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Najaf Amin,
Jouke-Jan Hottenga,
Narelle K Hansell,
A Cecile Jw Janssens,
Marleen Hm de Moor,
Pamela Af Madden,
Irina V Zorkoltseva,
Brenda W Penninx,
Antonio Terracciano,
Manuela Uda, [......],
Michele L Pergadia,
Sarah E Medland,
Tatiana I Axenovich,
Eco de Geus,
Grant W Montgomery,
Margaret J Wright,
Ben A Oostra,
Nicholas G Martin,
Dorret I Boomsma,
Cornelia M van Duijn
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ABSTRACT: Personality traits are complex phenotypes related to psychosomatic health. Individually, various gene finding methods have not achieved much success in finding genetic variants associated with personality traits. We performed a meta-analysis of four genome-wide linkage scans (N=6149 subjects) of five basic personality traits assessed with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. We compared the significant regions from the meta-analysis of linkage scans with the results of a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (N∼17 000). We found significant evidence of linkage of neuroticism to chromosome 3p14 (rs1490265, LOD=4.67) and to chromosome 19q13 (rs628604, LOD=3.55); of extraversion to 14q32 (ATGG002, LOD=3.3); and of agreeableness to 3p25 (rs709160, LOD=3.67) and to two adjacent regions on chromosome 15, including 15q13 (rs970408, LOD=4.07) and 15q14 (rs1055356, LOD=3.52) in the individual scans. In the meta-analysis, we found strong evidence of linkage of extraversion to 4q34, 9q34, 10q24 and 11q22, openness to 2p25, 3q26, 9p21, 11q24, 15q26 and 19q13 and agreeableness to 4q34 and 19p13. Significant evidence of association in the GWAS was detected between openness and rs677035 at 11q24 (P-value=2.6 × 10(-06), KCNJ1). The findings of our linkage meta-analysis and those of the GWAS suggest that 11q24 is a susceptible locus for openness, with KCNJ1 as the possible candidate gene.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 5 December 2012; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.263.
European journal of human genetics: EJHG 12/2012; · 3.56 Impact Factor
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Wayne Chan,
Robert R McCrae,
Filip De Fruyt,
Lee Jussim,
Corinna E Löckenhoff,
Marleen De Bolle,
Paul T Costa,
Angelina R Sutin, Anu Realo,
Jüri Allik, [......],
Lei Wang,
Jane Shakespeare-Finch,
Margarida P Lima,
Waldemar Klinkosz,
Andrzej Sekowski,
Lidia Alcalay,
Franco Simonetti,
Tatyana V Avdeyeva,
V S Pramila,
Antonio Terracciano
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ABSTRACT: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10/2012; · 5.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of the current study is to examine the role of personality traits in self-other agreement in happiness and life-satisfaction which are often seen as the essential components of subjective well-being (SWB). Self-reports on the SWB measure and the NEO Personality Inventory-3 were obtained from 1,251 Estonians aged between 18 and 86 years. Other-ratings on the same measures were provided by knowledgeable informants. The measure of SWB showed significant self-other agreement, r = .55 (p = .000). We found this agreement to be transmitted (i.e., mediated) through the self- and other-rated personality facet scores of N3 (Depression) and E6 (Positive Emotions), Z = 2.8001 - 11.7142. The findings suggest that when an informant evaluates someone's happiness or life-satisfaction, his / her rating is inflated by the image held about the personality of this person. Furthermore, self-reported SWB reflects, to some extent, what other people think about one's personality.
Social Indicators Research 09/2012; · 1.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Introduction. Stable individual differences in personality traits have well-documented associations with various aspects of health. One of the health outcomes that directly depends on people's behavioral choices, and may therefore be linked to personality traits, is having a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Aim. The study examines the associations between a comprehensive set of basic personality traits and past STD history in a demographically diverse sample. Methods. Participants were 2,110 Estonians (1,175 women) between the ages of 19 and 89 (mean age 45.8 years, SD = 17.0). The five-factor model personality traits (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) and their specific facets were rated by participants themselves and knowledgeable informants. Sex, age, and educational level were controlled for. Main Outcome Measure. History of STD diagnosis based on medical records and/or self-report. Results. History of STD diagnosis was associated with higher Neuroticism and lower Agreeableness in both self- and informant-ratings. Among the specific personality facets, the strongest correlates of STD were high hostility and impulsiveness and low deliberation. Conclusions. Individual differences in several personality traits are associated with a history of STD diagnosis. Assuming that certain personality traits may predispose people to behaviors that entail a higher risk for STD, these findings can be used for the early identification of people at greater STD risk and for developing personality-tailored intervention programs. Mõttus R, Realo A, Allik J, Esko T, and Metspalu A. History of the diagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease is linked to normal variation in personality traits. J Sex Med **;**:**-**.
Journal of Sexual Medicine 08/2012; · 3.55 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: Men vary more than women in cognitive abilities and physical attributes, and we expected that men vary more in personality too. That that has not been found previously may reflect: (a) personality was measured by self-reports that confound target sex with informant sex, and (b) men actually vary more but accentuate personality differences less than women. METHOD: We analyzed informant reports and self-reports on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R or NEO-PI-3) collected for two community and two student samples from four countries: Czech Republic (N = 714, age M = 36.1, SD = 14.1, 58% women), Estonia (N = 1,685, age M = 42.6, SD = 13.4, 58% women), Belgium (N = 345, age M = 18.4, SD = 3.0, 78% women), and Germany (N = 302, age M = 23.4, SD = 2.7, 56% women).
Journal of Personality 02/2012; · 2.44 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Objectives: Diet has health consequences, which makes knowing the psychological correlates of dietary habits important. Associations between dietary habits and personality traits were examined in a large sample of Estonians (N = 1,691) aged between 18 and 89 years. Method: Dietary habits were measured using 11 items, which grouped into two factors reflecting (a) health aware and (b) traditional dietary patterns. The health aware diet factor was defined by eating more cereal and dairy products, fish, vegetables and fruits. The traditional diet factor was defined by eating more potatoes, meat and meat products, and bread. Personality was assessed by participants themselves and by people who knew them well. The questionnaire used was the NEO Personality Inventory-3, which measures the Five-Factor Model personality broad traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, along with six facets for each trait. Gender, age and educational level were controlled for. Results: Higher scores on the health aware diet factor were associated with lower Neuroticism, and higher Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness (effect sizes were modest: r = .11 to 0.17 in self-ratings, and r = .08 to 0.11 in informant-ratings, ps < 0.01 or lower). Higher scores on the traditional diet factor were related to lower levels of Openness (r = -0.14 and -0.13, p < .001, self- and informant-ratings, respectively). Conclusions: Endorsement of healthy and avoidance of traditional dietary items are associated with people's personality trait levels, especially higher Openness. The results may inform dietary interventions with respect to possible barriers to diet change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
Health Psychology 01/2012; · 3.87 Impact Factor
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Michelle Luciano,
Lorna M Lopez,
Marleen H M de Moor,
Sarah E Harris,
Gail Davies,
Teresa Nutile,
Robert F Krueger,
Tõnu Esko,
David Schlessinger,
Tanaka Toshiko, [......],
Margeret J Wright,
Andrew C Heath,
Cornelia M van Duijn,
Laura J Bierut,
Katri Raikkonen,
Nicholas G Martin,
Marina Ciullo,
Dan Rujescu,
Dorret I Boomsma,
Ian J Deary
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ABSTRACT: Human longevity and personality traits are both heritable and are consistently linked at the phenotypic level. We test the hypothesis that candidate genes influencing longevity in lower organisms are associated with variance in the five major dimensions of human personality (measured by the NEO-FFI and IPIP inventories) plus related mood states of anxiety and depression. Seventy single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six brain expressed, longevity candidate genes (AFG3L2, FRAP1, MAT1A, MAT2A, SYNJ1, and SYNJ2) were typed in over 1,000 70-year old participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936 (LBC1936). No SNPs were associated with the personality and psychological distress traits at a Bonferroni corrected level of significance (P < 0.0002), but there was an over-representation of nominally significant (P < 0.05) SNPs in the synaptojanin-2 (SYNJ2) gene associated with agreeableness and symptoms of depression. Eight SNPs which showed nominally significant association across personality measurement instruments were tested in an extremely large replication sample of 17,106 participants. SNP rs350292, in SYNJ2, was significant: the minor allele was associated with an average decrease in NEO agreeableness scale scores of 0.25 points, and 0.67 points in the restricted analysis of elderly cohorts (most aged >60 years). Because we selected a specific set of longevity genes based on functional genomics findings, further research on other longevity gene candidates is warranted to discover whether they are relevant candidates for personality and psychological distress traits.
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics 12/2011; 159B(2):192-200. · 3.70 Impact Factor
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Steve Loughnan,
Peter Kuppens,
Jüri Allik,
Katalin Balazs,
Soledad de Lemus,
Kitty Dumont,
Rafael Gargurevich,
Istvan Hidegkuti,
Bernhard Leidner,
Lennia Matos,
Joonha Park, Anu Realo,
Junqi Shi,
Victor Eduardo Sojo,
Yuk-Yue Tong,
Jeroen Vaes,
Philippe Verduyn,
Victoria Yeung,
Nick Haslam
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ABSTRACT: People's self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies--specifically, relative levels of economic inequality--play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for self-enhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.
Psychological Science 09/2011; 22(10):1254-8. · 4.43 Impact Factor
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Michele J Gelfand,
Jana L Raver,
Lisa Nishii,
Lisa M Leslie,
Janetta Lun,
Beng Chong Lim,
Lili Duan,
Assaf Almaliach,
Soon Ang,
Jakobina Arnadottir, [......],
Manfred Schmitt,
Peter B Smith,
Nazar Soomro,
Erna Szabo,
Nalinee Taveesin,
Midori Toyama,
Evert Van de Vliert,
Naharika Vohra,
Colleen Ward,
Susumu Yamaguchi
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ABSTRACT: With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
Science 05/2011; 332(6033):1100-4. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Consensus studies from 4 cultures--in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Germany--as well as secondary analyses of self- and observer-reported Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) data from 29 cultures suggest that there is a cross-culturally replicable pattern of difference between internal and external perspectives for the Big Five personality traits. People see themselves as more neurotic and open to experience compared to how they are seen by other people. External observers generally hold a higher opinion of an individual's conscientiousness than he or she does about him- or herself. As a rule, people think that they have more positive emotions and excitement seeking but much less assertiveness than it seems from the vantage point of an external observer. This cross-culturally replicable disparity between internal and external perspectives was not consistent with predictions based on the actor-observer hypothesis because the size of the disparity was unrelated to the visibility of personality traits. A relatively strong negative correlation (r = -.53) between the average self-minus-observer profile and social desirability ratings suggests that people in most studied cultures view themselves less favorably than they are perceived by others.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 11/2010; 99(5):870-82. · 5.08 Impact Factor
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Robert R. McCrae,,
Antonio Terracciano,,
Filip De Fruyt,,
Marleen De Bolle,,
Michele J. Gelfand,,
Paul T. Costa, Jr.,,
Maria E. Aguilar-Vafaie,,
Chang-kyu Ahn,,
Hyun-nie Ahn,,
Lidia Alcalay,, [......],
Vanina Schmidt,,
Andrzej Sekowski,,
Jane Shakespeare-Finch,,
Yoshiko Shimonaka,,
Franco Simonetti,,
Jerzy Siuta,,
Barbara Szmigielska,,
Vitanya Vanno,,
Lei Wang,,
Michelle Yik
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ABSTRACT: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N 5 5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures.
Journal of Personality. 06/2010;
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ABSTRACT: a b s t r a c t In this study, 3705 participants from across the Russian Federation were asked to rate their own person-ality traits, those of a typical Russian living in their region, and those of an ideal person, using the National Character Survey (NCS). Another large group of participants (N = 3537) was asked to identify an ethnically Russian college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rate this target using the NEO PI-R. The mean personality profiles of the typical Russian converged significantly with self-rated personality traits (r = .63, p < .01), but not with observer-ratings (r = .33, p = .08). However, the former correlation lost its significance when the mean ratings of an ideal person ratings were controlled for (r = .35, p = .06). The mean ratings of a typical Russian converged even more substantially with the per-sonality profile of an ideal person (r = .71, p < .001). Overall, the results suggest that the portrait of a typ-ical Russian may to some extent be based on actual personality dispositions of Russians, but it is more likely that this portrait reflects socially desirable personality traits that have been attributed to a typical Russian. The results extend previous findings by demonstrating the importance of using multiple rating conditions at the same time.
12/2009;
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Corinna E Löckenhoff,
Filip De Fruyt,
Antonio Terracciano,
Robert R McCrae,
Marleen De Bolle,
Paul T Costa,
Maria E Aguilar-Vafaie,
Chang-kyu Ahn,
Hyun-nie Ahn,
Lidia Alcalay, [......],
Andrzej Sekowski,
Jane Shakespeare-Finch,
Yoshiko Shimonaka,
Franco Simonetti,
Jerzy Siuta,
Peter B Smith,
Barbara Szmigielska,
Lei Wang,
Mami Yamaguchi,
Michelle Yik
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ABSTRACT: College students (N=3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Psychology and Aging 12/2009; 24(4):941-54. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Both social capital and individualism–collectivism (IC) have been, and still are, popular and well-researched constructs in social sciences. Many theorists have argued that individualism poses a threat to social cohesion and communal association. Other researchers believe that growth of individuality, autonomy, and self-sufficiency are necessary conditions for the development of social solidarity and cooperation. The present article reviews the studies on the relationship between social capital and IC, using different data and different measures. We conclude that countries with higher level of social capital (where people believe that most people can be trusted) are also more individualistic, emphasizing the importance of independence, personal accomplishments, and freedom to choose one’s own goals. In societies where trust is limited to the nuclear family or kinship alone, people have lower levels of social capital. Social capital increases as the radius of trust widens to encompass a larger number of people and social networks, bridging the ‘gap’ between the family and state.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass 11/2009; 3(6):871 - 886.
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ABSTRACT: Data were collected by the members of the Russian character and personality survey from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, which measures neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Factor analyses within samples showed that the factor structure of an international sample combining data from 50 different cultures was well replicated in all 39 Russian samples. Sex differences replicated the known pattern in all samples, demonstrating that women scored higher than men on most of the neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness facet scales. Cross-sectional analyses demonstrated consistent age differences for four factors: Older individuals compared to younger ones were less extraverted and open but more agreeable and conscientious. The mean levels of traits were similar in all 39 samples. Although in general personality traits in Russians closely followed the universal pattern, some reliable culture-specific effects were also found that future studies can help interpret. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Journal of Personality 10/2009; 23(7):567 - 588. · 2.44 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Experimental studies indicate that recognition of emotions, particularly negative emotions, decreases with age. However, there is no consensus at which age the decrease in emotion recognition begins, how selective this is to negative emotions, and whether this applies to both facial and vocal expression. In the current cross-sectional study, 607 participants ranging in age from 18 to 84 years (mean age = 32.6 +/- 14.9 years) were asked to recognize emotions expressed either facially or vocally. In general, older participants were found to be less accurate at recognizing emotions, with the most distinctive age difference pertaining to a certain group of negative emotions. Both modalities revealed an age-related decline in the recognition of sadness and -- to a lesser degree -- anger, starting at about 30 years of age. Although age-related differences in the recognition of expression of emotion were not mediated by personality traits, 2 of the Big 5 traits, openness and conscientiousness, made an independent contribution to emotion-recognition performance. Implications of age-related differences in facial and vocal emotion expression and early onset of the selective decrease in emotion recognition are discussed in terms of previous findings and relevant theoretical models.
Emotion 10/2009; 9(5):619-30. · 3.88 Impact Factor
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European Journal of Personality 04/2009; 23(3):149 - 152. · 2.44 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Reports an error in "Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures" by David P. Schmitt, Anu Realo, Martin Voracek and Jüri Allik (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008[Jan], Vol 94[1], 168-182). Some of the sample sizes presented in Table 1 were incorrectly reported. The correct sample sizes are presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-19165-013.) Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N = 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development--including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth--were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men's personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 02/2009; 96(1):118. · 5.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: This study examined how the frequency of positive and negative emotions is related to life satisfaction across nations. Participants were 8,557 people from 46 countries who reported on their life satisfaction and frequency of positive and negative emotions. Multilevel analyses showed that across nations, the experience of positive emotions was more strongly related to life satisfaction than the absence of negative emotions. Yet, the cultural dimensions of individualism and survival/self-expression moderated these relationships. Negative emotional experiences were more negatively related to life satisfaction in individualistic than in collectivistic nations, and positive emotional experiences had a larger positive relationship with life satisfaction in nations that stress self-expression than in nations that value survival. These findings show how emotional aspects of the good life vary with national culture and how this depends on the values that characterize one's society. Although to some degree, positive and negative emotions might be universally viewed as desirable and undesirable, respectively, there appear to be clear cultural differences in how relevant such emotional experiences are to quality of life.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 08/2008; 95(1):66-75. · 5.08 Impact Factor
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Airi Värnik,
Kairi Kõlves,
Jüri Allik,
Ella Arensman,
Esa Aromaa,
Chantal van Audenhove,
Jean-Hervé Bouleau,
Christina M van der Feltz-Cornelis,
Giancarlo Giupponi,
Ricardo Gusmão, [......],
Margaret Maxwell,
Högni Oskarsson,
Ann Palmer,
Charles Pull, Anu Realo,
Thomas Reisch,
Armin Schmidtke,
Victor Pérez Sola,
Lisa Wittenburg,
Ulrich Hegerl
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ABSTRACT: No recent cross-country examinations for youth suicide trends and methods for Europe were found.
The aim of the study is to specify differences in suicide rates, trends and methods used among 15-24 years olds by gender across 15 European countries.
Data for 14,738 suicide cases in the age group 15-24 in 2000-2004/5 were obtained and analysed.
Suicide rates ranged 5.5-35.1 for males and 1.3-8.5 for females. Statistically significant decline since 2000 was observed in Germany, Scotland, Spain, and England for males and in Ireland for females. Hanging was most frequently used for both genders, followed by jumping and use of a moving object for males and jumping and poisoning by drugs for females. Male suicides had a higher risk than females of using firearms and hanging and lower risk of poisoning by drugs and jumping. There were large differences between single countries.
The limitations of the study are the small numbers of specific suicide methods in some countries as well as the re-categorisation of ICD-9 codes into ICD-10 in England, Ireland and Portugal. Further, the use of suicides (X60-X84) without events of undetermined deaths (Y10-Y34) continues to be problematic considering the possibility of "hidden suicides".
The present study shows that suicide rates among young males are decreasing since 2000 in several European countries. Analysis of suicide methods confirms that there is a very high proportion of hanging in youths, which is extremely difficult to restrict. However, besides hanging there are also high rates of preventable suicide methods and reducing the availability of means should be one of the goals of suicide prevention.
Journal of affective disorders 08/2008; 113(3):216-26. · 3.76 Impact Factor
