Peter Jacoby

Publications (57)168.55 Total impact

• Source

  Available from: Joost A Aalberse

  Dataset: The interaction between respiratory viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic aboriginal and nonaboriginal children

  Hannah C Moore, Peter Jacoby, Amanda Taylor, Gerry Harnett, Jacinta Bowman, Thomas V Riley, Kelly Reuter, David W Smith, Deborah Lehmann, J. Aalberse, [......], Allan W Cripps, L. Dorizzi, D. Dunn, D. Elsbury, E. Edwards, J. Evans, J. Finucane, M. Firth, A. Forrest, et al
• Source

  Available from: Jianghong Li

  Article: Mothers’ and Fathers’ Work Hours, Child Gender and Behavior in Middle Childhood

  Sarah Johnson, Jianghong Li, Garth Kendall, Lyndall Strazdins, Peter Jacoby
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: This study examined the association between typical parental work hours (including nonem-ployed parents) and children's behavior in two-parent heterosexual families. Child behavior was measured by the Child Behav-ior Checklist (CBCL) at ages 5, 8, and 10 in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (N = 4,201 child-year observa-tions). Compared to those whose fathers worked Words: maternal employment, mental health, mid-dle childhood, parental investment/involvement, paternal employment, work hours. fewer hours per week, children whose fathers worked 55 hours or more per week had sig-nificantly higher levels of externalizing behav-ior. This association was not explained by father – child time during the week, poorer fam-ily functioning, or overreactive parenting prac-tice. Further, when stratifying the analysis by child gender, this association appeared to exist only in boys. Mothers' work hours were unre-lated to children's behavioral problems. The role of parent and child gender in the relationships between parental work hours and children's behavioral problems, together with mediating factors, warrants further investigation. Although the average amount of time parents spend with their children has increased in recent years (Bianchi & Milkie, 2010), the quantity and quality of parent – child time is still raised as a concern. Studies in the United States and Australia point to a desire among parents to work fewer hours and spend more time with their children and a wish among children that parents would come home from work less tired and stressed (Bianchi & Milkie; Galinsky, 1999; Pocock & Clarke, 2005). Despite continuing concerns of parents and children, the extent to which long parental work hours pose a problem for children and how they
  Journal of Marriage and Family. 02/2013;
• Article: Hypertensive Diseases of Pregnancy Predict Parent-Reported Difficult Temperament in Infancy.

  Monique Robinson, Wendy H Oddy, Andrew J O Whitehouse, Craig E Pennell, Garth E Kendall, Neil J McLean, Peter Jacoby, Stephen R Zubrick, Fiona J Stanley, John P Newnham
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:: Recent research has linked hypertensive diseases of pregnancy with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood and adulthood. This study aimed to establish whether such effects are observed in infancy. METHODS:: This was a prospective pregnancy cohort study of 2,785 pregnancies with complete data on hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Mothers completed a validated Australian adaptation of the Toddler Temperament Scale when the children were 1 year of age (n = 2,384). Algorithms were used to classify children as difficult, slow to warm up, intermediate high, intermediate low, or easy, on the basis of their temperament scores. We then grouped difficult and intermediate-high infants together and compared them with easy, intermediate-low, and slow-to-warm-up infants. We used a multivariable logistic regression model and adjusted for known biomedical, sociodemographic, and psychological factors from the pre- and postnatal period that may influence child behavioral development. RESULTS:: After adjusting for confounders, mothers who were diagnosed with gestational hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.75) or preeclampsia (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.18-4.23) were more likely to report that their infants were in the difficult or intermediate-high classifications in the first year of life compared with infants born to mothers without gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. CONCLUSION:: These data suggest that the link between maternal hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and child behavioral development begins in the first year of life.
  Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP 01/2013; · 2.27 Impact Factor
• Article: Maternal conditions and perinatal characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability.

  Amanda T Langridge, Emma J Glasson, Natasha Nassar, Peter Jacoby, Craig Pennell, Ronald Hagan, Jenny Bourke, Helen Leonard, Fiona J Stanley
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: As well as being highly comorbid conditions, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) share a number of clinically-relevant phenomena. This raises questions about similarities and overlap in diagnosis and aetiological pathways that may exist for both conditions. To examine maternal conditions and perinatal factors for children diagnosed with an ASD, with or without ID, and children with ID of unknown cause, compared with unaffected children. The study population comprised all live singleton births in Western Australia (WA) between January 1984 and December 1999 (N = 383,153). Univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression models were applied using a blocked modelling approach to assess the effect of maternal conditions, sociodemographic factors, labour and delivery characteristics and neonatal outcomes. In univariate analyses mild-moderate ID was associated with pregnancy hypertension, asthma, urinary tract infection, some types of ante-partum haemorrhage, any type of preterm birth, elective C-sections, breech presentation, poor fetal growth and need for resuscitation at birth, with all factors showing an increased risk. Severe ID was positively associated with poor fetal growth and need for resuscitation, as well as any labour or delivery complication. In the multivariate analysis no maternal conditions or perinatal factors were associated with an increased risk of ASD without ID. However, pregnancy hypertension and small head circumference were associated with a reduced risk (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.94; OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.96, respectively). For ASD with ID, threatened abortion before 20 weeks gestation and poor fetal growth were associated with an increased risk. Findings show that indicators of a poor intrauterine environment are associated with an elevated risk of ID, while for ASD, and particularly ASD without ID, the associations are much weaker. As such, these findings highlight the importance of accounting for the absence or presence of ID when examining ASD, if we are to improve our understanding of the causal pathways associated with these conditions.
  PLoS ONE 01/2013; 8(1):e50963. · 4.09 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Allan Cripps

  Article: Association between early bacterial carriage and otitis media in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of Western Australia: a cohort study.

  Wenxing Sun, Peter Jacoby, Thomas V Riley, Jacinta Bowman, Amanda Jane Leach, Harvey Coates, Sharon Weeks, Allan Cripps, Deborah Lehmann
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) are the most important bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media (OM). Previous studies have suggested that early upper respiratory tract bacterial carriage may increase risk of subsequent OM. To examine associations between early onset of URT bacterial carriage and subsequent diagnosis of OM in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children living in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region located in a semi-arid zone of Western Australia. METHODS: Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children who had nasopharyngeal aspirates collected at age 1- < 3 months and at least one clinical examination for OM by an ear, nose and throat specialist before age 2 years were included in this analysis. Tympanometry to detect middle ear effusion was also performed at 2- to 6-monthly scheduled field visits from age 3 months. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the relationship between early carriage and subsequent diagnosis of OM controlling for environmental factors. RESULTS: Carriage rates of Pnc, NTHi and Mcat at age 1- < 3 months were 45%, 29% and 48%, respectively, in 66 Aboriginal children and 14%, 5% and 18% in 146 non-Aboriginal children. OM was diagnosed at least once in 71% of Aboriginal children and 43% of non-Aboriginal children. After controlling for age, sex, presence of other bacteria and environmental factors, early nasopharyngeal carriage of NTHi increased the risk of subsequent OM (odds ratio = 3.70, 95% CI 1.22-11.23) in Aboriginal children, while Mcat increased the risk of OM in non-Aboriginal children (odds ratio = 2.63, 95% CI 1.32-5.23). Early carriage of Pnc was not associated with increased risk of OM. CONCLUSION: Early NTHi carriage in Aboriginal children and Mcat in non-Aboriginal children is associated with increased risk of OM independent of environmental factors. In addition to addressing environmental risk factors for carriage such as overcrowding and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, early administration of pneumococcal-Haemophilus influenzae D protein conjugate vaccine to reduce bacterial carriage in infants, may be beneficial for Aboriginal children; such an approach is currently being evaluated in Australia.
  BMC Infectious Diseases 12/2012; 12(1):366. · 3.12 Impact Factor
• Article: Delivery at 37 weeks' gestation is associated with a higher risk for child behavioural problems.

  Monique Robinson, Andrew J O Whitehouse, Stephen R Zubrick, Craig E Pennell, Peter Jacoby, Neil J McLean, Wendy H Oddy, Geoffrey Hammond, Fiona J Stanley, John P Newnham
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Advances in obstetric care have been accompanied by increasing rates of intervention which often involve elective delivery at 37 weeks, soon after term gestation has been achieved. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the behavioural sequelae for children born at this early term gestational age compared with those born at later weeks. METHODS: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study provided comprehensive obstetric data from 2900 pregnancies. Offspring were followed up at ages two, five, eight, 10, 14 and 17 years using the parent report Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) with clinical cutoffs for overall, internalising (withdrawn, somatic complaints, anxious/depressed) and externalising (delinquent, aggressive) behaviour (T-score ≥ 60). We used longitudinal logistic regression models incorporating generalised estimating equations (GEE) with step-wise adjustment for ante-, peri- and postnatal confounding factors. RESULTS: Approximately 9% of our cohort was born within the range of 37(0/7) and 37(6/7) weeks. Those born at 37 weeks' gestation were at increased risk for overall (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.01) and externalising (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.01, 2.01) behavioural problems in the fully adjusted model when compared with infants born from 39 weeks onwards. Infants born late preterm (34-36 weeks) and at 38 weeks did not show a significantly increased risk for behavioural problems. CONCLUSION: Infants born at 37 weeks' gestation are at increased risk for behavioural problems over childhood and adolescence compared with those born later in gestation. We suggest that 37 weeks' gestation may not be the optimal cutoff for defining perinatal risk as it applies to behavioural development.
  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 11/2012; · 1.24 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Jianghong Li

  Article: Maternal Life Stress Events in Pregnancy Link to Children's School Achievement at Age 10 Years.

  Jianghong Li, Monique Robinson, Eva Malacova, Peter Jacoby, Jonathan Foster, Anke van Eekelen
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that maternal antenatal exposure to life stress events is associated with lower achievement in literacy and numeracy at age 10 years, with sex differences in this link. STUDY DESIGN: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study recruited 2900 women at 18 weeks' pregnancy, and 2868 children were followed up at birth and postnatally. At age 10 years, information on 1038 children was linked to their literacy and numeracy test scores. Multivariate regression models were used to test the foregoing hypotheses, adjusting for important confounders. RESULTS: In girls, maternal antenatal exposure to 4 or more maternal life stress events or death of the mother's friend and/or relative was associated with lower reading scores. In contrast, exposure to 3 or more life stress events or to a pregnancy or financial problem was associated with higher reading scores in boys. Furthermore, maternal exposure to 4 or more life stress events was associated with higher mathematic scores and a residential move was linked to higher writing scores in boys. CONCLUSION: Maternal antenatal exposure to life stress events has differing effects on the school performance of male and female offspring. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for this sex difference.
  The Journal of pediatrics 10/2012; · 4.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Can linked emergency department data help assess the out-of-hospital burden of acute lower respiratory infections? A population-based cohort study.

  Hannah C Moore, Nicholas de Klerk, Peter Jacoby, Peter Richmond, Deborah Lehmann
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: There is a lack of data on the out-of-hospital burden of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in developed countries. Administrative datasets from emergency departments (ED) may assist in addressing this. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective population-based study of ED presentations for respiratory-related reasons linked to birth data from 245,249 singleton live births in Western Australia. ED presentation rates <9 years of age were calculated for different diagnoses and predictors of ED presentation <5 years were assessed by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: ED data from metropolitan WA, representing 178,810 births were available for analysis. From 35,136 presentations, 18,582 (52.9%) had an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code for ALRI and 434 had a symptom code directly relating to an ALRI ICD code. A further 9600 presentations had a non-specific diagnosis. From the combined 19,016 ALRI presentations, the highest rates were in non-Aboriginal children aged 6--11 months (81.1/1000 child-years) and Aboriginal children aged 1--5 months (314.8/1000). Croup and bronchiolitis accounted for the majority of ALRI ED presentations. Of Aboriginal births, 14.2% presented at least once to ED before age 5 years compared to 6.5% of non-Aboriginal births. Male sex and maternal age <20 years for Aboriginal children and 20--29 years for non-Aboriginal children were the strongest predictors of presentation to ED with ALRI. CONCLUSIONS: ED data can give an insight into the out-of-hospital burden of ALRI. Presentation rates to ED for ALRI were high, but are minimum estimates due to current limitations of the ED datasets. Recommendations for improvement of these data are provided. Despite these limitations, ALRI, in particular bronchiolitis and croup are important causes of presentation to paediatric EDs.
  BMC Public Health 08/2012; 12(1):703. · 2.00 Impact Factor
• Article: Prevalence of and risk factors for human rhinovirus infection in healthy aboriginal and non-aboriginal Western Australian children.

  Alicia A Annamalay, Siew-Kim Khoo, Peter Jacoby, Joelene Bizzintino, Guicheng Zhang, Glenys Chidlow, Wai-Ming Lee, Hannah C Moore, Gerry B Harnett, David W Smith, James E Gern, Peter N LeSouef, Ingrid A Laing, Deborah Lehmann
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Human rhinovirus (HRV) species C (HRV-C) have been associated with frequent and severe acute lower respiratory infections and asthma in hospitalized children. The prevalence of HRV-C among healthy children and whether this varies with ethnicity is unknown. To describe the prevalence of HRV species and their associations with demographic, environmental and socioeconomic factors in healthy Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Respiratory viruses and bacteria were identified in 1006 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from a cohort of 79 Aboriginal and 88 non-Aboriginal Western Australian children before 2 years of age. HRV-positive nasopharyngeal aspirates were typed for HRV species and genotypes. Longitudinal growth models incorporating generalized estimating equations were used to investigate associations between HRV species and potential risk factors. Of the 159 typed specimens, we identified 83 (52.2%) human rhinovirus species A (HRV-A), 26 (16.4%), human rhinovirus species B and 50 (31.4%) HRV-C. HRV-C was associated with upper respiratory symptoms in Aboriginal (odds ratio, 3.77; 95% confidence interval:1.05-13.55) and non-Aboriginal children (odds ratio, 5.85; 95% confidence interval: 2.33-14.66). HRV-A and HRV-C were associated with carriage of respiratory bacteria. In Aboriginal children, HRV-A was more common in the summer and in those whose mothers were employed prior to delivery. In non-Aboriginal children, day-care attendance and exclusive breast-feeding at age 6-8 weeks were associated with detection of HRV-A, and gestational smoking with detection of HRV-C. Factors associated with the presence of HRV differ between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. In contrast to HRV-A, HRV-C is associated with upper respiratory symptoms suggesting that HRV-C is likely to be implicated in respiratory illness.
  The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 04/2012; 31(7):673-9. · 3.58 Impact Factor
• Article: Western Australian emergency department presentations related to child maltreatment and intentional injury: population level study utilising linked health and child protection data.

  Melissa O'Donnell, Natasha Nassar, Peter Jacoby, Fiona Stanley
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of child maltreatment-related emergency department (ED) presentations in Western Australia (WA) and describe the type of injuries associated with them. It is also to investigate the proportion of maltreatment-related ED presentations resulting in hospitalisation, the proportion referred to the Department for Child Protection and their outcomes. This is a retrospective cohort study of all children aged 0-17 years residing in WA from 2001 to 2005 who had an ED presentation recorded in the ED Data Collection. This study used de-identified administrative data linked across the Departments of Health and Child Protection. Only 0.03% of ED presentations were identified as maltreatment related and 0.2% for all intentional injury presentations. One in five children with maltreatment-related ED presentations was admitted to hospital and a similar proportion had a notification to Department for Child Protection and 87% of these subsequently substantiated. This study showed that there are limitations with ED data for child maltreatment surveillance in WA and raises concerns that there may be missed opportunities for identifying maltreatment and for referring families for further assessment and support. Recommendations are provided to improve maltreatment surveillance and ED data, particularly for the identification of external causes of injury.
  Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 01/2012; 48(1):57-65. · 1.28 Impact Factor
• Article: ART, birth defects and subfertility--what should prospective patients be told?

  Michele Hansen, Elizabeth Milne, Nicholas de Klerk, Jennifer J Kurinczuk, Peter Jacoby, Carol Bower
  Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 09/2011; 28(12):1229-30. · 1.84 Impact Factor
• Article: Reactogenicity of two 2010 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine formulations in adults.

  Alan Leeb, Dale Carcione, Peter C Richmond, Peter Jacoby, Paul V Effler
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: To assess the reactogenicity of two 2010 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) formulations among adults, including the formulation associated with febrile convulsions among children in Australia. We retrospectively interviewed persons aged ≥18 years who received TIV between 11 March and 24 April 2010 at a large general practice in Perth. All 160 persons who received Influvac® (Solvay) and a random sample of 190 of 451 persons who received Fluvax® (CSL Biotherapies) were included in the assessment; 127 (79%) recipients of Influvac® and 156 (82%) of the Fluvax® recipients completed the interview. Patient demographics, the presence of underlying medical conditions, prior influenza vaccination history, self-reported onset of local and/or systemic symptoms within 72 h following receipt of 2010 TIV, and use of anti-fever/pain medication following TIV vaccination were examined. The mean age of the vaccinees was 54 years for both the Fluvax® and Influvac® brand cohorts and there was no significant difference between the cohorts with regard to gender or the presence of underlying medical conditions. In bivariate analyses, reported swelling (18% vs 7%, p=0.009), muscle pain (12% vs 3%, p=0.014) and use of anti-fever/pain medication after TIV vaccination (12% vs 2%, p=0.008) were each significantly more common for patients who received Fluvax® compared to those who received Influvac®. In multivariate analyses simultaneously controlling for age, gender, receipt of seasonal influenza vaccine prior to 2010 and receipt of 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccine, vaccination with Fluvax® TIV was a significant independent predictor of muscle pain and/or swelling (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.4 p=0.004). No significant differences in the proportion of patients reporting systemic reactions were observed. In this setting, 2010 Fluvax® was associated with a greater likelihood of local reactions among adults, compared to 2010 Influvac® TIV.
  Vaccine 08/2011; 29(45):7920-4. · 3.77 Impact Factor
• Article: Change in gross motor abilities of girls and women with rett syndrome over a 3- to 4-year period.

  Kitty-Rose Foley, Jenny Downs, Ami Bebbington, Peter Jacoby, Sonya Girdler, Walter E Kaufmann, Helen Leonard
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Rett syndrome is a rare but severe neurological disorder typically associated with a mutation in the MECP2 gene. We describe change in gross motor function over 3 to 4 years for 70 subjects participating in the Australian Rett Syndrome Database. Linear regression was used to assess relationships with age, genotype, and general and complex gross motor skills scores measured on the Gross Motor Scale for Rett syndrome. Skills were slightly better or maintained in approximately 40% of subjects and slightly decreased in approximately 60%. Teenagers and women who walked in 2004 were less likely to lose complex skills than those younger. Girls with a p.R294X mutation were more likely to lose complex motor skills, otherwise skill changes were spread across the mutation categories. In conclusion, small changes were observed over this period with greater stability of skills in teenagers and women with the ability to walk.
  Journal of child neurology 06/2011; 26(10):1237-45. · 1.59 Impact Factor
• Article: Crowding and other strong predictors of upper respiratory tract carriage of otitis media-related bacteria in Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children.

  Peter Jacoby, Kylie S Carville, Gillian Hall, Thomas V Riley, Jacinta Bowman, Amanda J Leach, Deborah Lehmann
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is associated with otitis media (OM). Data are limited on risk factors for carriage of these pathogens, particularly for Indigenous populations. We investigated predictors of nasopharyngeal carriage in Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected up to 7 times before age 2 years from 100 Aboriginal and 180 non-Aboriginal children. Longitudinal modeling estimated effects of environmental factors and concurrent carriage of other bacteria on the probability of bacterial carriage. We present a novel method combining the effects of number of household members and size of house into an overall crowding model. Each additional household member increased the risk of carriage of S. pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45 per additional Aboriginal child in a 4-room house, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.84; OR = 2.34 per additional non-Aboriginal child, 95% CI: 1.76-3.10), with similar effect sizes for M. catarrhalis, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. However, living in a larger house attenuated this effect among Aboriginal children. Daycare attendance predicted carriage of the 3 OM-associated bacteria among non-Aboriginal children. Exclusive breast-feeding at 6 to 8 weeks protected against Streptococcus aureus carriage (OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.90 in Aboriginal children and OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25-0.96 in non-Aboriginal children). OM-associated bacteria were more likely to be present if there was concurrent carriage of the other OM-associated species. This study highlights the importance of household transmission in carriage of OM bacteria, underscoring the need to reduce the crowding in Aboriginal households.
  The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 06/2011; 30(6):480-5. · 3.58 Impact Factor
• Article: Predominance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media following introduction of a 3+0 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule.

  Selma P Wiertsema, Lea-Ann S Kirkham, Karli J Corscadden, Eva N Mowe, Jacinta M Bowman, Peter Jacoby, Richard Francis, Shyan Vijayasekaran, Harvey L Coates, Thomas V Riley, Peter Richmond
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: In Australia the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is administered at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, with no booster dose. Information on bacterial carriage and the aetiology of recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM) after introduction of PCV7 using the 3+0 schedule is required to evaluate the potential impact of second generation pneumococcal vaccines. We found that 2-4 years after introduction of PCV7 in the National Immunisation Program, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) was the predominant pathogen isolated from the nasopharynx and middle ear of children with a history of rAOM. Compared with healthy controls (n=81), NTHi and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rates were significantly higher in children with a history of rAOM (n=186) (19% vs. 56% p<0.0001 and 26% vs. 41%, p=0.02, respectively). Carriage of PCV7 pneumococcal serotypes was rare, whereas PCV7-related and non-PCV7 serotypes were isolated of 38% of cases and 24% of controls. Serotype 19A was the most common serotype isolated from the nasopharynx and middle ear and accounted for 36% (14/39) of total pneumococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility to cotrimoxazole. Of the 119 children carrying NTHi, 17% of isolates were β-lactamase positive. The scarcity of PCV7 serotypes in children with and without a history of rAOM indicates that the 3+0 PCV7 schedule is preventing carriage and rAOM from PCV7 serotypes. Introduction of new vaccines in Australia with increased pneumococcal serotype and pathogen coverage, including 19A and NTHi, should decrease the circulation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reduce the burden of rAOM.
  Vaccine 05/2011; 29(32):5163-70. · 3.77 Impact Factor
• Article: Prenatal stress and risk of behavioral morbidity from age 2 to 14 years: The influence of the number, type, and timing of stressful life events

  Monique Robinson, Eugen Mattes, Wendy H. Oddy, Craig E. Pennell, Anke van Eekelen, Neil J. McLean, Peter Jacoby, Jianghong Li, Nicholas H. De Klerk, Stephen R. Zubrick, Fiona J. Stanley, John P. Newnham
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: The maternal experience of stressful events during pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse consequences for behavioral development in offspring, but the measurement and interpretation of prenatal stress varies among reported studies. The Raine Study recruited 2900 pregnancies and recorded life stress events experienced by 18 and 34 weeks' gestation along with numerous sociodemographic data. The mother's exposure to life stress events was further documented when the children were followed-up in conjunction with behavioral assessments at ages 2, 5, 8, 10, and 14 years using the Child Behavior Checklist. The maternal experience of multiple stressful events during pregnancy was associated with subsequent behavioral problems for offspring. Independent (e.g., death of a relative, job loss) and dependent stress events (e.g., financial problems, marital problems) were both significantly associated with a greater incidence of mental health morbidity between age 2 and 14 years. Exposure to stressful events in the first 18 weeks of pregnancy showed similar associations with subsequent total and externalizing morbidity to events reported at 34 weeks of gestation. These results were independent of postnatal stress exposure. Improved support for women with chronic stress exposure during pregnancy may improve the mental health of their offspring in later life.
  Development and Psychopathology 04/2011; 23(02):507 - 520. · 4.40 Impact Factor
• Article: Pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 infection in Victoria, Australia: no evidence for harm or benefit following receipt of seasonal influenza vaccine in 2009.

  Heath A Kelly, Kristina A Grant, James E Fielding, Kylie S Carville, Clare O Looker, Thomas Tran, Peter Jacoby
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Conflicting findings regarding the level of protection offered by seasonal influenza vaccination against pandemic influenza H1N1 have been reported. We performed a test-negative case control study using sentinel patients from general practices in Victoria to estimate seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory proven infection with pandemic influenza. Cases were defined as patients with an influenza-like illness who tested positive for influenza while controls had an influenza-like illness but tested negative. We found no evidence of significant protection from seasonal vaccine against pandemic influenza virus infection in any age group. Age-stratified point estimates, adjusted for pandemic phase, ranged from 44% in persons aged less than 5 years to -103% (odds ratio=2.03) in persons aged 50-64 years. Vaccine effectiveness, adjusted for age group and pandemic phase, was 3% (95% CI -48 to 37) for all patients. Our study confirms the results from our previous interim report, and other studies, that failed to demonstrate benefit or harm from receipt of seasonal influenza vaccine in patients with confirmed infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009.
  Vaccine 04/2011; 29(37):6419-26. · 3.77 Impact Factor
• Article: Western Australian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are taller at diagnosis than unaffected children of the same age and sex.

  Esther Davis, Peter Jacoby, Nicholas H de Klerk, Catherine Cole, Elizabeth Milne
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy in Australian children. Recently published data from Western Australia suggest a link between proportion of optimal birth weight and the risk of ALL, but few studies have investigated the relationship between growth during infancy and early childhood and risk of leukemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether children diagnosed with ALL in Western Australia were taller at the time of diagnosis than children of the same age and sex in the general population. Records of children diagnosed with ALL between January 1984 and June 2008 were accessed. Height before the commencement of chemotherapy was recorded and compared to the height of population norms derived from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. On average, male cases were 0.67 cm (95% CI -0.21, 1.54 cm) taller and female cases were 0.30 cm (95% CI -0.68, 1.28 cm) taller than population controls. Our results suggest that children diagnosed with ALL in Western Australia are slightly taller than their counterparts in the general population. These findings are consistent with at least one previous study. While this increase in height may be too small to be recognizable clinically, it is consistent with the notion that growth factors play a role in the pathogenesis of ALL beyond infancy.
  Pediatric Blood & Cancer 01/2011; 56(5):767-70. · 1.89 Impact Factor
• Article: Reduction in disparity for pneumonia hospitalisations between Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous children.

  Hannah C Moore, Deborah Lehmann, Nicholas de Klerk, Peter Jacoby, Peter C Richmond
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: In the 1990s pneumonia hospitalisation rates in Western Australia (WA) were 13 times higher in Indigenous children than in non-Indigenous children. Rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in Indigenous children declined following the introduction in 2001 of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) in a 2-4-6 month schedule with an 18-month pneumococcal polysaccharide booster (PPV). We investigated population trends for pneumonia hospitalisations between 1996 and 2005. Population-based retrospective data linkage cohort study of singleton live births from 1996-2005. Hospitalisations for acute lower respiratory infections in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children less than 5 years of age were extracted and trends in age-specific incidence rates were examined using log-linear modelling. From 245 249 births (7.1% Indigenous), there were 7727 pneumonia episodes. Between 1996 and 2000 and 2001 and 2005 all-cause pneumonia hospitalisations fell by 28-44% in Indigenous children aged 6-35 months with no equivalent decline in non-Indigenous children or for other acute lower respiratory infections. Incidence rate ratios for pneumonia comparing Indigenous with non-Indigenous children aged 6-11 months fell from 14.6 (95% CI 12.3 to 17.2) in 1996-2000 to 9.9 (8.4 to 11.6) in 2001-2005. Log-linear modelling showed a steady decline in Indigenous children of 9%/annum (5-12%) at age 12-23 months for all-cause pneumonia and 37%/annum (20-50%) at age 6-11 months for pneumococcal pneumonia from 1996 to 2005, including the years prior to introduction of pneumococcal vaccines. Pneumonia hospitalisations and the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children has declined by a third. The unique Australian pneumococcal vaccine programme is likely to have had a significant effect but changes in socioeconomic factors have also contributed to the declines.
  Journal of epidemiology and community health 01/2011; 66(6):489-94. · 3.04 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Eva Malacova

  Article: Autism and intellectual disability are differentially related to sociodemographic background at birth.

  Helen Leonard, Emma Glasson, Natasha Nassar, Andrew Whitehouse, Ami Bebbington, Jenny Bourke, Peter Jacoby, Glenys Dixon, Eva Malacova, Carol Bower, Fiona Stanley
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Research findings investigating the sociodemographics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been inconsistent and rarely considered the presence of intellectual disability (ID). We used population data on Western Australian singletons born from 1984 to 1999 (n = 398,353) to examine the sociodemographic characteristics of children diagnosed with ASD with or without ID, or ID without ASD compared with non-affected children. The profiles for the four categories examined, mild-moderate ID, severe ID, ASD without ID and ASD with ID varied considerably and we often identified a gradient effect where the risk factors for mild-moderate ID and ASD without ID were at opposite extremes while those for ASD with ID were intermediary. This was demonstrated clearly with increased odds of ASD without ID amongst older mothers aged 35 years and over (odds ratio (OR) = 1.69 [CI: 1.18, 2.43]), first born infants (OR = 2.78; [CI: 1.67, 4.54]), male infants (OR = 6.57 [CI: 4.87, 8.87]) and increasing socioeconomic advantage. In contrast, mild-moderate ID was associated with younger mothers aged less than 20 years (OR = 1.88 [CI: 1.57, 2.25]), paternal age greater than 40 years (OR = 1.59 [CI: 1.36, 1.86]), Australian-born and Aboriginal mothers (OR = 1.60 [CI: 1.41, 1.82]), increasing birth order and increasing social disadvantage (OR = 2.56 [CI: 2.27, 2.97]). Mothers of infants residing in regional or remote areas had consistently lower risk of ASD or ID and may be linked to reduced access to services or under-ascertainment rather than a protective effect of location. The different risk profiles observed between groups may be related to aetiological differences or ascertainment factors or both. Untangling these pathways is challenging but an urgent public health priority in view of the supposed autism epidemic.
  PLoS ONE 01/2011; 6(3):e17875. · 4.09 Impact Factor