Fengmao Liu

Publications (40)72.35 Total impact

• Article: Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet used for the simultaneous determination of six fungicide residues in juices and red wine.

  Xiangwei You, Suli Wang, Fengmao Liu, Kaiwei Shi
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  ABSTRACT: A novel ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction technique based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for simultaneous determination of six fungicide residues in juices and red wine samples. The low-toxicity solvent, 1-dodecanol, was used as an extraction solvent. For its low density and proper melting point near room temperature, the extractant droplet was collected easily by solidifying it at a low temperature. The surfactant, Tween 80, was used as an emulsifier to enhance the dispersion of the water-immiscible extraction solvent into an aqueous phase, which hastened the mass-transfer of the analytes. Organic dispersive solvent typically required in common dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction methods was not used in the proposed method. Some parameters (e.g., the type and volume of extraction solvent, the type and concentration of surfactant, ultrasound extraction time, salt addition, and volume of samples) that affect the extraction efficiency were optimized. The proposed method showed a good linearity within the range of 5μgL-1-1000μgL-1, with the correlation coefficients (γ) higher than 0.9969. The limits of detection for the method ranged from 0.4μgL-1 to 1.4μgL-1. Further, this simple, practical, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method was successfully applied to determine the target fungicides in juice and red wine samples. The recoveries of the target fungicides in red wine and fruit juice samples were 79.5%-113.4%, with relative standard deviations that ranged from 0.4% to 12.3%.
  Journal of chromatography. A 02/2013; · 4.19 Impact Factor
• Article: Comparison of different sample pre-treatments for multi-residue analysis of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides in chrysanthemum by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

  Jiaying Xue, Yanjun Xu, Fengmao Liu, Jian Xue, Huichen Li, Wei Peng
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  ABSTRACT: The widespread use of insecticides in Chinese herbal medicines has created a compelling need for the development of a multiresidue analytical method to help assure herbs safety. The operating variables affecting the performance of the multiresidue analysis of 34 organochlorine and 12 pyrethroid pesticides in chrysanthemum, a widely used kind of Chinese herbal medicines, were evaluated. Three different extraction solvents including n-hexane and its mixtures with acetone and petroleum ether were compared, and n-hexane was found to be an appropriate option. A combination of gel permeation chromatography and SPE was selected as the optimum cleanup, in comparison with dispersive SPE, or the two former methods alone. The determination of the 46 pesticide residues in the spiked chrysanthemum samples was performed by GC with electron capture detection. The average recoveries ranged from 71.3 to 102.6% with RSDs of 1.4-15.7% for all of the pesticides. The LOQs were in the range of 0.0015-0.2 mg/kg, while the LODs were between 0.0005 and 0.1 mg/kg. The satisfactory accuracy, and precision, in combination with a good separation and few interferences, have demonstrated the strong potential of this technique for its application in chrysanthemum analysis.
  Journal of Separation Science 01/2013; · 2.73 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and Residue of Bifenthrin in Wheat under Field Conditions.

  Xiangwei You, Naiwen Jiang, Fengmao Liu, Congyun Liu, Suli Wang
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  ABSTRACT: Field trials were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of bifenthrin in wheat. After extraction with acetonitrile, the samples were cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction and detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The half-lives of bifenthrin in wheat seedlings ranged from 2.4 to 10.5 days. At harvest time, the terminal residues of bifenthrin were below the maximum residue limit (0.5 mg/kg) set by Codex Alimentarius Committee or European Union in wheat grain, which suggested that the use of this pesticide was safe for humans. However, the relatively high residue levels of bifenthrin in wheat straw should be paid attention to.
  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12/2012; · 1.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residues of flutriafol in wheat and soil under field conditions.

  Pingzhong Yu, Chunhong Jia, Wencheng Song, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The dissipation and residues of flutriafol in wheat and soil under field conditions in Beijing, Anhui and Shandong in China were determined based on high performance liquid chromatography. Flutriafol were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction with florisil cartridges before UV detection. The limits of detection and quantification of flutriafol were 0.04 ng and 0.01 mg/kg for both wheat and soil samples, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged from 93.4% to 96.4%, with relative standard deviation between 3.8% and 6.8% at three spiked levels (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg). Half-lives were 13.3, 9.9 and 13.6 days in soil, while 15.2, 10.8 and 9.2 days in wheat plant in Beijing, Anhui and Shandong, respectively. The terminal residues of flutriafol were below the maximum residue limit 0.02 mg/kg set by Japan in wheat when pre-harvest interval were 35 days.
  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 09/2012; 89(5):1040-5. · 1.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Aqueous normal phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem time-of-flight quadrupole mass spectrometry for determination of zanamivir in human serum.

  Jing Ge, Fengmao Liu, Eric H Holmes, Gary K Ostrander, Qing X Li
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  ABSTRACT: An aqueous normal phase (ANP) liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ANP-LC-micrOTOFQ) method was used for the determination of zanamivir in human serum. Zanamivir was extracted with methanol from protein-precipitated human serum samples and further purified with SCX solid-phase extraction cartridges. Scherzo SM-C18, Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq, Cogent Diamond Hydride, Cogent Bidentate and Luna HILIC columns were compared and optimized for the retention and separation of zanamivir and the Luna HILIC and Diamond Hydride columns exhibited the best retention of zanamivir. The former provided a shorter retention time, a sharper peak and relatively high sensitivity, whereas the latter exhibited a longer retention time and less matrix interference. The analytical range of the calibration curve was between 5 and 1000ng/mL.
  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 08/2012; 906:58-62. · 2.78 Impact Factor
• Article: Application of ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction followed high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of fungicides in red wine

  Suli Wang, Liping Ren, Yanjun Xu, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: A new method was developed for the determination of fungicides in red wine using ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid–phase microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL) was quickly disrupted by ultrasonication and dispersed in wine as fine droplets. At this stage, the analytes were extracted into the fine droplets of IL. After centrifugation, the concentration of the enriched fungicides in the sedimented phase was determined. Extraction conditions including the type of extraction solvent, the extraction solvent volume, ultrasonication time, centrifugation time and sample pH were optimized. The performance of the method was studied in terms of linearity, precision, and recovery. Quantitative recoveries (>70%) except for pyrimethanil were obtained, and method precision was also satisfactory (RSD < 10%). Enrichment factors range from 100 to 200, and the limits of detection are at the low μg per liter level for most of the target compounds. FigureThe typical chromatograms of spiking at the concentration level 50μgL−1 of each analytes in a red wine. (1) pyrimethanil (2) fenarimol (3) epoxiconazole (4) kresoxim-methyl (5) cypronidil (6) prochloraz (7) diniconazole KeywordsUltrasound-assisted extraction–Ionic liquids–Dispersive liquid-phase microextraction–Red wine–Fungicides–HPLC
  Microchimica Acta 04/2012; 173(3):453-457. · 3.03 Impact Factor
• Article: Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Leeks (Allium porrum L.) by GC-FPD

  Suli Wang, Suping Yang, Liping Ren, Chuanfan Qian, Fengmao Liu, Shuren Jiang
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  ABSTRACT: A method was validated for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in leeks. The leek sample was cut into about 2cm lengths and heated in a microwave oven for 50s to inactivate enzymes. The sample was extracted with 50mL acetonitrile using an Ultra-turrax T18 blender and cleaned up by solid phase extraction. The target analytes were determined by GC with a flame photometric detector. Average recoveries were 73–118% and limits of detection ranged from 1.1 to 10.0μgkg−1. The uncertainty of the analysis for each pesticide was evaluated as below 16%. The method was applied to determine organophosphorus pesticides in real samples. The GC–MS was used as confirmatory tool for positive samples.
  Chromatographia 04/2012; 69(1):79-84. · 1.20 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation of pyraclostrobin and its metabolite BF-500-3 in maize under field conditions.

  Xiangwei You, Congyun Liu, Fengmao Liu, Yanping Liu, Jiannan Dong
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  ABSTRACT: The dissipation and residue of pyraclostrobin and its metabolite BF-500-3 in maize under field conditions were investigated. A sensitive, simple and fast method for simultaneous determination of pyraclostrobin and BF-500-3 in maize matrix was established by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of pyraclostrobin and BF-500-3 were found in the range of 83.6-104.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.3-10.0%. The results showed that pyraclostrobin dissipated quickly in maize plant with half-lives of 1.6-1.7 days. Its metabolite BF-500-3 showed a tendency of rapid increasing initially and decreasing afterwards. At harvest time, the terminal residues of pyraclostrobin were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by USA and Canada in maize grain when measured 7 days after the final application, which suggested that the use of this fungicide was safe for humans. The results could provide guidance to safe and reasonable use of pyraclostrobin in agriculture.
  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 04/2012; 80:252-7. · 2.29 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residue of myclobutanil in lychee.

  Yanping Liu, Haibin Sun, Fengmao Liu, Siwei Wang
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  ABSTRACT: The dissipation and residue of myclobutanil in lychee under field conditions were studied. To determine myclobutanil residue in samples, an analytical method with a florisil column clean-up and detected by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was developed. Recoveries were found in the range of 83.24 %-89.00 % with relative standard deviations of 2.67 %-9.88 %. This method was successfully applied to analyze the dissipation and residue of myclobutanil in lychee in Guangdong and Guangxi Province, China. The half lives in lychee were from 2.2 to 3.4 days. The residues of myclobutanil in lychee flesh were all below the limit of quantification (LOQ) value (0.01 mg/kg), and most of the residues were concentrated in the peel. The terminal residues of myclobutanil were all bellow the maximum residue limit (MRL) value set by European Union (EU) (0.02 mg/kg). Hence it was safe for the use of this pesticide and the results also could give a reference for MRL setting of myclobutanil in lychee in China.
  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 04/2012; 88(6):902-5. · 1.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Stereoselective dissipation of epoxiconazole in grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Kyoho) and soil under field conditions.

  Hongwu Liang, Jing Qiu, Li Li, Wei Li, Zhiqiang Zhou, Fengmao Liu, Lihong Qiu
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  ABSTRACT: Stereoselective dissipation of epoxiconazole had been studied in grape and soil during plant growing under field conditions in this paper. A sensitive and rapid chiral method was developed and validated for the determination of epoxiconazole stereoisomers in grape and soil based on liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-1 column was used for enantioseparation with a mixture of acetonitrile/water (90/10, v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.3 mL min(-1). Fortified recoveries in grape and soil samples ranged from 76.0% to 91.9% and relative standard deviations were less than 11.4% with fortified levels of 0.025-1.0 mg kg(-1). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.005 mg kg(-1) and 0.025 mg kg(-1), respectively, with linear calibration curves extending up to 5.0 mg kg(-1). The field experimental results showed that dissipations of epoxiconazole stereoisomers in grape followed first-order kinetics (R(2)>0.92) and stereoselectivity occurred in 2 h after spraying. The (-)-stereoisomer with half-life of 9.3 d degraded faster than (+)-stereoisomer with that of 13.2 d, and resulted in relative enrichment of (+)-stereoisomer. However, the stereoisomeric dissipations in soil were triphasic ("increase-decrease-steady") with lower dissipation rates, and also occurred with preferential degradation of (-)-stereoisomer under field condition. The results for stereoselective dissipations can be applied for food and environmental assessments of chiral pesticides.
  Chemosphere 03/2012; 87(8):982-7. · 3.21 Impact Factor
• Article: Stereoselective separation and determination of triadimefon and triadimenol in wheat, straw, and soil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

  Hongwu Liang, Jing Qiu, Li Li, Wei Li, Zhiqiang Zhou, Fengmao Liu, Lihong Qiu
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  ABSTRACT: A sensitive and rapid analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of triadimefon (TF) and triadimenol (TN) stereoisomers in wheat, straw, and soil by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The direct enantioseparation of TF and TN was performed on a Lux cellulose-1 column packed with cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). The effects of mobile-phase composition on the separation were investigated and stereoisomeric elution orders were confirmed with a polarimeter detector. The pesticides were extracted from samples with acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction or activated carbon. Based on the developed stereoselective LC-MS/MS method, for TF and TN stereoisomers, good linearities were obtained over the concentration range of 0.003-4 mg/L; recoveries were 84.2-102.7% in wheat, 84.0-104.0% in straw, and 85.2-106.8% in soil at spiked concentrations of 0.007-2.0 mg/kg; intra-day and inter-day assay precisions were below 12.2%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) in wheat, straw, and soil were 0.001-0.005 mg/kg and 0.007-0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to detect TF and TN stereoisomers in wheat, straw, and soil samples from residual trials in farm.
  Journal of Separation Science 11/2011; 35(1):166-73. · 2.73 Impact Factor
• Article: Multi-residue determination of plant growth regulators in apples and tomatoes by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

  Jiaying Xue, Suli Wang, Xiangwei You, Jiannan Dong, Lijun Han, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: A sensitive and rapid multi-residue analytical method for plant growth regulators (PGRs) (i.e., chlormequat, mepiquat, paclobutrazol, uniconazole, ethephon and flumetralin) in apples and tomatoes was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). A homogenised sample was extracted with a mixture of methanol/water (90:10, v/v) and adjusted to pH <3 with formic acid. Primary secondary amine (PSA) adsorbent was used to clean up the sample. The determination was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) and a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyser. Under the optimised method, the results showed that, except for ethephon, the recoveries were 81.8-98.1% in apples and tomatoes at the spiked concentrations of 0.005 to 2 mg/kg, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 11.7%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were lower than their maximum residue limits (MRLs). The procedure was concluded as a practical method to determine the PGR residues in fruit and vegetables and is also suitable for the simultaneous analysis of the amounts of samples for routine monitoring. The analytical method described herein demonstrates a strong potential for its application in the field of PGR multi-residue analysis to help assure food safety.
  Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 11/2011; 25(21):3289-97. · 2.79 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residue of fenpropidin in wheat and soil under field conditions.

  Huiyu Zhao, Jiaying Xue, Naiwen Jiang, Wei Peng, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The residue levels and dissipation rate of fenpropidin in wheat and soil were investigated by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. The dissipation rates of fenpropidin were described using first-order kinetics and its half-life ranged from 3.1 to 3.3 days in wheat plants and 13.4-16.5 days in soils. During harvest time, the terminal residues of fenpropidin in wheat were below the EUs maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.5 mg kg(-1)) when collected 20 days after the final application, which suggested that the use of this fungicide was safe for humans. The residues persistence varied between two geographically separated experimental sites, indicating that it might be influenced by climate, soil properties and growth dilution factor. These results would be helpful in setting MRL guidance of fenpropidin in wheat in China.
  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 11/2011; 77:52-6. · 2.29 Impact Factor
• Article: IL-USA-DLLME Method to Simultaneously Extract and Determine Four Phenylurea Herbicides in Water Samples

  Suli Wang, Congyun Liu, Fengmao Liu, Liping Ren
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  ABSTRACT: An ionic-liquid ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (IL-USA-DLLME) was introduced to determine four phenylurea herbicides (i.e., isoproturon, monolinuron, linuron, and diuron) in water samples with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ionic liquid of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIMPF6] was dispersed into the aqueous sample solution in fine droplets by ultrasound and was used as the extraction solvent; the phenylurea herbicides were concentrated into the ionic liquid phase. The extraction conditions, such as the volume of the extraction solvent, sonication and centrifugation time, ionic strength, and the emulsification-extraction temperature, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9954 to 0.9969 for concentration levels of 2-100 μgL-1. The good recovery (68-100%) of target analytes was obtained from the water samples. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) ranged from 2.3-9.5%, and the limits of detection (LODs) for the herbicides were between 0.10 μgL-1 and 0.24 μgL-1. The applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of phenylurea herbicides from several natural water samples.
  Current Analytical Chemistry 09/2011; 7(4):357-364. · 1.00 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residue of 2,4-D isooctyl ester in wheat and soil.

  Congyun Liu, Li Li, Suli Wang, Xiangwei You, Shuren Jiang, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: A simple analytical method was developed to determine the 2,4-D isooctyl ester residue in wheat and soil by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector. Using the method, the dissipation and residue of 2,4-D isooctyl ester in wheat field was investigated. The average recoveries of 2,4-D isooctyl ester ranged from 80.1% to 110.0% with relative standard deviations of 2.4% to 16.1%. The pesticide showed a rapid dissipation rate either in wheat seedling or soil, with the half-lives of 1.0 to 3.0 days. The terminal residue results in wheat grain were much lower than the codex MRL (2.0 mg/kg). It could be considered safe to food and environment when using this herbicide for controlling weeds in wheat field.
  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 08/2011; 184(7):4247-51. · 1.40 Impact Factor
• Article: The decline and residues of hexaconazole in tomato and soil.

  Hongwu Liang, Li Li, Wei Li, Yijun Wu, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The decline and terminal residues of hexaconazole in tomato and soil in open field were studied. Hexaconazole residues were determined by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector. Recoveries were between 89% and 110% with RSD of 2.99-5.88% in tomato and 90-119% with RSD of 1.15-5.76% in soil at spiked levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The limit of detection of hexaconazole was 6.3 × 10(-12) g. The decline rates of hexaconazole were described using first-order kinetics and the mean half-lives of hexaconazole in tomato and soil were 4.3 and 18.1 days, respectively. The terminal residues in tomato at interval of 7 days at the dosage of 150 g.a.i./hm(2) for three or four times were all below 0.1 mg/kg. This work would be the guidance of establishing the maximum residue limit of hexaconazole in tomato in China.
  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 04/2011; 184(3):1573-9. · 1.40 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residue of dimethomorph in pepper and soil under field conditions.

  Hongwu Liang, Li Li, Wei Li, Yijun Wu, Zhiqiang Zhou, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The dissipation and residual levels of dimethomorph in pepper and soil under field conditions were determined by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The dissipation rates of dimethomorph were described using first-order kinetics and its half-life ranged from 1.7 to 3.8 days in pepper and 11.5-18.5 days in soil. At harvest time, the terminal residues of dimethomorph were below the EU's maximum residue limit (MRL, 0.5 mg kg⁻¹) in pepper when measured 7 days after the final application, which suggested that the use of this fungicide was safe for humans. The collected field samples were stable for up to two months when refrigerated at -20°C. The residues persistence varied among three geographically separated experimental fields, suggesting that it might be affected by climatic, soil properties and local microorganisms. These results will be helpful in setting MRL guidance for dimethomorph in pepper in China.
  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 03/2011; 74(5):1331-5. · 2.29 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation and residue of cyprodinil in strawberry and soil.

  Congyun Liu, Suli Wang, Li Li, Jing Ge, Shuren Jiang, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The dissipation of cyprodinil under field and greenhouse condition in China was investigated. The pesticide cyprodinil dissipation differed under different cultivate conditions, the half lives were 14.5 and 12.5 days in strawberry and soil, respectively, under the field condition, 5.5 and 6.5 days, respectively, under greenhouse. The results showed that the dissipation rate under greenhouse condition was much faster than under field condition either in strawberry or soil. The terminal residues in strawberries were below the EU maximum residue level (5 mg/kg) after 7 days of application. This study will give a suggestion for the reasonable use of cyprodinil under different cultivate conditions and can also provide reference to set MRL value in strawberry in China.
  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 02/2011; 86(3):323-5. · 1.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Erratum: Analysis of cyprodinil in leek and pepper and its decline under field conditions.

  Congyun Liu, Suli Wang, Li Li, Huiyu Zhao, Shuren Jiang, Fengmao Liu
  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 12/2010; · 1.40 Impact Factor
• Article: Dissipation of oxaziclomefone and residue analysis in rice, soil and water under field conditions.

  Hongwu Liang, Li Li, Ran Ji, Dongmei Qin, Fengmao Liu
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  ABSTRACT: The analytical method for the residue analysis of a novel herbicide, oxaziclomefone, and its dissipation in soil, water, rice plants and husked rice in rice fields at GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) conditions were studied. Oxaziclomefone residues were determined by GC-NPD. Mean recoveries ranged from 84.4 to 108.2% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.4 to 17.2% at three different spiking levels for each different matrix. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.01 mg/kg in soil, water, rice plants and husked rice and 0.02 mg/kg in rice hull. The mean half-lives of oxaziclomefone residues in water, soil and rice plants were 11.3, 37 and 4.4 days, respectively. At harvest, soil, straw, rice hull and husked rice samples were found to contain oxaziclomefone below the maximum residue level (0.1 mg/kg) set by Japan and Korea. Following the recommended application method, this herbicide is therefore safe to apply to rice fields.
  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 10/2010; 86(1):28-32. · 1.02 Impact Factor