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Archives of Suicide Research 01/2013; 17(1). · 1.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale (ICES; Mountford, Corstorphine, Tomlinson, & Waller, 2004), a measure designed to retrospectively assess exposure to parental invalidation. The ICES was administered to a sample of female college students along with measures of parental bonding and borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptomatology. In contrast with previous findings, the ICES demonstrated excellent internal consistency within a nonclinical sample. It also correlated in the predicted directions with measures of parental bonding and BPD symptomatology. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ICES is a promising retrospective measure of parental invalidation. They also provide some support for the hypothesized link between parental invalidation and BPD symptomatology and suggest that additional research with clinical samples is needed.
Journal of personality disorders 09/2012; · 3.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine if and how two basic dimensions of temperament-behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity-might interact with exposure to perceived parental affectionless control (AFC) to predict personality disorder (PD) symptomatology. Measures of BIS, BAS, AFC, and PD symptomatology were administered to a large nonclinical sample (n = 318). As predicted, exposure to AFC was positively associated with PD symptoms in general, BIS was positively associated with Cluster A and C symptoms, and BAS was positively associated with Cluster B symptoms. BIS and BAS were also found to interact with each other to predict Cluster B symptomatology. In addition, BIS, BAS, and maternal AFC interacted to predict Cluster A symptomatology. In the latter case, it was found that individuals who reported high BIS, high BAS, and high maternal AFC reported the highest overall level of Cluster A symptoms.
Journal of personality disorders 04/2012; 26(2):203-12. · 3.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Recent reviews argue that emotion dysregulation is an important feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis-order (ADHD) and involves a failure to inhibit negative emotions that leads to negative affectively-driven impulsive behavior (i.e., emotional impulsivity). The goal of the current study was to assess (a) whether emotion dysregulation and emotional impulsivity was higher in a group of adults diagnosed with ADHD and (b) if the relationship between core ADHD symptoms (i.e., inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity) and emotional impulsivity is mediated by emotion dysregulation symptoms. A group of adults with (n = 18) and without (n = 23) ADHD completed measures of core ADHD symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and emotional impulsivity. A series of one-way analyses of covariance indicated significant between-group differences in emotion dysregulation and emotional impulsivity when current depression and oppositional defiant disorder ratings were covaried. In addition, the relationship between ADHD symptoms and emotional impulsivity was mediated by emotion dysregulation symptoms. These findings suggest that emotion dysregulation and emotional impulsivity are higher in adults diagnosed with ADHD and that emotion dysregulation symptoms have predictive value beyond core ADHD symptoms. Keywords ADHD . Emotion dysregulation . Emotional impulsivity Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that persists into adulthood for the majority of cases (Barkley et al. 2008; Mannuzza et al. 1993; G. Weiss and Hechtman 1993) and occurs among approximately 4 % of adults (Kessler et al. 2006). Though developmentally inappropriate symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are the two core symptom sets of the disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2000), recent reviews argue that emo-tion dysregulation is an additional feature of ADHD that should be incorporated into theoretical conceptualizations and diagnostic criteria (Barkley 2010; Martel 2009; Skirrow et al. 2009). Even though there is no consistently agreed upon defini-tion of emotion dysregulation (Putnam and Silk 2005), most accounts describe it as a multidimensional construct (Gratz and Roemer 2004) that includes (a) the lack of inhibition of behavior associated with strong negative or positive emo-tion and (b) subsequent failure to engage in self-regulatory actions, including self-soothing, refocusing attention, mod-erating the initial emotion, and organizing for coordinated action in the service of goal-directed behavior (Barkley 2010; Gottman and Katz 1989; Hinshaw 2003; Martel 2009; Melnick and Hinshaw 2000). According to one ac-count of emotion dysregulation in ADHD (Barkley 2010), those with the disorder are less likely to inhibit their emo-tions, particularly those pertaining to frustration, impatience, and anger, as a result of deficient cognitive control. The outcome of this poor inhibitory process is emotional impul-sivity, which "refers to the quickness or speed with which and the greater likelihood that an individual with ADHD will react with negative emotions in response to events J. T. Mitchell (*) : S. H. Kollins
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 01/2012; · 1.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The goal of the present research was to test the hypothesis that cognitive biases for negative and threatening social information mediate the effects of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity on social anxiety. Participants completed self-report measures of BIS and BAS and then underwent a social-threat induction procedure in which they were told they would have to perform a speech. A battery of cognitive bias measures was then administered, followed by a battery of state anxiety measures. Audience members also rated participants' anxiety during the speech. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. As predicted, the fully-mediated model showed the best fit to the data, and higher BIS and lower BAS were found to have significant indirect effects on social anxiety via cognitive bias.
Personality and Individual Differences 12/2011; · 1.88 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Motivational models emphasizing altered reinforcement sensitivity have been increasingly implicated in etiological accounts of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Overactive behavioral approach tendencies are identified among these motivational models and are addressed within reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST). RST proposes that overactive behavioral approach is associated with over responsiveness to immediately rein-forcing stimuli and results from an overactive appetitive motivational subsystem of the brain—the behavioral approach system. The current study tested the hypothesis that behavioral approach would be higher in a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with ADHD relative to a control group. Experimental and self-report measures of behavioral approach were administered. Behavioral approach was higher in the ADHD group across both methods of assessment. Effect size estimates fell within the medium to large range. Implications for how these findings might be incorporated into future ADHD models are discussed. Keywords ADHD . Behavioral approach . Reinforcement sensitivity theory Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Motivational models emphasizing altered reinforcement sensitivity have been increasingly implicated in etiological accounts of ADHD (e.g., Luman et al. 2005; Nigg 2006; Nigg et al. 2005). For example, the delay aversion account proposes that individuals with ADHD prefer immediate smaller rewards over delayed larger rewards due to a generalized aversion to delayed contingencies (Sonuga-Barke 2002, 2003). Impulsive drive for immediate reward, referring to the behavioral tendency to be over-responsive to immediate reward, has also been demonstrated to be a component of altered reinforcement sensitivity accounts in children with ADHD and separate from delay aversion (Marco et al. 2009). The behavioral tendency to be overly responsive to immediately reinforcing stimuli is interpretable within the framework of reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST; Gray and McNaughton 2000; Pickering and Gray 1999; see Corr 2008, for a review). RST has a longstanding history in motivationally-based etiological accounts of ADHD (e.g., Beauchaine 2001; Newman and Wallace 1993; Quay 1988; see Nigg 2001, for a review) and assessing findings within this model allows for theoretically-guided interpretation (Nigg 2006). RST has also been applied to inform etiological accounts of a variety of other forms of psychopathology (e.g., Bijttebier et al. 2009; Kimbrel
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 01/2011; · 1.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Both behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity have been proposed to play a role in social anxiety; however, findings concerning the relationship between BAS and social anxiety have been mixed. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that low levels of BAS may only be associated with the social interaction subdimension of social anxiety.
Measures of BIS, BAS, social interaction anxiety, and social observation anxiety were administered to three large analogue samples.
As hypothesized, BAS was inversely related to social interaction anxiety, but was unrelated to social observation anxiety across all three samples. In addition, individuals with generalized social fears were found to report both higher levels of BIS and lower levels of BAS compared to individuals with few or specific social fears.
These findings suggest that a complete motivational account of generalized social anxiety should include both BIS and BAS.
Journal of anxiety disorders 02/2010; 24(3):372-8. · 2.68 Impact Factor
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01/2010; , ISBN: 9780470479216
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ABSTRACT: The effect of manipulating item positioning on self-reported ADHD symptoms was examined. We assessed whether listing DSM-IV ADHD symptoms serially or interspersed affected (a) the correlation between ADHD symptoms and (b) the rate of symptom endorsement.
In Study 1, an undergraduate sample (n = 102) completed a measure that listed DSM-IV ADHD symptoms serially and a measure that interspersed DSM-IV ADHD items among non-ADHD symptoms. In Study 2, a separate undergraduate sample (n = 240) completed a measure that listed DSM-IV ADHD symptoms serially and another ADHD measure that interspersed DSM-IV ADHD items among non-DSM-IV ADHD items.
Item positioning did not affect the correlation between symptoms, but did reveal a significant bias in the rate of symptom endorsements.
These findings suggest that there is significant variability in ADHD symptom endorsements resulting from item positioning. This effect has implications for clinical assessment and epidemiological research of ADHD among college students.
Journal of Attention Disorders 06/2009; 13(2):154-60. · 2.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Personality disorders are complex and highly challenging to treatment providers; yet, for clients with these
problems, there exist very few treatment options that have been supported by research. Given the lack of
empirically-supported therapies for personality disorders, it can be difficult to make treatment decisions for this population. The purpose of this paper is to present our view that basic behavioral principles can be integrated into the assessment and treatment of personality disorders to maximize success with such challenging behavioral patterns. Following a review of well-established behavioral assessment and treatment options, we offer additional suggestions upon which to base treatment: (a) the identification of relevant response classes and (b) the use of functional analysis in personality disorder treatment. We conclude with application of the proposed strategies to the examples of borderline and avoidant personality disorders.
Behavior Analyst Today. 01/2009; 10(1):54-70.
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ABSTRACT: The current study examined the joint effect of personality and parenting factors on the prediction of bulimia nervosa (BN) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptomology in a sample of female college students. The study also tested whether personality and parenting factors might account for the association between BN and SAD symptoms.
One-hundred twenty-eight participants completed self-report measures assessing maternal care (MC), maternal overprotection, sensitivity to punishment (SP), sensitivity to reward (SR), and BN and SAD symptomology.
SP, SR, and MC each uniquely predicted BN symptoms, whereas only SP and MC predicted SAD symptoms. High SP interacted with low MC to predict BN and SAD symptoms over the main effects. In addition, SP, MC, and the interaction term SP x MC mediated the association between SAD and BN symptoms.
High SP and low MC appear to account for the link between BN and SAD symptomology, whereas high SR appears to distinguish the disorders.
Eating Behaviors 05/2008; 9(2):210-7. · 1.58 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly considered a disorder that
affects children and adolescents; however, follow-up studies of those diagnosed with ADHD
indicate significant continuation and impairment into adulthood. For these adults, pharmacotherapy
is effective in some cases, but residual symptoms and secondary problematic behaviors
resulting from ADHD symptoms (e.g., depressed mood) are typical. Several researchers
have identified cognitive-behavioral approaches as a promising adjunct to pharmacotherapy.
In particular, a recently manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy has demonstrated significant
reductions in ADHD symptoms in a controlled study. The primary purpose of this article is to
demonstrate the potential of this approach. To do so, we review two case studies of adults diagnosed
with ADHD to illustrate (a) the heterogeneity associated with ADHD cases and the
unique challenges they present, (b) issues related to comorbid disorders and symptoms with
ADHD, and (c) how to adapt this emerging empirically supported treatment.
Clinical Case Studies 01/2008; 7(5):423-448.
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ABSTRACT: The current study examined the role of Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity in predicting symptoms along the externalizing dimension of psychopathology. A sample of 273 undergraduates completed measures of BAS, BIS, and externalizing disorder symptomatology. Regression analyses indicated that high BAS predicted drug abuse, alcohol abuse, primary and secondary psychopathy, and hyperactive-impulsive AD/HD symptoms. Whereas low BIS predicted drug use and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms only, high BIS predicted secondary psychopathy and inattentive AD/HD symptoms. These results replicate previous findings and suggest that high BAS is closely associated with the externalizing dimension. In contrast, the results from the current study call into question the role of low BIS in externalizing disorders and provide only limited support for the joint-subsystems hypothesis in this context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract) DOI: doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.018
01/2008;
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ABSTRACT: The study examines the relationship between Asperger's Disorder (AD) and Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD), mutually exclusive but similar diagnoses [DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author]. The literature and comparison of diagnostic criteria suggest that the two disorders may overlap: AD social impairment with SPD interpersonal problems and AD communication deficits with SPD disorganized features. Questionnaire measures of AD and SPD were administered to a large non-clinical adult sample. Consistent with expectations, the Asperger's and Schizotypal questionnaires were positively correlated. Further, the social-interpersonal and communication-disorganized areas were positively correlated, though the relationship between social-interpersonal areas is particularly strong. Future research should continue to explore the relationship between AD and schizotypy to confirm current findings and improve understanding of distinctions between the disorders.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 11/2007; 37(9):1711-20. · 3.34 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) are two prominent personality accounts that have emerged from different backgrounds. Although the two accounts are applied to similar research topics, there is limited empirical work examining the correspondence between them. The current study explored the relationship between RST-based personality traits and the FFM domains and facets in an undergraduate sample (n = 668). Regression analyses indicated that Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) was positively associated with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, and negatively associated with Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness. In contrast, Sensitivity to Reward (SR) was positively associated with Extraversion and Neuroticism, and negatively associated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Exploratory analyses at the facet level specified the relationship between SP, SR, and each domain. A factor analysis was also conducted to explore the higher-order factor structure of RST and the FFM domains. Three factors emerged, which we labelled SP, Stability-Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is substantial overlap between these two accounts of personality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Journal of Personality 07/2007; 21(7):869 - 887. · 2.44 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The current review is an account of the development and maintenance of personality disorders as defined
in the DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision,
American Psychiatric Association, 2000) from a behavior analytic perspective. A thesis of this paper is
that behavior is a result of a complex biological-environmental interaction. Complex behavioral
repertoires that come to be regarded as personality characteristics are the result of evolutionary, learning,
and cultural histories. Following a review of our model and how it is maintained by these histories, we
provide two examples of avoidant and borderline personality disorders to illustrate our approach that
attempts to describe the development and maintenance of personality disorders.
Behavior Analyst Today. 01/2007; 8(4).
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ABSTRACT: A modified skills training component of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was implemented in a group therapy format for non-suicidal outpatient young adolescents who met criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Thirty-two youths completed the 16-week program, as well as pre- and post-treatment measures. The treatment was effective not only in decreasing negative behaviors, but also in increasing positive behaviors, per caregiver report. The youths reported a significant reduction in externalizing and internalizing symptoms and in depression. Reliable change indices indicated that far more participants were in the improved category than in the deteriorated category on the measures of interest. Despite the absence of control groups but consistent with the treatment outcome research literature for DBT-based treatments for other disorders, this study demonstrated that DBT skills training is feasible and shows promise in improving the behavior of ODD young adolescents.
Behaviour Research and Therapy 01/2007; 44(12):1811-20. · 3.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Despite the importance placed on completion of extra-session homework in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a review of the available literature suggests there is much about the nature of homework compliance that remains to be empirically evaluated. This is especially true among youth receiving CBT. The present study begins to address how best to measure homework compliance and offers a fine-grained, single-case analysis of homework compliance during acute treatment with depressed adolescents. The results demonstrate that 56% of homework assignments were completed. Also observed was substantial within-subject temporal variability in homework compliance and a tendency for compliance to decrease during the course of treatment. These data call into question the adequacy of any static aggregate measure of homework compliance and have implications for both researchers and clinicians.
Behavior Modification 10/2006; 30(5):647-72. · 1.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The neurodevelopmental vulnerability for schizophrenia appears to be expressed across a dynamic continuum of adjustment referred to as schizotypy. This model suggests that nonpsychotic schizotypic individuals should exhibit mild and transient forms of symptoms seen in full-blown schizophrenia. Given that depression and anxiety are reported to be comorbid with schizophrenia, the present study examined the relationship of psychometrically defined schizotypy with symptoms of depression and anxiety in a college student sample (n=1258). A series of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a three-factor solution of positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and negative affect provided the best solution for self-report measures of schizotypy, anxiety, and depression. As hypothesized, the model indicated that symptoms of depression and anxiety are more strongly associated with the positive-symptom dimension of schizotypy than with the negative-symptom dimension. This is consistent with studies of schizophrenic patients and longitudinal findings that positive-symptom schizotypes are at risk for both mood and non-mood psychotic disorders, while negative-symptom schizotypes appear more specifically at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Schizophrenia Research 05/2006; 83(2-3):225-35. · 4.75 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Disinhibition has received considerable recognition as a primary deficit in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactiv-ity Disorder (AD/HD). The goal of the present study was to investigate claims that Gray's Behavioral Approach System (BAS) is linked to a disinhibitory deficit and can account for hyperactive-impulsive AD/HD behaviors. A sample of 184 undergraduates responded to measures of Gray's and other personality dimensions. BAS scores were positively related to and were significant predictors of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and also appeared to be related to inattentive AD/HD symptoms in females. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) scores did not predict hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, suggesting that it is not a primary deficit for hyperactive-impulsive behaviors. Other disinhibitory pathways along Gray's model, such as a response modulation deficit, were supported. Overactive BAS functioning is offered as a contributor to hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in adults.
Personality and Individual Differences 11/2005; · 1.88 Impact Factor
