T P Brown

Publications of T P Brown

• Reproduction of proventriculitis in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens.

  Authors: M J Pantin-Jackwood, T P Brown, G R Huff

  Avian diseases. 10/2005; 49(3):352-60.

  Proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. One-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibody positiveProventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. One-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibody positive commercial broilers and 1-day-old antibody negative specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broilers were orally gavaged with proventricular homogenates produced from the proventriculi of broilers with proventriculitis. At 7 and 14 days, both commercial and SPF broilers had enlargement of the proventriculus with necrosis of the glandular epithelium and lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands. SPF broilers exposed to the proventricular homogenates developed infectious bursal disease, and IBDV was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). They also were positive by RT-PCR to IBV and developed nephritis. Commercial broilers developed mild nephritis but not bursal disease and were negative for IBDV and positive for IBV by RT-PCR. Both homogenate-inoculated commercial and SPF chickens were negative for reovirus and Newcastle disease virus by RT-PCR and variably positive for adenovirus by PCR. Bacteria were not identified in histologic sections, nor were they isolated from affected proventriculi. Indirect fluorescent antibody assay using convalescent sera detected intracytoplasmic staining in the proventricular glandular epithelial cells. Examination of thin sections of proventriculi using electron microscopy identified virus-like particles approximately 120 nm in diameter within the cytoplasm of these cells at 7 days after inoculation. Passage of proventricular homogenate filtrates in chicken embryos for virus isolation caused stunting, and allantoic fluid from these eggs was positive for IBV by RT-PCR.

• Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: immunohistochemical characterization of the lymphocytes infiltrating the proventricular glands.

  Authors: M J Pantin-Jackwood, T P Brown, G R Huff

  Veterinary pathology. 12/2004; 41(6):641-8.

  Broiler chickens with transmissible proventriculitis have severe lymphocytic infiltration of the proventricular glands. The distribution of T cells and B cells in these infiltrates was studiedBroiler chickens with transmissible proventriculitis have severe lymphocytic infiltration of the proventricular glands. The distribution of T cells and B cells in these infiltrates was studied histopathologically, and their identity was confirmed immunohistochemically (CD3, CD4, CD8, and B cells). To reproduce this disease, 1-day-old commercial boilers were orally gavaged with homogenized proventriculi from broilers with proventriculitis. Resulting lesions were examined at both acute (7 days postinoculation [i]) and chronic (14 and 21 dpi) time points. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and the mucosal lamina propria were present at all time points and were most prominent and demarcated at 14 dpi. T and B lymphocytes were present during acute and chronic proventriculitis, but their distribution varied within the glands. Lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands and in the lamina propria were predominantly CD3+T cells, and most of these were also CD8+. B cells and CD4+ T cells formed aggregates in chronic proventriculitis. Thus, both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are induced during transmissible proventriculitis, and the cell-mediated immune response is morphologically greater.

• Cardiomyopathy in broiler chickens congenitally infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J.

  Authors: N L Stedman, T P Brown

  Veterinary pathology. 02/2002; 39(1):161-4.

  Dilated cardiomyopathy and ascites in broiler chickens are frequently associated with rapid growth and pulmonary hypertension, but can be associated with some avian leukosis virus (ALV) infections.Dilated cardiomyopathy and ascites in broiler chickens are frequently associated with rapid growth and pulmonary hypertension, but can be associated with some avian leukosis virus (ALV) infections. The novel subgroup J of ALV has a high cardiac tropism, but dilated cardiomyopathy has not been reported previously. We report a dilated cardiomyopathy incidence of 11.1% in broiler chickens congenitally infected with ALV subgroup J (ALV-J). Gross lesions included severe body weight suppression, cardiomegaly with biventricular dilation, right ventricular hypertrophy, visceral congestion, and ascites. Cardiac myocytes and Purkinje fibers contained 2- to 10-microm intracytoplasmic magenta inclusions that contained ALV-J-specific nucleic acid. Ultrastructurally, inclusions contained ribosomes and immature virions and were associated with myofibril disruption and disarray. Peracute centrilobular hepatic necrosis was present in most cases. ALV-J-associated cardiomyopathy may involve a direct viral effect on cardiac myocytes and Purkinje fibers.

• Localization of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in naturally infected chickens by RNA in situ hybridization.

  Authors: N L Stedman, T P Brown, C C Brown

  Veterinary pathology. 12/2001; 38(6):649-56.

  The novel subgroup J of avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) has emerged as a significant cause of myeloid neoplasia and weight suppression in broiler chickens. We investigated viral tropism using RNA inThe novel subgroup J of avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) has emerged as a significant cause of myeloid neoplasia and weight suppression in broiler chickens. We investigated viral tropism using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) in naturally infected chickens. Formalin-fixed tissues were collected from 12-day-old embryos (seven infected, two control) and from 0-week-old (four infected, one control), 3-week-old (five infected, one control), 6-week-old (five infected, one control), and 9-week-old (10 infected, two control) chickens naturally infected with ALV-J in ovo. A 636-base antisense riboprobe complementary to the 3' and 5' ends of the pol and env viral genes, respectively, was constructed. Strong positive staining was present in cardiac myocytes, Purkinje fibers, vascular and pulmonary smooth muscle, renal glomeruli, distal tubules, and pituitary glands. Light staining was present in gastrointestinal smooth muscle, thyroid and adrenal glands, and follicular medullae in the cloacal bursa. Staining was not present in any hematopoietic precursors. Tissues from newly hatched chicks exhibited the strongest and most consistent staining, whereas staining in embryos was minimal. RNA ISH confirmed the presence of ALV-J-specific nucleic acid within cytoplasmic inclusions in cardiac myocytes, Purkinje fibers, pituitary glands, and renal glomeruli. Viral tropism for cardiac myocytes and Purkinje fibers may relate pathogenetically to the cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure described in index chicken flocks infected with ALV-J. Viral tropism for endocrine organs may relate pathogenetically to the weight suppression associated with infection.

• Heterophil function and resistance to staphylococcal challenge in broiler chickens naturally infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J.

  Authors: N L Stedman, T P Brown, R L Brooks, D I Bounous

  Veterinary pathology. 10/2001; 38(5):519-27.

  Avian leukosis virus subgroup J has a high tropism for myeloid lineage cells and frequently induces neoplastic transformation of myelocytes. The impact of congenital avian leukosis virus subgroup JAvian leukosis virus subgroup J has a high tropism for myeloid lineage cells and frequently induces neoplastic transformation of myelocytes. The impact of congenital avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection on the function of circulating heterophils and susceptibility to staphylococcal infection was investigated. Six-week-old broiler chickens negative for exogenous avian leukosis viruses or congenitally infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J were inoculated intravenously with 10(6) colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus, and pre- and postinoculation heterophil function was assessed. All chickens developed a leukocytosis with heterophilia after inoculation, but total leukocyte and heterophil counts were significantly higher in leukosis-negative chickens than in virus-infected chickens. Tenosynovitis was more severe in leukosis-negative chickens, and 2/10 (20%) of the virus-infected chickens had no histologic evidence of tenosynovitis. Osteomyelitis in the tibiotarsus or tarsometatarsus developed in 5/10 (50%) of the chickens in each group. S. aureus was recovered from the hock joint of 6/10 (60%) of the chickens in each group. Heterophils from all chickens exhibited similar phagocytic ability pre- and postinoculation. Heterophils from virus-infected chickens exhibited less bactericidal ability preinoculation than did heterophils from leukosis-negative chickens. However, postinoculation bactericidal ability was similar in both groups. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J provirus was present in heterophils isolated from congenitally infected chickens. Heterophils isolated from broiler chickens congenitally infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J exhibit no significant functional deficits, and infected and uninfected chickens exhibit similar susceptibility to staphylococcal infection.

• Fumonisin toxicity in turkey poults.

  Authors: T S Weibking, D R Ledoux, T P Brown, G E Rottinghaus

  Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 02/1993; 5(1):75-83.

  The effects of dietary fumonisin B1 were evaluated in young turkey poults. The experimental design consisted of 3 treatments, with 24 female turkey poults allotted randomly per treatment. Day-oldThe effects of dietary fumonisin B1 were evaluated in young turkey poults. The experimental design consisted of 3 treatments, with 24 female turkey poults allotted randomly per treatment. Day-old poults were fed diets containing 0 mg (feed control), 100 mg, and 200 mg fumonisin B1/kg feed for 21 days. Body weight gains and efficiency of feed conversion decreased linearly with increasing dietary fumonisin. Liver, kidney, and pancreas weights increased linearly with increasing dietary fumonisin, and spleen and heart weights decreased. Serum aspartate aminotransferase levels increased with increasing dietary fumonisin, and serum cholesterol; alkaline phosphatase, mean cell volume, and mean cell hemoglobin all decreased. Biliary hyperplasia, hypertrophy of Kupffer's cells, thymic cortical atrophy, and moderate widening of the proliferating and degenerating hypertrophied zones of tibial physes were present in poults fed diets containing fumonisin B1. Results indicate that fumonisin B1, from Fusarium moniliforme culture material, is toxic in young poults, and the poult appears to be more sensitive to fumonisin than the broiler chick.

• Fumonisin toxicity in broiler chicks.

  Authors: D R Ledoux, T P Brown, T S Weibking, G E Rottinghaus

  Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 08/1992; 4(3):330-3.

  The effects of dietary fumonisin B1 were evaluated in young broiler chicks. The experimental design consisted of 5 treatments each with 9 randomly allotted male broiler chicks. Day-old chicks wereThe effects of dietary fumonisin B1 were evaluated in young broiler chicks. The experimental design consisted of 5 treatments each with 9 randomly allotted male broiler chicks. Day-old chicks were fed diets containing 0 (feed control), 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg fumonisin B1/kg feed for 21 days. Response variables measured were chick performance, organ weights, serum biochemistry, and histologic parameters. Body weights and average daily gain dramatically decreased with increasing dietary fumonisin B1, and liver, proventriculus, and gizzard weights increased. Diarrhea, thymic cortical atrophy, multifocal hepatic necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, and rickets were present in chicks fed diets containing fumonisin B1. Serum calcium, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase levels all increased at higher fumonisin dietary levels. Results indicate that fumonisin, from Fusarium moniliforme culture material, is toxic in young chicks.

• Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats.

  Authors: M A Miller, S L Nelson, J R Turk, L W Pace, T P Brown, D P Shaw, J R Fischer, H S Gosser

  Veterinary pathology. 10/1991; 28(5):389-95.

  A total of 340 cases of cutaneous neoplasia were diagnosed in 340 of 3,564 cats that were examined by biopsy or necropsy during a 41-month period from January 1, 1986 through May 31, 1989. EighteenA total of 340 cases of cutaneous neoplasia were diagnosed in 340 of 3,564 cats that were examined by biopsy or necropsy during a 41-month period from January 1, 1986 through May 31, 1989. Eighteen types of tumor occurred, but four types comprised 77% of the cases. These were basal cell tumor, 89 cases (26%, mean age 10.3); mast cell tumor, 72 cases (21%, mean age 8.6); squamous cell carcinoma, 52 cases (15%, mean age 11.6); and fibrosarcoma, 50 cases (15%, mean age 10.2). For each of these four types of tumors, peak number of cases occurred in cats older than 10 years. Mast cell tumor was the only tumor diagnosed in cats younger than 1 year. The head was the most common site for basal cell tumors, mast cell tumors, and squamous cell carcinomas. The legs were the most common location of fibrosarcomas. Siamese cats had approximately three times as many mast cell tumors as statistically expected, but only one-fourth as many squamous cell carcinomas. Breed predilection for other skin tumors was not apparent. Sex predilection was not detected for any skin tumor.

• A rapid screening procedure for the detection of the mycotoxin oosporein in poultry feeds.

  Authors: G E Rottinghaus, H T Sklebar, L H Senter, T P Brown

  Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 05/1989; 1(2):174-5.

• Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae recovered from Missouri swine.

  Authors: W H Fales, L G Morehouse, K R Mittal, C Bean-Knudsen, S L Nelson, L D Kintner, J R Turk, M A Turk, T P Brown, D P Shaw

  Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 02/1989; 1(1):16-9.

  The antimicrobial susceptibility of 73 Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae isolates from swine in Missouri was determined with a microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration test system.The antimicrobial susceptibility of 73 Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae isolates from swine in Missouri was determined with a microdilution minimal inhibitory concentration test system. Serotyping was accomplished by means of co-agglutination. Serotype 1 (39/73) and serotype 5 (30/73) were commonly found, whereas serotype 7 (4/73) was infrequently encountered. Most isolates (MIC90) were found susceptible to ampicillin (amoxicillin), cephalothin, penicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin. Marked resistance was found with oxytetracycline, tylosin, and sulfadimethoxine. The data indicate that use of ampicillin (amoxicillin) or penicillin may correlate well with the favorable outcome of treatment.

• Fatal transesophageal carotid arterial perforation by thorns in a calf.

  Authors: A D Weaver, T P Brown

  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 01/1989; 193(11):1415-6.

  A Charolais bull calf died about 4 days after perforation of the left common carotid artery by thorns of a twig that had become lodged temporarily in the esophagus. The calf initially drooledA Charolais bull calf died about 4 days after perforation of the left common carotid artery by thorns of a twig that had become lodged temporarily in the esophagus. The calf initially drooled blood-tinged saliva and drank with difficulty. Necropsy revealed severe anemia and a large volume of blood in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome in a cockatoo.

  Authors: A E Jergens, T P Brown, T L England

  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 12/1988; 193(10):1292-4.

  Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome was diagnosed in an adult sulfur-crested cockatoo with a history of chronic, progressive feather loss and beak necrosis. A definitive diagnosis was madePsittacine beak and feather disease syndrome was diagnosed in an adult sulfur-crested cockatoo with a history of chronic, progressive feather loss and beak necrosis. A definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and the observation of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in involved feather follicular epithelium. Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome develops in a variety of psittacine species and usually has a progressive and irreversible clinical course. Symmetric feather loss with replacement by severely dystrophic plumage is the salient clinical finding. Beak elongation and breakage also may be found. Treatment of diseased birds remains palliative and consists of a controlled environment, balanced nutrition, antibiotics, and autogenous vaccines. Avian practitioners should include psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome as a potential cause for pathologic feather loss in caged birds.

• Eosinophilic granuloma of the nasal skin in a dog.

  Authors: J M da Silva Curiel, K H Kraus, T P Brown, C B Chastain

  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 10/1988; 193(5):566-7.

  A recurrent mass removed surgically from the dorsocaudal aspect of the planum nasale in a 12-year-old dog was identified histologically as eosinophilic granuloma. The dog was treated orally withA recurrent mass removed surgically from the dorsocaudal aspect of the planum nasale in a 12-year-old dog was identified histologically as eosinophilic granuloma. The dog was treated orally with prednisone for 15 days, and the granuloma has not recurred.

• Basophilic leukaemia in a dog.

  Authors: E A Mahaffey, T P Brown, J R Duncan, K S Latimer, S A Brown

  Journal of comparative pathology. 08/1987; 97(4):393-9.

  Leukaemia in an 11-year-old bitch was characterized by the presence in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cells with lobulated nuclei and numerous metachromatic cytoplasmic granules. The resultsLeukaemia in an 11-year-old bitch was characterized by the presence in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cells with lobulated nuclei and numerous metachromatic cytoplasmic granules. The results of cytochemical stains for peroxidase and naphthol AS-D chloracetate esterase activity were negative. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were finely granular with no membranous coils or crystalline lattice structures. Based on these findings, the neoplastic cells were classified as basophils.

• Basophilic leukaemia in a dog

  Authors: E.A. Mahaffey, T.P. Brown, J.R. Duncan, K.S. Latimer, S.A. Brown

  Journal of Comparative Pathology.

  Leukaemia in an 11-year-old bitch was characterized by the presence in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cells with lobulated nuclei and numerous metachromatic cytoplasmic granules. The resultsLeukaemia in an 11-year-old bitch was characterized by the presence in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cells with lobulated nuclei and numerous metachromatic cytoplasmic granules. The results of cytochemical stains for peroxidase and naphthol AS-D chloracetate esterase activity were negative. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasmic granules were finely granular with no membranous coils or crystalline lattice structures. Based on these findings, the neoplastic cells were classified as basophils.

• Evaluation of the protection conferred by commercial vaccines against the California 99 isolate of infectious bronchitis virus.

  Authors: I R Alvarado, P Villegas, J El-Attrache, T P Brown

  Avian diseases. 47(4):1298-304.

  An infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from commercial broilers from the state of California exhibiting respiratory distress, inflamed tracheas, airsaculitis, and edematous lungs. AfterAn infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from commercial broilers from the state of California exhibiting respiratory distress, inflamed tracheas, airsaculitis, and edematous lungs. After reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the California isolate exhibited an identical restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern to some isolates obtained from California, known as California 99 isolates. Commercial Mass-Conn and Mass-Ark vaccines were used to vaccinate commercial broiler chickens via eye drop once at 1 or 10 days of age or twice at 1 and 10 days of age. At 27 days of age the birds were challenged via eye drop with the isolated IBV California 99 strain. Protection was measured by failure to reisolate the challenge virus from tracheas 5 days postchallenge and complemented withthe tracheal and epithelium thickness scores. When the Mass-Ark vaccine was included in the vaccination programs, there was protection against challenge with the IBV California 99 isolate. The Mass-Conn vaccine conferred protection when used once at 1 day of age and twice at 1 and 10 days of age. However, no total protection was achieved when used as the only vaccine at 10 days of age, since one of the replicates was positive for virus isolation. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the epithelium thickness and tracheal scores were observed between the unvaccinated-unchallenged group and the groups vaccinated once or twice with the Mass-Conn vaccine. Based on these results, all chickens were protected against the California 99 isolate when the IBV Arkansas type was used as a vaccine.

• Hypoglycemia spiking mortality syndrome in broilers with rickets and a subsequent investigation of feed restriction as a contributing factor.

  Authors: Karen E Burns, J Ruiz, K Opengart, C L Hofacre, T P Brown, G N Rowland

  Avian diseases. 46(3):735-9.

  Several cases of elevated mortality with neurologic signs in 14-to-16-day-old broilers were presented to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center from one local integrated company. Suspected ofSeveral cases of elevated mortality with neurologic signs in 14-to-16-day-old broilers were presented to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center from one local integrated company. Suspected of "spiking mortality" associated with hypoglycemia, blood glucose levels were <150 mg/dl overall, with several birds with blood glucose levels as low as 30 mg/dl. Tissues, submitted for histopathology, revealed rickets in 50% of the birds. Virus isolation and serology for reovirus and infectious bursal disease virus were negative. After evaluation of these cases, a brief investigation was conducted to determine the effects of feed restriction on the induction of rickets and resulting hypoglycemia. One-hundred 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to three treatment groups of: 1) ad libitum feed, 2) 25% restriction, and 3) 50% restriction. Restriction began on the fifth day of age and continued to 21 days of age. Samples collected during the course of the study included whole blood for blood glucose measurements and proximal tibiotarsus for histopathologic examination for rickets. We were unable to reproduce the clinical signs of spiking mortality, neurologic changes, or hypoglycemia experimentally. Histopathology of the growth plates of the proximal tibiotarsus did indicate mild changes consistent with rickets, but the changes were not significant between treatment groups.

• Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the virulence of avian Escherichia coli isolates.

  Authors: R E Wooley, P S Gibbs, T P Brown, J J Maurer

  Avian diseases. 44(2):318-24.

  Multiple isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of colibacillosis and E. coli from the intestinal tracts of normal broilers at slaughter were assayed by the embryo lethality test toMultiple isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of colibacillosis and E. coli from the intestinal tracts of normal broilers at slaughter were assayed by the embryo lethality test to determine their virulence. The assay was repeated five times in order to establish reproducibility and determine the statistical parameters of the test. This study showed that the inoculation of approximately 100 colony-forming units in the allantoic cavity of 12-day-old embryos discriminated between virulent and avirulent E. coli isolates. Gross lesions included cranial and skin hemorrhages in addition to encephalomalacia in embryos inoculated with virulent isolates. Abnormalities were observed by microscopic examination of the heart, brain, and liver in embryos inoculated with virulent isolates. Analysis of data indicated that the length of the test should be 4 days. In the virulent group, day 2 postinoculation had the most significant death patterns. Sample size calculations indicated that 11 embryos are sufficient for the assay. On the basis of death rates, isolates considered to be avirulent had an embryo death rate of <10%, moderately or secondary pathogens had a 10%-29% death rate, and virulent isolates had a death rate of >29%. An important aspect of this assay is the accessibility of good-quality fertile embryonated eggs.

• Intravascular cartilaginous emboli in the spinal cord of turkeys.

  Authors: N L Stedman, T P Brown, G N Rowland

  Avian diseases. 42(2):423-8.

  A flock of 15-wk-old tom turkeys experienced an acute onset of paresis and ataxia in 75% of the birds after handling. Cartilaginous emboli were found in the spinal cord vasculature from one of fiveA flock of 15-wk-old tom turkeys experienced an acute onset of paresis and ataxia in 75% of the birds after handling. Cartilaginous emboli were found in the spinal cord vasculature from one of five turkeys at this initial presentation. Most of the flock recovered within 6 days, but 3% remained paretic. Myelomalacia was present in three turkeys that failed to recover. Two of these turkeys had cartilaginous and osseous emboli within the medullary spaces of the vertebral bodies, internal vertebral venous sinuses, and spinal cord. The third turkey had vascular and spinal cord necrosis consistent with thrombosis and resultant ischemia. These changes suggest that turkeys may be susceptible to a syndrome analogous to fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord in mammals. The articular cartilage of the vertebral body endplate may be the source of the emboli. The turkeys with emboli had articular cartilage defects consisting of matrix eosinophilia, chondrocyte loss, multicellular cluster formation, cartilage detachment, and cartilage clefts. Cartilaginous emboli in the spinal cord should be considered as a potential cause for acute paresis and ataxia, especially in flocks with preexisting abnormalities of the vertebral articular cartilage surfaces.

• Acute hemorrhagic enterocolitis in ratites: isolation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and reproduction of the disease in ostriches and turkey poults.

  Authors: T P Brown, W Roberts, R K Page

  Avian diseases. 37(2):602-5.

  Two emus died with acute hemorrhagic enterocolitis. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus was isolated in Vero cells from non-pooled samples of brain and intestine. Enterocolitis with splenicTwo emus died with acute hemorrhagic enterocolitis. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus was isolated in Vero cells from non-pooled samples of brain and intestine. Enterocolitis with splenic and hepatic necrosis was reproduced by intramuscular or oral inoculation of this isolate in two ostriches and three turkey poults.