-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To provide evidence that rosuvastatin may improve insulin-resistance and inhibit atherogenesis by modulating insulin signaling, and whether this effect occurs beyond its plasma cholesterol-lowering effect.
Thirty-two 6-week-old low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice were randomized into 4 groups (n = 8 in each group): Normal control group (NC); High fat and high fructose diet group (HFF); HFF plus rosuvastatin group (HFFR); HFFR plus mevalonic acid group (HFFRMA). After 12 weeks, we measured fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and cholesterol levels; the morphological concentrations of the aorta and aortic sinus; the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 2, protein kinase B, phosphorylated protein kinase B and the glucose transporter 4 in the liver.
Compared with other groups, fasting blood sugar and fasting insulin increased significantly in HFF group. Furthermore, HFF group had an increase in the morphological concentrations of the aorta and aortic sinus, but there was a significant decrease in the HFFRMA group and the HFFR group. Moreover, there was a high expression of insulin receptor substrate 2, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 2, protein kinase B, phosphorylated protein kinase B and the glucose transporter 4 in the HFFRMA and HFFR groups, but a low expression in the HFF group. No significant differences regarding each afore-mentioned index was observed in the HFFR and HFFRMA groups.
Our data show that rosuvastatin may improve insulin-resistance and inhibit atherogenesis in HFF-fed mice by partially reversing the decrease in the insulin stimulated insulin receptor substrate 2/Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/glucose transporter 4 pathway in the liver, and that this effect is independent of its cholesterol-lowering effect.
Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 08/2012; 26(5):375-82. · 3.13 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and vascular remodeling leading to right heart failure and early death. The pathology of PAH is associated with endothelium dysfunction and vascular remodeling in pulmonary arteries. In diseased pulmonary arteries, the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) is broken down. In this process, TIMP are up-regulated, which inhibits MMP, promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and finally leads to vascular remodeling. So, what would happen to PAH if the expression of TIMP was down-regulated in diseased pulmonary vessels? We hypothesize that the attenuation of TIMP at the advanced stage of PAH might reverse severe PAH, via ameliorating vascular remodeling and endothelium repair.
Cytotherapy 11/2010; 13(4):499-502. · 3.63 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Our previous study found that Chinese yellow wine could inhibit the production of homocysteine (HCY) induced extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Little is known about the relationship between Chinese yellow wine and atherosclerosis or MMP-2 in vivo. Thirty-two LDL Receptor knockout mice on a high-fat and L-methionine diet developed plasma hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerosis. They were randomly divided into yellow wine group (n = 8), red wine group (n = 8), ethanol group (n = 8), and control group (n = 8), they were sacrificed after 14 weeks. There were no significant differences with plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the four groups. Plasma HCY was significantly decreased in the yellow wine group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.01). Yellow wine and red wine groups significantly reduced the atherosclerosis lesion area compared to ethanol and control groups (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant discrepancy between the yellow wine group and red wine group. Compared to the control group and ethanol group, the production of MMP-2 reduced 26.8% and 23.6% in the aortic sinus and the activation of MMP-2 reduced 32.6% and 27.3% in the aortic arch in the yellow wine group; the production of MMP-2 reduced 25.7% and 22.4% in the aortic sinus and the activation of MMP-2 reduced 30.2% and 26.6% in the aortic arch in the red wine group. These results suggest that Chinese yellow wine and red wine can inhibit MMP-2 and improve atherosclerosis, and maybe both Chinese yellow wine and red wine have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease by inhibiting MMP-2.
Cardiovascular Therapeutics 03/2010; 28(3):161-8. · 2.35 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to find the effects of heparin on atherosclerosis and the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLr(-/-)) mice.
Sixteen 7-week-old LDLr(-/-) mice were randomized to receive sterile water or heparin. The levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and homocysteine were measured. Mean lesions area was calculated as the total atherosclerotic lesions area and expressed as a percentage of total luminal surface area. The lesions area was measured blindly by the same person using computer-assisted image analysis. The expression and localization of the MMP-2 was examined by immunohistochemistry.
All mice exhibited atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus and aortic surface. Total cholesterol was decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased in heparin compared with that in control group (P=0.001 and 0.002). Triglyceride was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.92). The amount of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic surface was 40.5% lower in heparin group than that in the control group (P<0.001). The mean area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinus was also less in the heparin group than that in the control group. Coincidently, the expression of MMP-2 in the atherosclerotic lesions in the heparin group was 49.3% lower than that in the control group (P<0.001).
Heparin can inhibit the production of MMP-2 in the atherosclerotic lesions and improve the atherosclerotic lesions in LDLr(-/-) mice.
Coronary artery disease 11/2009; 21(1):39-45. · 1.56 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Statins have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been found to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability. Rosuvastatin may inhibit the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 from vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages in vitro. The present study investigated the effects of rosuvastatin on the progression of atherosclerosis and the expression of MMP-2/-9 in LDLR-deficient mice.
LDLR-deficient mice were included in rosuvastatin group and control group on a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. After 12 weeks, we randomly sacrificed and examined the atherosclerotic lesion area in aortic artery and aortic sinus and levels of plasma lipid, glucose and insulin and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the atherosclerotic plaques.
Atherosclerotic lesion area was significantly decreased in rosuvastatin group vs. control group. Meanwhile, levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and oxidized (ox)LDL in the rosuvastatin group were decreased as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in aortic arch with gelatin zymography and the production of MMP-2 in the aortic sinus through immunohistochemical methods. Levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose and insulin were also decreased in rosuvastatin group but failed to achieve statistical significance compared with control group. Interestingly, we found that the value of HDL-C/TC ratio was increased in rosuvastatin group.
Rosuvastatin inhibits the expression of MMP-2/-9 and limits the progression of atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient mice. This may be one of the pathways of rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis through which rosuvastatin induced its benefit to the therapy of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Archives of medical research 07/2009; 40(5):345-51. · 1.88 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A 56-year-old woman hit by the heavy objects was admitted to the emergency room. ECG changes and increased CK-MB and troponin I suggested acute myocardial infarction. Three weeks later, coronary angiography was performed and revealed a spiral intimal dissection in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Patient underwent angioplasty and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the left anterior descending artery. She felt good and discharged on 7 days later after procedure.
International journal of cardiology 05/2009; 149(2):e80-1. · 7.08 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: High plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels are known to be associated with coronary artery disease, but the precise level associated with an increased risk is yet controversial. Whether the beneficial effects of folic acid on arterial endothelial function persist over longer periods is not known. This study was carried out to assess whether folic acid supplementation could produce improvements in Hcy levels and arterial endothelial function in the patients with unstable angina (UA) and hyperhomocysteinaemia.
The plasma Hcy levels of 52 cases with UA and 30 control subjects were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, plasma folic acid and vitamin B(12) levels were also measured. The patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia were treated with 5 mg of folic acid for 8 wk, and then rechecked the plasma levels of Hcy, folic acid and vitamin B(12) at the end of 4(th) and 8(th) wk. Arterial endothelial function was measured as flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound in 22 cases with UA and hyperhomocysteinaemia before and after folic acid treatment.
The plasma Hcy level was significant higher in the patients with UA than in the controls (19.2 +/- 4.9 vs 10.7 +/- 5.3 micromol/l, P<0.01). The plasma levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 were significant lower in the patients with UA than in the controls. There were 22(42.3%) patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia in UA group. After 4 and 8 wk of administration of folic acid, the Hcy level reduced by 20.3 and 55.3 per cent in the UA patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia, respectively. Flow-mediated dilation also improved significantly, from 6.4 +/- 1.9 to 9.0 +/- 1.2 per cent (P<0.05) after 8 wk treatment with folic acid.
Plasma Hcy level was elevated in patients with UA. Folic acid can reduce the plasma Hcy levels and improve arterial endothelial function in the UA patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia.
The Indian journal of medical research 03/2009; 129(3):279-84. · 1.84 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is the curative treatment of choice for many cardiac arrhythmias and may cause myocardial injury and inappropriate sinus tachycardia. This study aimed to determine the delayed injury of autonomic nerve after RFCA.
Spectral analysis of heart rate variation on 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram recordings was carried out in 86 cases (39 women, 47 men; mean age, 42 years; range, 17-67 years) with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 1 hour before and 1 year after successful RFCA (WPW type A = 31; Wolf-Pakinson-White Syndrome type B = 9; atrioventricular [AV] nodal tachycardia = 46; group A: septal accessory pathway + AV nodal tachycardia [n = 52], group B: free wall accessory pathway [n = 34]).
Heart rate variation data (time domain and frequency domain) in group A 1 year after RFCA; including very low frequency; low frequency (LF); high frequency (HF); R-R interval; root mean squared successive difference interval; the percentage of sinus cycles differing from preceding cycle by more than 50 milliseconds (PNN50); and delta very low frequency, delta LF, delta HF, delta root mean squared successive difference interval and delta PNN50 significantly decreased, compared with that before the procedure. LF/HF, SD of all normal-to-normal intervals, and SD of 5-minute average normal-to-normal intervals were not significantly changed after RFCA. Heart rate variation data in group B 1 year after RFCA was not significantly changed, compared with that before the procedure.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation operation in site of septal accessory pathway and AV node slow pathway can cause delayed injury of autonomic nerves. Heart rate variation decrement 1 year after RFCA and persistent inappropriate sinus tachycardia post RFCA resulted from delayed injury of cardiac vagus nerve by radiofrequency current.
Journal of electrocardiology 11/2007; 40(4):355.e1-4. · 1.08 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We describe a case of a 41-year-old woman with chest pain for 1 hour who was admitted to our emergency room with acute myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography and spiral computer tomography showed myocardial bridging and an intracoronary thrombus in the mid-segment of the left anterior descending artery. She felt better after taking aspirin, diltiazem and a beta blocker and was discharged 15 days later.
Acta cardiologica 11/2007; 62(5):537-9. · 0.61 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This work aimed to study the delayed electrocardiographic changes, including Q-T interval, corrected Q-T dispersion, and heart rate variability (HRV) 3 years after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA), in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
In 26 patients (11 women, 15 men; average age, 37.4 +/- 11.2 years) with symptomatic and medically refractory HOCM, 1.4 +/- 0.5 septal branches were occluded with an injection of 3.8 +/- 1.3 mL of alcohol (95%) to ablate the hypertrophied interventricular septum. Baseline and 3 days and 3 years postprocedure 24-hour Holter electrocardiographic findings were determined.
One patient developed complete atrioventricular block requiring permanent pacing. The PR interval was significantly prolonged 3 days after ablation, but recovered 3 years postprocedure. Three days after the procedure, all patients developed right bundle branch block, which was present in 24 patients after 3 years. The QRS duration was significantly prolonged 3 days after ablation and during 3 years of follow-up. There was significant and persistent prolongation of QT interval and transient prolongation of corrected QT dispersion 3 days after ablation and returned to preablation values 3 years postprocedure, but JT interval and corrected JT dispersion were not significantly changed after PTSMA. Heart rate variability data (time domain and frequency domain) 3 days and 3 years after PTSMA, including low frequency, high frequency, root mean squared successive difference interval, and the percent of sinus cycles differing from the preceding cycle by more than 50 milliseconds, significantly increased compared to that before the procedure. Low frequency/high frequency, SD of all normal-to-normal intervals, and SD of 5-minute average normal-to-normal intervals were not significantly changed after PTSMA.
Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for HOCM induces significant delayed electrocardiographic changes in most patients. The changes include QRS prolongation, new right bundle branch block, persistent QT prolongation, transient QT dispersion and PR prolongation, and changes in HRV data. Electrocardiographic long-term follow-up of a larger series of patients is required to determine the conclusive therapeutic significance.
Journal of electrocardiology 11/2007; 40(4):356.e1-6. · 1.08 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Regular consumption of moderate amounts of Chinese yellow wine is associated with a reduced risk of coronary disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that participate in extracellular matrix degradation have been involved in atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability. The present research aimed to study the effects of Chinese yellow wine on the production of homocysteine (Hcy)-induced extracellular MMP-2 in cultured rats vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
We examined the effects of different Hcy levels (0-1000 micromol/l) on MMP-2 production, and the effects of Chinese yellow wine with low alcohol concentrations (12-19%) on Hcy-induced MMP-2 in cultured rat (VSMCs) using gelatin zymography and western blotting. We further compared the changes of MMP-2 under various treatments for 12, 24 and 48 h.
Hcy (50-1000 micromol/l) increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Increased production of MMP-2 induced by Hcy was reduced by extracellularly added Chinese yellow wine. Production of MMP-2 under various treatments for 48 h increased more than 12 and 24 h.
Extracellularly added Chinese yellow wine decreased Hcy-induced MMP-2 secretion. The inhibitory effect of yellow wine on the activation of MMP-2 might contribute to their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
Clinical Nutrition 07/2007; 26(3):348-54. · 3.73 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To study the effects of heparin on the production of homocysteine-induced extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells.
The effects of different homocysteine levels (0 micromol/L to 1000 micromol/L) on MMP-2 production and the effects of different heparin concentrations (0 microg/mL to 100 microg/mL) on homocysteine-induced MMP-2 in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells were examined using gelatin zymography and Western blotting. The changes in MMP-2 were further compared with various treatments for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h.
Homocysteine (50 micromol/L to 1000 micromol/L) increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Increased production of MMP-2 induced by homocysteine was reduced by the extracellular addition of heparin in a dose-dependent manner. Production of MMP-2 with various treatment regimens for 72 h was greater than for 24 h and 48 h.
Extracellular addition of heparin decreased homocysteine-induced MMP-2 secretion. Data suggest a mechanism by which hyperhomocysteinemia is involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and demonstrate a beneficial effect of heparin on these conditions.
The Canadian journal of cardiology 04/2007; 23(4):275-80. · 3.36 Impact Factor
-
Hangyuan Guo
New England Journal of Medicine 02/2007; 356(2):e2. · 53.30 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A case of a lost guide wire extending from the vena cava to the back of the neck after central venous catheterization is presented. A trainee inserted a central venous catheter via the left subclavian vein in a 40-year-old male patient after surgery, but did not notice that a guide wire was completely inserted in the vein. After 6 months, the lost guide wire was seen extending from the saphenous vein through the vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery and lung tissue to the back of neck. Although percutaneous catheterization of central veins is a routine technique, it is a procedure requiring advanced surgical skills, expert supervision, and attention to detail in order to prevent adverse effects. The present case is not only a technological problem, but also one of responsibility. The operator must hold onto the guide wire at all times until removal from the vessel, and a supervisor must make sure that trainees are aware of all possible complications.
Circulation Journal 12/2006; 70(11):1520-2. · 3.77 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We describe a case of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) caused by a coronary-pulmonary fistula and myocardial ischemia induced by the coronary steal phenomenon, which was successfully treated with coil embolization. Coronary fistulae and coronary-steal-induced ischemia are rare causes of DCM in adults with normal coronary arteries. Percutaneous treatment represents an alternative to surgery and may be offered as a relatively low-risk procedure. The choice between surgical and percutaneous treatment must take into account clinical and anatomical considerations.
Circulation Journal 10/2006; 70(9):1223-5. · 3.77 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We describe two cases of Duchenne's cardiomyopathy with severe cardiac dysfunction, sporadic episodes of myoglobinuria induced by effort and increased levels of serum creatine kinase. Very mild signs of skeletal myopathy were clinically evident. Left ventriculography showed diffuse severe hypokinesia. Skeletal muscle biopsy demonstrated a dystrophic process. The patients had no familial background of the disease. These 2 patients might have a sporadic inheritance pattern with severe cardiac involvement.
Acta cardiologica 09/2006; 61(4):475-9. · 0.61 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease, but some studies have shown that patients with hyperhomocysteinemia are not prone to atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to test whether homocysteine increases the production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and if extracellular additional magnesium and folic acid alters MMP-2 secretion.
Gelatin zymography and western blotting were used to investigate the effects of different homocysteine levels (0-5,000 micromol/L) on MMP-2 production, and the effects of different folic acid concentrations (0-10 micromol/L) and magnesium concentrations (0-3.0 mmol/L) on homocysteine-induced MMP-2 in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the changes in MMP-2 were compared under various treatments for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Homocysteine (50-1,000 micromol/L) increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner and at a high level (5,000 micromol/L) reduced the production of MMP-2. Increased production of MMP-2 induced by homocysteine was reduced by additional extracellular folic acid in a dose-dependent manner. Magnesium also reduced the increase of MMP-2 production induced by homocysteine. Production of MMP-2 under various treatments for 72 h increased more than during 24 or 48 h.
Homocysteine (50-1,000 micromol/L) significantly increased the production of MMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Added extracellular folic acid and magnesium decreased the homocysteine-induced MMP-2 secretion. These data suggest a beneficial effect of folic acid and magnesium on the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.
Circulation Journal 02/2006; 70(1):141-6. · 3.77 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To study the effects of copper and zinc on the production of homocysteine-induced extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 in cultured rats vascular smooth muscle cells.
We examined the effects of different homocysteine levels (0-1000 micromol/l) on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) production, and the effects of different copper and zinc concentrations (0-300 micromol/l) on homocysteine-induced MMP-2 in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using gelatin zymography and western blotting. We further compared the changes of MMP-2 under various treatments for 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Homocysteine (50-1000 micromol/l) increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Copper decreased the homocysteine-induced MMP-2 under these conditions in a dose-dependent manner, but zinc did not. Production of MMP-2 under various treatments for 72 h increased more than 24 h and 48 h.
Extracellular added copper decreased homocysteine-induced MMP-2 secretion.
Acta cardiologica 09/2005; 60(4):353-9. · 0.61 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Several lines of evidence have shown an association between Chlamydia infection and atherosclerosis, but clinical trials of preventive antibiotic (erythromycin) treatment in patients with coronary artery disease have shown conflicting results. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease and causes an intense remodelling of the extracellular matrix in arterial walls, particularly an elastolysis involving metalloproteinases. In the present study we investigated the effects of erythromycin on the production of homocysteineinduced extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).
Effects of different concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) (0-5000 micromol/l) on MMP-2 production, and the effects of different erythromycin concentrations (0-10 mmol/l) on homocysteine-induced MMP-2 production in cultured rat VSMCs were studied using gelatin zymography and Western blotting. The changes of MMP-2 under various treatments for 1, 3 and 5 days were also compared.
Homocysteine (50-1000 mu mol/l) increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the production of MMP-2 at a high level (5000 mu mol/l). Increased production of MMP-2 induced by homocysteine was reduced by extracellularly added erythromycin in a dose-dependent manner.
Homocysteine increased the production of MMP-2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Extracellularly added erythromycin decreased homocysteine-induced MMP-2 secretion. The findings of the present study suggested that the beneficial effect of erythromycin on vascular disease processes might be due to its inhibitory effect on the Hcyinduced production of MMP-2 in VSMCs.
The Indian journal of medical research 06/2005; 121(6):764-70. · 1.84 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study sought to clarify the differences of intracellular and extracellular magnesium levels in patients with cardiac syndrome X.
We evaluated the intracellular and extracellular magnesium status of 22 patients with cardiac syndrome X (group A) and 22 age--and gender--matched disorder-free control subjects (group B). Levels of magnesium were determined in serum, urine, erythrocytes, and the 24-h magnesium retention rate was calculated by a magnesium loading test.
Group A showed a higher 24-h magnesium retention rate (49.8 +/- 1.3% vs. 32.6 +/- 7.5%, p < 0.05) and a lower intracellular concentration of magnesium in erythrocytes than group B (3.7 +/- 1.4 vs. 5.6 +/- 1.3 fg/cell, p < 0.05), demonstrating the presence of magnesium deficiency in group A. There were no significant differences in the serum concentration of magnesium between groups A and B (0.87 +/- 0.23 vs. 0.83 +/- 0.15 mmol/l).
This study demonstrated that the intracellular magnesium level decreased in patients with cardiac syndrome X.
Acta cardiologica 06/2005; 60(3):259-63. · 0.61 Impact Factor
