevalent among youth with alcohol and other drug problems, yet this issue has been afforded limited research or clinical attention. To this end we developed a behavioral cigarette smoking intervention designed specifically for substance-abusing youth. The present article outlines the empirical and theoretical basis for the intervention, followed by a detailed description of assessment procedures and treatment content. In addition, preliminary data are described that provide initial support for the feasibility and utility of tobacco intervention in the context of adolescent substance abuse treatment.
Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 7(1):64-82. · 1.33 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The present study examined the relationship between cigarette smoking and alcohol use outcomes over an 8-year period following treatment for adolescent alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders.
The present study was based on a sample of 166 adolescents recruited during inpatient AOD abuse treatment. Included in this study were 123 (74% of the full sample) participants, of whom 41% were female, 81% identified themselves as White and who averaged 15.9 years of age (SD = 1.3) when entering treatment. Data for the present study were drawn from interviews conducted at the time of treatment and 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-years post-treatment.
Twenty six percent of participants had quit smoking for > 1 year at the 8-year assessment, while 44% reported persistent smoking over time. Overall smoking rates decreased significantly over time. Subjects associated with the highest alcohol involvement trajectory reported significantly greater likelihood of persistent smoking as well as higher current smoking and cigarette consumption across time points.
The significant declines observed in smoking from adolescence into young adulthood were contrary to expectations, indicating that this behaviour may be less stable than previously thought among adolescent AOD abusers. Smoking involvement over time was greater within the highest alcohol use trajectory, consistent with previous evidence for a positive relationship between these behaviours. However, when compared with the general population smoking rates remained very high regardless of alcohol involvement. Thus, individuals treated for AOD abuse as adolescents remained at elevated risk for tobacco related disease regardless of post-treatment AOD use outcomes.
Alcohol and Alcoholism 42(3):226-33. · 2.95 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To date, little research is available examining the course and features of recovery from substance abuse following adolescent treatment. The current study evaluated the functioning of 142 teens for 2 years following treatment for substance abuse. Adolescent drug and alcohol outcome was examined in relation to functioning on five major life domains: academic involvement, interpersonal problems, emotional well-being, family relations, and social and occupational activities. Results of this investigation demonstrate that psychosocial functioning is associated with adolescent posttreatment drug and alcohol use. Teens who were abstinent and those with less substance use involvement generally displayed better functioning. The relationship between teen alcohol and drug use and improvement in functioning varied across psychosocial domains. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed along with advances in teen substance abuse research and treatment.
Applied and Preventive Psychology.
