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ABSTRACT: This study examined the effects of using messages with conversational rule violations on attitudes toward people who used utterance-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems in transactional interactions. Specifically, the ratings were compared across messages with relevance, informativeness, and brevity violations, when latency remained constant (i.e., short). The 96 participating sales clerks viewed scripted, videotaped bookstore conversations and completed an attitude questionnaire. Results indicated that the prestored message with repeated words/phrases was rated the highest, followed by the message with excessive information; next was the message with inadequate information, followed by the message with partly relevant information. The findings may be useful to those using utterance-based systems when making message choices during interactions with service providers. Technological implications point to the development of schema/script-based systems and intelligent editing.
Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md.: 1985) 02/2008; 24(2):149-61. · 0.94 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study is the third in a series of studies that have concentrated on utterance-based systems--which allow the relatively quick selection of full sentences--and investigated trade-offs faced by users of such systems when there is a pragmatic mismatch between the prestored sentence and the current discourse context. While the previous studies focused on trade-offs between speed of message delivery and either relevance or informativeness, this study investigated the effects of trade-offs between speed of message delivery and brevity on public attitudes. Participating were 96 sales clerks who viewed scripted, videotaped trade-off message conditions in the context of a bookstore interaction and completed a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward customers who used utterance-based systems and his or her communication. Significantly higher mean ratings were found for the trade-off condition involving the quickly delivered message with repetition when compared to each of the slowly delivered, non-repetitive message conditions (i.e., with and without a preceding conversational floorholder). Implications regarding the model of conversational trade-off choices and its technological applications are discussed.
Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md.: 1985) 04/2007; 23(1):76-88. · 0.94 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Two experiments were conducted to assess the role of aqueous- and lipid-based antioxidants in preventing or limiting beef lumbar vertebrae marrow discoloration. In experiment 1, lumbar vertebrae (n= 8 replications) were treated with either 0%, 1.5%, or 2.5% (wt/wt) of ascorbic acid or ascorbate-6-palmitate. Vertebrae color (visual and L*a*b*) was evaluated during 5 d of display at 1 °C in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 80% oxygen/20% carbon dioxide). Ascorbic acid treatments minimized (P < 0.05) discoloration compared with ascorbate-6-palmitate. In experiment 2, lumbar vertebrae (n= 8 replications) were treated with 0, 0.06 M, or 0.10 M ascorbic acid and ascorbate-6-palmitate, packaged in high-oxygen MAP, and displayed for 5 d (1 °C). During display, vertebrae treated with ascorbic acid had a redder color (P < 0.05) than those treated with ascorbate-6-palmitate, and both treatments were redder (P < 0.05) than untreated controls. To better understand the mechanism of beef bone marrow discoloration, future work might address the hydrophobic antioxidants' lack of effectiveness and the potential localization of components responsible for bone discoloration within the aqueous phase of erythropoietic marrow.
Journal of Food Science 10/2006; 71(8):C489 - C494. · 1.66 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this experiment was to compare traditional dry aging of beef with a novel technique of dry aging in a highly moisture-permeable bag. Four equal-sized sections from paired beef strip loins were dry aged traditionally, unpackaged, or packaged in the experimental bag for 14 or 21d at 3°C. No differences (P>0.05) were noted for pH, moisture, fat, total plate counts, cook loss, shear force, or any measured sensory attribute between the two aging treatments after either aging period. After 21d, however, dry aging in the bag (versus traditional dry aging) decreased (P<0.05) weight loss during aging, trim loss after aging, and yeast counts on lean tissue and increased lactic acid bacteria counts (P<0.05) on adipose and lean tissue. Dry aging in a highly moisture-permeable bag is feasible, will positively impact yields and reduce microbial spoilage, and will have no negative impact on product quality.
Meat Science 08/2006; 73(4):674-9. · 2.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective was to examine the effects of potassium lactate (KL) and raw-meat blend on the shelf-life of fresh-pork-sausage patties in lighted and unlighted display. Four fresh-pork-sausage blends (70% prerigor meat, 30% fresh-pork trim; 80%/20%; 90%/10%; and 100%/0%) were formulated (n= 3) with 0% and 3% KL, and patties were displayed for 10 d at 4 °C in lighted display or for 7 d in unlighted display followed by 3 d in lighted display. Patties with KL had lower aerobic plate counts (APC), more stable color (greater a* and chroma, less visual discoloration), and less lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) during display than did patties without KL. Patties in the light for 10 d were more discolored and had more lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) than those in the dark for 7 d followed by the light for 3 d. Patties with KL in the light for 10 d had similar color (P > 0.05) to patties without KL that were in the dark for the first 7 d. Adding KL resulted in similar color stability (P > 0.05) among patties made from 80, 90, and 100% prerigor meat and greater color stability (P < 0.05) than similarly formulated patties without KL. By using 3% KL, fresh-pork-sausage patty color stability was maximized, APC and lipid oxidation were minimized, and formulation costs can be decreased by using less-expensive fresh-pork trim for up to 20% of the blend. Adding KL also minimized the effects of display lighting on myoglobin and lipid oxidation.
Journal of Food Science 07/2006; 71(7):C390 - C394. · 1.66 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This report is the second in a series of investigations designed to develop a working model identifying the effects of trade-offs between selected conversational maxims on public attitudes toward augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system users and their communication. In the current study, tradeoffs between the informativeness of a prestored message and its speed of delivery were examined. A total of 96 salesclerks participated. Sixteen scripted, videotaped conversational conditions, involving an AAC customer and a clerk at a checkout counter, were used to manipulate message informativeness and speed of message delivery. Following each assigned viewing, participants completed a questionnaire designed to assess their attitudes toward the AAC user and his or her communication. The conditions involving (a) the quickly delivered message with excessive information, (b) the slowly delivered message with adequate information preceded by a "floorholder," and (c) the slowly delivered message with adequate information without a floorholder were rated higher than (d) the quickly delivered message with inadequate information. There was no main effect for participant or AAC user gender. Implications regarding a model of conversational trade-offs and technological applications are discussed.
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 01/2005; 47(6):1270-85. · 1.88 Impact Factor
