Patricia B Crawford

Publications (53)232.96 Total impact

• Article: State-level policies can help reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in schools.

  Patricia B Crawford, Wendi Gosliner
  The Journal of pediatrics 09/2012; 161(3):566-7. · 4.02 Impact Factor
• Article: Does competitive food and beverage legislation hurt meal participation or revenues in high schools?

  Tasha Peart, Janice Kao, Patricia B Crawford, Sarah E Samuels, Lisa Craypo, Gail Woodward-Lopez
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: There is limited evidence to evaluate the influence of competitive food and beverage legislation on school meal program participation and revenues. A representative sample of 56 California high schools was recruited to collect school-level data before (2006–2007) and the year after (2007–2008) policies regarding limiting competitive foods and beverages were required to be implemented. Data were obtained from school records, observations, and questionnaires. Paired t-tests assessed significance of change between the two time points. Average participation in lunch increased from 21.7% to 25.3% (p < 0.001), representing a 17.0% increase, while average participation in breakfast increased from 8.9% to 10.3% (p = 0.02), representing a 16.0% increase. There was a significant (23.0%) increase in average meal revenue, from $0.70 to $0.86 (per student per day) (p < 0.001). There was a nonsignificant decrease (18.0%) in average sales from à la carte foods, from $0.45 to $0.37 (per student per day). Compliance with food and beverage standards also increased significantly. At end point, compliance with beverage standards was higher (71.0%) than compliance with food standards (65.7%). Competitive food and beverage legislation can increase food service revenues when accompanied by increased rates of participation in the meal program. Future studies collecting expense data will be needed to determine impact on net revenues.
  Childhood obesity (Print). 08/2012; 8(4):339-46.
• Article: Pregnancy during adolescence has lasting adverse effects on blood lipids: a 10-year longitudinal study of black and white females.

  Erica P Gunderson, George Schreiber, Ruth Striegel-Moore, Mark Hudes, Stephen Daniels, Frank M Biro, Patricia B Crawford
  [show abstract] [hide abstract]
  ABSTRACT: Primiparity has been associated with 3 to 4 mg/dL lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in black and white adult women that persist several years after delivery. To examine the lasting effects of adolescent pregnancy on blood lipids, an early risk factor for future cardiometabolic diseases. The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study is a multicenter prospective cohort that measured fasting blood lipids for 1013 (513 black, 500 white) participants at baseline (1987-1988) ages 9-10, and again at follow-up (1996-1997) ages 18-19. Change in fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, defined as the difference between baseline and follow-up measurements, was compared among 186 (145 black, 41 white) primi- or multiparas, 106 (55 black, 51 white) nulliparous, gravidas versus 721 (313 black, 408 white) nulligravidas. Fully adjusted multiple linear regression models estimated blood lipid changes among these pregnancy groups adjusted for race, age at menarche, baseline lipids, physical inactivity, body mass index, and family sociodemographics. In the 10-year study period, adolescent paras compared with nulligravidas had greater decrements in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL; fully adjusted mean [95% confidence interval] group differences in black -4.3 [-6.7, -2.0]; P < .001 and white: -4.5 [-8.2, -0.7]; P = .016) and greater increments in fasting triglycerides (mg/dL; adjusted mean [95% confidence interval] group differences in black: 10.4 [3.9, 16.8]; P < .001, and white: 11.6 [-3.6, 26.8]; P = .167). Adolescent pregnancy contributes to pro-atherogenic lipid profiles that persist after delivery. Further research is needed to assess whether adolescent pregnancy has implications for future cardiovascular disease risk in young women.
  Journal of Clinical Lipidology 03/2012; 6(2):139-49. · 1.58 Impact Factor
• Article: Trends in nutrition and exercise counseling among adolescents in the health care environment.

  Tasha Peart, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: Obesity is a serious health threat, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities and those who are uninsured, yet little is known about the implementation of nutrition or exercise counseling or the combination of both among these groups. Trends in counseling by race/ethnicity and types of insurance were examined. Trend analyses were conducted with the California Health Interview Surveys among those ages 12-17 for the period 2003-2009. Race/Ethnicity: Receipt of both counseling methods declined from 2003-2009 for all racial/ethnic groups, except Hispanics and Whites, for whom increases in counseling began after 2007. Hispanics and African Americans generally reported higher levels of nutrition than exercise counseling, while Whites generally reported higher levels of exercise than nutrition counseling for the study period. INSURANCE TYPE: Receipt of both counseling methods appeared to decline from 2003-2009 among all insurance types, although after 2007, a slight increase was observed for the low-cost/free insurance group. Those with private health insurance generally received more exercise counseling than nutrition counseling over the study period. Counseling among all racial/ethnic groups and insurance types is warranted, but particularly needed for African Americans, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and the uninsured as they are at highest risk for developing obesity. Institutional and policy changes in the health care environment will be beneficial in helping to promote obesity-related counseling.
  Journal of Environmental and Public Health 01/2012; 2012:949303.
• Source

  Available from: PubMed Central

  Article: The ethical basis for promoting nutritional health in public schools in the United States.

  Patricia B Crawford, Wendi Gosliner, Harvey Kayman
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  ABSTRACT: Schools may have an ethical obligation to act in response to the precipitous increase in the incidence of obesity among children. Using a bioethics framework, we present a rationale for school programs to improve the nutritional quality of students' diets. Because children are required to spend half their waking hours in school and because they consume a substantial portion of their daily food there, school is a logical focus for efforts to encourage healthy dietary behaviors to prevent obesity and its consequent individual and collective costs. We suggest that beyond strategic considerations, the concept of the common good justifies actions that may appear to conflict with freedom of choice of children, parents, and school staff, or with the interests of food and beverage companies.
  Preventing chronic disease 09/2011; 8(5):A98. · 1.82 Impact Factor
• Article: Food Preferences of Users of the Emergency Food System

  Elizabeth Campbell, Heather Hudson, Karen Webb, Patricia B. Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: This study examined food and beverage preferences of emergency food program (EFP) clients of the Food Bank of Central New York (Food Bank). Findings suggest that food pantry clients prefer to receive meat/poultry/fish, vegetables, and fruit over soda, candy, and snack foods. This new information supports the effort being made by the Food Bank to limit foods of minimal nutritional value while focusing on increasing distribution of donated and purchased fruits and vegetables. Limitations on the distribution of fresh fruits and vegetables in the emergency food program should be made on the basis of cost, availability, and infrastructure, rather than on the basis of perceived client or staff preferences to the contrary.
  Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 04/2011; 6(2):179-187.
• Article: Would students prefer to eat healthier foods at school?

  Wendi Gosliner, Kristine A Madsen, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: This study sought to elucidate students' perceptions of school food environments and to assess correlations between perceptions and purchasing and consumption behaviors at school. Seventh and ninth graders (n = 5365) at 19 schools in multiethnic, low-income California communities participating in the Healthy Eating Active Communities program completed questionnaires assessing their attitudes and behaviors regarding school food environments during spring 2006. Most students (69%) reported that fresh fruit was important to be able to buy at school; more than chips (21%), candy (28%), or soda (31%). Reported importance of food offerings was correlated with the consumption of those items. Most students did not perceive foods/beverages offered at school to be healthy; fewer than a quarter reported eating fruits or vegetables (FV) at school. Students eating school lunch were more than twice as likely to consume FV, though if they also purchased from competitive venues, their consumption of candy, chips, and soda was similar to their peers who purchased only competitive foods. Students report healthy foods to be important to be able to buy at school, but do not perceive their school food environment to be healthy and consume more unhealthy foods at school. Students served healthy items via school lunch are more likely to consume them; however, they also purchase and consume unhealthy items if available. Findings suggest that modifying school food environments to facilitate consumption of healthy foods and limit unhealthy foods will better match students' preferences and could lead to improved dietary intake.
  Journal of School Health 03/2011; 81(3):146-51. · 1.34 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: aphapublications.org

  Article: The California Endowment's Healthy Eating, Active Communities program: a midpoint review.

  Sarah E Samuels, Lisa Craypo, Maria Boyle, Patricia B Crawford, Antronette Yancey, George Flores
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  ABSTRACT: We conducted a midpoint review of The California Endowment's Healthy Eating, Active Communities (HEAC) program, which works in 6 low-income California communities to prevent childhood obesity by changing children's environments. The HEAC program conducts interventions in 5 key childhood environments: schools, after-school programs, neighborhoods, health care, and marketing and advertising. We measured changes in foods and beverages sold at schools and in neighborhoods in HEAC sites; changes in school and after-school physical activity programming and equipment; individual-level changes in children's attitudes and behaviors related to food and physical activity; and HEAC-related awareness and engagement on the part of community members, stakeholders, and policymakers. Children's environments changed to promote healthier lifestyles across a wide range of domains in all 5 key childhood environments for all 6 HEAC communities. Children in HEAC communities are also engaging in more healthy behaviors than they were before the program's implementation. HEAC sites successfully changed children's food and physical activity environments, making a healthy lifestyle a more viable option for low-income children and their families.
  American Journal of Public Health 11/2010; 100(11):2114-23. · 3.93 Impact Factor
• Article: Lessons learned from evaluations of California's statewide school nutrition standards.

  Gail Woodward-Lopez, Wendi Gosliner, Sarah E Samuels, Lisa Craypo, Janice Kao, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: We assessed the impact of legislation that established nutrition standards for foods and beverages that compete with reimbursable school meals in California. We used documentation of available foods and beverages, sales accounts, and surveys of and interviews with students and food service workers to conduct 3 studies measuring pre- and postlegislation food and beverage availability, sales, and student consumption at 99 schools. Availability of nutrition standard-compliant foods and beverages increased. Availability of noncompliant items decreased, with the biggest reductions in sodas and other sweetened beverages, regular chips, and candy. At-school consumption of some noncompliant foods dropped; at-home consumption of selected noncompliant foods did not increase. Food and beverage sales decreased at most venues, and food service à la carte revenue losses were usually offset by increased meal program participation. Increased food service expenditures outpaced revenue increases. Regulation of competitive foods improved school food environments and student nutritional intake. Improvements were modest, partly because many compliant items are fat- and sugar-modified products of low nutritional value. Additional policies and actions are needed to achieve more substantive improvements in school nutrition environments and student nutrition and health.
  American Journal of Public Health 11/2010; 100(11):2137-45. · 3.93 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: universityhospitalsauthority.com

  Article: Disparities in peaks, plateaus, and declines in prevalence of high BMI among adolescents.

  Kristine A Madsen, Ashley E Weedn, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to investigate trends in prevalence of high BMI from 2001 to 2008 and examine racial/ethnic disparities. Records for a total of 8 283 718 fifth-, seventh-, and ninth-grade students who underwent California's school-based BMI screening between 2001 and 2008 were included. Logistic regression identified trends in prevalence of high BMI (>or=85th, >or=95th, >or=97th, and >or=99th percentiles). For 3 of 4 BMI cut points, prevalence continued to increase for black and American Indian girls through 2008, Hispanic girls plateaued after 2005, non-Hispanic white girls declined to 2001 prevalence levels after peaking in 2005, and Asian girls showed no increases. Non-Hispanic white boys peaked in 2005, then declined to 2001 prevalence levels for all BMI cut points; Hispanic and Asian boys declined after 2005 (for 3 lowest BMI cut points only) but remained above 2001 levels; and American Indian boys peaked later (2007) and declined only for BMI>or=95th. No girls and few boys showed a decline after peaking in prevalence of BMI>or=99th percentile. In 2008, disparities in prevalence were greatest for BMI>or=99th percentile, with prevalence of 4.9% for American Indian girls and 4.6% for black girls versus 1.3% for non-Hispanic white girls. On the basis of statewide California data, prevalence of high BMI is declining for some groups but has not declined for American Indian and black girls. These trends portend greater disparities over time, particularly in severe obesity. Interventions and policies that are tailored to the highest risk groups should be pursued.
  PEDIATRICS 09/2010; 126(3):434-42. · 4.47 Impact Factor
• Article: Physical activity opportunities associated with fitness and weight status among adolescents in low-income communities.

  Kristine A Madsen, Wendi Gosliner, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: To identify physical activity opportunities linked to fitness and weight status among adolescents in low-income communities. Cross-sectional, ecological analysis of 9268 seventh- and ninth-grade students in 19 public schools participating in The California Endowment's Healthy Eating Active Communities program. Cardiorespiratory fitness (mile time) and body mass index. Independent variables included students' perceptions and behaviors related to daily physical activity opportunities, assessed via anonymous survey. Ecological analysis was used to link survey data with fitness and body mass index data within each school. Linear regression identified associations between youths' perceptions/behaviors and fitness/body mass index. As the proportion of students reporting enjoying physical education, walking to school, and spending 20 minutes or longer in exercise during physical education increased from 0% to 100%, mile time decreased overall (-2.7 minutes; P = .03), mile time decreased among seventh graders (-3.3 minutes; P = .02), and body mass index z scores decreased among ninth graders (-0.7; P = .045), respectively. Each additional day students reported being active on school grounds outside school hours was associated with decreased mile time (-0.5 minute; P = .02). Active transport to school was associated with poorer weight status and greater odds of purchasing food while in transit (odds ratio = 1.5; P < .001). Physical education is a valuable policy opportunity to improve student health. Promoting active transport may improve fitness but must be done in conjunction with community partnerships to improve the food environment in the vicinity of schools. Promoting the use of school grounds outside school hours (such as after-school programs) should also be prioritized in response to youth obesity.
  Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 11/2009; 163(11):1014-21. · 3.73 Impact Factor
• Article: To what extent have high schools in California been able to implement state-mandated nutrition standards?

  Sarah E Samuels, Sally Lawrence Bullock, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Sarah E Clark, Janice Kao, Lisa Craypo, Jay Barry, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: To determine extent and factors associated with implementation of California's school nutrition standards 1 year after standards became active. Information on competitive foods and beverages available in schools was collected from a representative sample of 56 public high schools in California. Adherence to nutrition standards was calculated for each item and summarized for each school by venue. The association between schools' sociodemographic characteristics and adherence to standards was determined by multivariate analysis. The majority of schools were adhering to the required beverage standards. None of the schools selling competitive foods were 100% adherent to the food standards. Adherence to both standards tended to be highest in food service venues. In univariate analyses, percent nonwhite enrollment, population density, percent free/reduced-price (FRP) meal eligibility, and school size were significantly correlated with the beverage adherence rate. Percent nonwhite enrollment and population density remained significant in the multivariate regression model. Percent nonwhite enrollment and percent FRP meal eligibility were significantly correlated with the food adherence rate in univariate analysis, but neither remained significant in the multiple regression model. California high schools are making progress toward implementation of the state nutrition standards. Beverage standards appear easier to achieve than nutrient-based food standards. Additional support is needed to provide schools with resources to implement and monitor these policies. Simpler standards and/or a reduction in the foods and beverages sold could better enable schools to achieve and monitor adherence.
  Journal of Adolescent Health 09/2009; 45(3 Suppl):S38-44. · 3.33 Impact Factor
• Article: Longitudinal study of growth and adiposity in parous compared with nulligravid adolescents.

  Erica P Gunderson, Ruth Striegel-Moore, George Schreiber, Mark Hudes, Frank Biro, Stephen Daniels, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: To examine the impact of pregnancy on adolescent growth and adiposity relative to nulligravidas of similar maturation stage. Prospective cohort study. The multicenter National Heart, Lung and Blood Growth and Health Study with annual examinations from 1987-1988 through 1996-1997. One thousand eight hundred ninety girls (983 black and 907 white) aged 9 to 10 years at enrollment. Self-reported number of pregnancies and births during adolescence and young adulthood (age, 15-19 years): 311 primiparas (17%), 84 multiparas (4%), 196 nulliparous gravidas (10%), and 1299 nulligravidas (69%). Estimated race-specific changes in body weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, and percent body fat, defined as the difference between baseline and measurements 9 to 10 years later. Thirty-one percent of black and 10% of white girls gave birth during adolescence and young adulthood. We found evidence of race by pregnancy interactions (P < .10) for changes in weight, body mass index, hip circumference, and percent body fat. Black primiparas and multiparas, respectively, had smaller decrements in waist to hip ratio (0.019 and 0.023) and greater increments in weight (3.6 and 6.0 kg), body mass index (1.3 and 2.3), waist circumference (3.5 and 5.2 cm), hip circumference (2.1 and 4.0 cm), and percent body fat (3.4% and 4.6%) than black nulligravidas after adjustment for baseline measurements, age, study center, family income, parental education, age at menarche, hours of television and video viewing, and height at visit 9 or 10 in weight models (P < .01). White primiparas had borderline greater increments in waist circumference (2.4 cm) and percent body fat (0.9%) and smaller decrements in waist to hip ratio (0.017) than white nulligravidas (P < .05). Height did not differ by pregnancy status. Women who give birth during adolescence and young adulthood have substantially greater increments in overall and central adiposity than adolescents who do not experience pregnancy independent of other known correlates of weight gain.
  Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 04/2009; 163(4):349-56. · 3.73 Impact Factor
• Chapter: The Role of Public Policy in Addressing the Pediatric Obesity Epidemic

  Patricia B. Crawford, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Suzanne Rauzon, Lorrene Ritchie, May C. Wang
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  ABSTRACT: It is widely believed that broad societal changes and major shifts in worldwide nutrition and physical activity are driving the current epidemic of obesity (World Health Organization, 2003). Prevention strategies based solely on individual and family responsibility for change will not be maximally effective and must be supported by broader-based environmental programs that provide a counterbalance to the societal trends that are contributing to escalating obesity rates. Environmental policy has a proven track record in public health amelioration efforts. The reduction in U.S. smoking rates is partially attributed to excise taxes and regulation, auto fatalities were reduced by seat belt laws and mandated airbags, and local restrictions on selling handguns have reduced gun-related violence and fatalities. This chapter will discuss environmental forces contributing to the problem, and how a community-based policy approach plays a necessary role in the prevention of childhood overweight in the United States. A specific focus on environmental change within school systems will be examined through a case study of a school nutrition policy change at the state and local levels. Such a community-based approach can make use of public policy to address structural disparities and inequities in the distribution of open space, enhance opportunities for physical activity, and increase accessibility to a variety of high quality, nutritious foods that promote health.
  12/2008: pages 371-386;
• Article: Vitamin C treatment reduces elevated C-reactive protein.

  Gladys Block, Christopher D Jensen, Tapashi B Dalvi, Edward P Norkus, Mark Hudes, Patricia B Crawford, Nina Holland, Ellen B Fung, Laurie Schumacher, Paul Harmatz
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  ABSTRACT: Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory biomarker that predicts cardiovascular disease. Lowering elevated CRP with statins has reduced the incidence of cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether vitamin C or E could reduce CRP. Healthy nonsmokers (N=396) were randomized to three groups, 1000 mg/day vitamin C, 800 IU/day vitamin E, or placebo, for 2 months. Median baseline CRP was low, 0.85 mg/L. No treatment effect was seen when all participants were included. However, a significant interaction was found, indicating that treatment effect depends on baseline CRP concentration. Among participants with CRP indicative of elevated cardiovascular risk (> or =1.0 mg/L), vitamin C reduced the median CRP by 25.3% vs placebo (p=0.02) (median reduction in the vitamin C group, 0.25 mg/L, 16.7%). These effects are similar to those of statins. The vitamin E effect was not significant. In summary, treatment with vitamin C but not vitamin E significantly reduced CRP among individuals with CRP > or =1.0 mg/L. Among the obese, 75% had CRP > or =1.0 mg/L. Research is needed to determine whether reducing this inflammatory biomarker with vitamin C could reduce diseases associated with obesity. But research on clinical benefits of antioxidants should limit participants to persons with elevations in the target biomarkers.
  Free radical biology & medicine 10/2008; 46(1):70-7. · 5.42 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: peoplesgrocery.org

  Article: How discretionary can we be with sweetened beverages for children?

  Patricia B Crawford, Gail Woodward-Lopez, Lorrene Ritchie, Karen Webb
  Journal of the American Dietetic Association 10/2008; 108(9):1440-4. · 3.59 Impact Factor
• Article: Parent modeling: perceptions of parents' physical activity predict girls' activity throughout adolescence.

  Kristine A Madsen, Charles E McCulloch, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: To determine whether parent modeling of physical activity (PA) has a differential impact on girls' PA by race, whether the association declines with time, and to assess the contribution of parent modeling to girls' activity relative to other potential predictors. Longitudinal examination of parent modeling's impact on future log transformed metabolic equivalents (log METs) of leisure-time PA in 1213 African-American and 1166 Caucasian girls in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, from age 9 to 10 years through 18 to 19 years, using linear regression. Race interaction terms and time trends were examined. Girls' perceptions of parent modeling significantly predicted future log METs in each study year; associations remained stable with time and were similar by race. Girls' perception of parent PA better predicted girl log METs than did parent self-report. On average, girls reporting that their parents exercised > or =3x/week were about 50% more active than girls with sedentary parents. Girls' perception of parent activity predicts PA for girls throughout adolescence, despite age-associated decreases in PA. We did not find differences in this association by race. Interventions designed to increase parental activity may improve parent health, positively influence daughters' activity, and begin to address disparities in cardiovascular health.
  The Journal of pediatrics 10/2008; 154(2):278-83. · 4.02 Impact Factor
• Article: The effect of vitamins C and E on biomarkers of oxidative stress depends on baseline level.

  Gladys Block, Christopher D Jensen, Jason D Morrow, Nina Holland, Edward P Norkus, Ginger L Milne, Mark Hudes, Tapashi B Dalvi, Patricia B Crawford, Ellen B Fung, Laurie Schumacher, Paul Harmatz
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  ABSTRACT: Oxidative stress is elevated in obesity, and may be a major mechanism for obesity-related diseases. Nonsmokers (n=396) were randomized to 1000 mg/day vitamin C, 800 IU/day vitamin E, or placebo, for 2 months. Treatment effect was examined in multiple regression analyses using an intention-to-treat approach. Vitamin C (P=0.001) and vitamin E (P=0.043) reduced plasma F2-isoprostanes. In the overall sample, changes from baseline were +6.8, -10.6, and -3.9% for placebo, vitamin C, and vitamin E groups, respectively. However, a significant interaction with baseline F2-isoprostane was found. When baseline F2-isoprostane was >50 microg/mL, vitamin C reduced F2-isoprostane by 22% (P=0.01). Vitamin E reduced it by 9.8% (P=0.46). Below that cut point, neither treatment produced further reductions. F2-isoprostane>50 microg/mL was strongly associated with obesity, and was present in 42% of the sample. Change in malondialdehyde concentration was minimal. These findings suggest a role for vitamin C in reducing lipid peroxidation. Future research on effects of vitamins C or E on plasma F2-isoprostane should limit participants to those with baseline levels >50 mug/mL. Further studies are needed to establish whether treatment with vitamins C or E in persons with concentrations above that cut point could slow the development of cardiovascular disease.
  Free Radical Biology and Medicine 08/2008; 45(4):377-84. · 5.42 Impact Factor
• Article: Longitudinal assessment of micronutrient intake among African-American and white girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

  Sandra G Affenito, Douglas R Thompson, Debra L Franko, Ruth H Striegel-Moore, Stephen R Daniels, Bruce A Barton, George B Schreiber, Marcia Schmidt, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: Low intakes of micronutrients among adolescents may be linked to long-term health risks, especially in African-American girls. This report describes intake of key micronutrients relative to the Dietary Reference Intakes in a sample of African-American and white girls. Longitudinal analyses used data from 3-day food records collected in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Subjects included 1,166 white and 1,213 African-American girls (aged 9 to 18 years). Estimated usual daily intakes of vitamins A, E, C, D, B-6, B-12, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc were compared to the Adequate Intake (for vitamin D and calcium) or the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (all other micronutrients). Usual daily intake of each micronutrient was estimated. For nutrients with an EAR, the EAR cut-point method was used to assess the prevalence of low nutrient intakes. Mixed models were used to identify age and racial differences in usual daily intake of each nutrient. African-American girls consumed less vitamin A and D, calcium, and magnesium compared to white girls. Regardless of race, a substantial percentage of girls had intakes below the EAR: vitamin E (81.2% to 99.0%), magnesium (24.0% to 94.5%), folate (46.0% to 87.3%). Intakes of vitamins A, D, and C; calcium; and magnesium decreased across years. As girls aged, there was an increasing proportion with intakes below the EAR for vitamins A, C, B-6, and B-12. Food and nutrition professionals should continue to educate adolescent girls, especially those who are African American, about the importance of a nutrient-dense diet for optimum health.
  Journal of the American Dietetic Association 08/2007; 107(7):1113-23. · 3.59 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: George Schreiber

  Article: Dietary patterns in adolescence are related to adiposity in young adulthood in black and white females.

  Lorrene D Ritchie, Phil Spector, Mary J Stevens, Marcia M Schmidt, George B Schreiber, Ruth H Striegel-Moore, May-Choo Wang, Patricia B Crawford
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  ABSTRACT: Few studies have systematically used a total diet approach to classify adolescent dietary patterns. We examined dietary patterns in relation to nutrient intakes and adiposity in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study cohort of 2371 black and white girls recruited at 9-10 y of age and followed for 10 y. Serial measurements were obtained for indices of anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activity, and sociodemographic variables. Dietary patterns for the 2 racial subgroups were separately identified by cluster analysis of 40 food groupings derived from 3-d food records. Nutrient intakes and measures of adiposity (BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference) were compared by dietary pattern. We identified 4 discrete dietary patterns for black and for white adolescents. A Healthy pattern, followed by 12% of white girls and characterized by a high intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains without added fats, mixed dishes and soups, and a low intake of sweetened drinks, other sweets, fried foods, burgers, and pizza, was related to more favorable nutrient intakes and a smaller increase in waist circumference. Among black girls, none of the dietary patterns appeared distinctly advantageous in terms of mitigating increases in adiposity. In conclusion, a cumulative pattern of food intake consistent with recommendations for general health appears to help prevent overweight, but this pattern was followed by only a minority of adolescent girls.
  Journal of Nutrition 03/2007; 137(2):399-406. · 3.92 Impact Factor