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A. Meuris,
O. Limousin,
F. Lugiez, O. Gevin,
E. Delagnes,
I. Le Mer,
M. Chavassieux,
F. Pinsard,
C. Blondel,
F. Daly,
M.-C. Vassal,
R. Bocage,
F. Soufflet
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Caliste project aims at hybridizing 1 cm<sup>2</sup> Cd(Zn)Te detectors with low noise front-end electronics, in a single component standing in a 1 times 1times 2 cm<sup>3</sup> volume. The micro-camera is a spectroscopic imager for X and gamma rays detection, with time-tagging capability. Hybridization consists in stacking full custom ASICs perpendicular to the detection surface. The first prototype Caliste 64 integrates a detector of 8 times 8 pixels of 1 mm pitch. Fabrication and characterizations of nine cameras units validate the design and the hybridization concept. Spectroscopic tests result in a mean energy resolution of ~0.7 keV FWHM at 14 keV and ~0.85 keV FWHM at 60 keV using 1 mm-thick Al Schottky CdTe detectors biased at -400 V and cooled down to -15degC. The new prototype called Caliste 256 integrates 16 times 16 pixels of 580 mum pitch in the same volume as Caliste 64. Electrical tests with the first sample fabricated without detector result in a mean equivalent noise charge of 64 e<sup>-</sup> rms (9.6 mus, no leakage current). Caliste devices are 4-side buttable and can be used as elementary detection units of a large hard X-ray focal plane, as for the 64 cm<sup>2</sup> high energy detector of the Simbol-X astronomical space mission.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 09/2009; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The very last member of the IDeF-X ASIC family is presented: IDeF-X ECLAIRs is a 32-channel front end ASIC designed for the readout of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe) Detectors. Thanks to its noise performance (Equivalent Noise Charge floor of 33 e<sup>-</sup> rms) and to its radiation hardened design (Single Event Latchup Linear Energy Transfer threshold of 56 MeV.cm<sup>2</sup>.mg<sup>-1</sup>), the chip is well suited for soft X-rays energy discrimination and high energy resolution, ldquospace proof,rdquo hard X-ray spectroscopy. We measured an energy low threshold of less than 4 keV with a 10 pF input capacitor and a minimal reachable sensitivity of the Equivalent Noise Charge (ENC) to input capacitance of less than 7 e<sup>-</sup>/pF obtained with a 6 mus peak time. IDeF-X ECLAIRs will be used for the readout of 6400 CdTe Schottky monopixel detectors of the 2D coded mask imaging telescope ECLAIRs aboard the SVOM satellite. IDeF-X ECLAIRs (or IDeF-X V2) has also been designed for the readout of a pixelated CdTe detector in the miniature spectro-imager prototype Caliste 256 that is currently foreseen for the high energy detector module of the Simbol-X mission.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 09/2009; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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A. Meuris,
O. Limousin,
F. Lugiez, O. Gevin,
C. Blondel,
I. Le Mer,
F. Pinsard,
C. Cara,
A. Goetschy,
J. Martignac,
G. Tauzin,
S. Hervé,
P. Laurent,
R. Chipaux,
Y. Rio,
J. Fontignie,
B. Horeau,
M. Authier,
P. Ferrando
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The High Energy Detector (HED) is one of the three detection units on board the Simbol‐X detector spacecraft. It is placed below the Low Energy Detector so as to collect focused photons in the energy range from 8 to 80 keV. It consists of a mosaic of 64 independent cameras, divided in 8 sectors. Each elementary detection unit, called Caliste, is the hybridization of a 256‐pixel Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) detector with full custom front‐end electronics into a unique component. The status of the HED design will be reported. The promising results obtained from the first micro‐camera prototypes called Caliste 64 and Caliste 256 will be presented to illustrate the expected performance of the instrument.
AIP Conference Proceedings. 05/2009; 1126(1):25-30.
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A. Meuris,
O. Limousin,
F. Lugiez, O. Gevin,
F. Pinsard,
C. Blondel,
I. Le Mer,
E. Delagnes,
M. C. Vassal,
F. Soufflet,
R. Bocage
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the frame of the hard X-ray Simbol-X observatory, a joint CNES-ASI space mission to be flown in 2014, a prototype
of miniature Cd(Zn)Te camera equipped with 64 pixels has been designed. The device, called Caliste 64, is a spectro-imager
with high resolution event time-tagging capability. Caliste 64 integrates a Cd(Zn)Te semiconductor detector with
segmented electrode and its front-end electronics made of 64 independent analog readout channels. This 1 × 1 × 2 cm3
camera, able to detect photons in the range from 2 keV up to 250 keV, is an elementary detection unit juxtaposable on its
four sides. Consequently, large detector array can be made assembling a mosaic of Caliste 64 units. Electronics readout
module is achieved by stacking four IDeF-X V1.1 ASICs, perpendicular to the detection plane. We achieved good noise
performances, with a mean Equivalent Noise Charge of ~65 electrons rms over the 64 channels. Time resolution is better
than 70 ns rms for energy deposits greater than 50 keV, taking into account electronic noise and technological dispersal,
which enables to reject background by anticoincidence with very low probability of error. For the first prototypes, we
chose CdTe detectors equipped with Al-Ti-Au Schottky barrier contacts because of their very low dark current and
excellent spectroscopic performances. So far, three Caliste 64 cameras have been realized and tested. When the crystal is
cooled down to -10°C, the sum spectrum built with the 64 pixels of a Caliste 64 sample results in a spectral resolution of
664 eV FWHM at 13.94 keV and 841 eV FWHM at 59.54 keV.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
08/2008;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A prototype 64 pixel miniature camera has been designed and tested for the Simbol-X hard X-ray observatory to be flown on the joint CNES-ASI space mission in 2014. This device is called Caliste 64. It is a high performance spectro-imager with event time-tagging capability, able to detect photons between 2 keV and 250 keV. Caliste 64 is the assembly of a 1 or 2 mm thick CdTe detector mounted on top of a readout module. CdTe detectors equipped with aluminum Schottky barrier contacts are used because of their very low dark current and excellent spectroscopic performance. Front-end electronics is a stack of four IDeF-X Vl.l ASICs, arranged perpendicular to the detection plane, to read out each pixel independently. The whole camera fits in a 10 times 10 times 20 mm<sup>3</sup> volume and is juxtaposable on its four sides. This allows the device to be used as an elementary unit in a larger array of Caliste 64 cameras. Noise performance resulted in an ENC better than 60 electrons rms in average. The first prototype camera is tested at -10degC with a bias of -400 V. The spectrum summed across the 64 pixels results in a resolution of 697 eV FWHM at 13.9 keV and 808 eV FWHM at 59.54 keV.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 05/2008; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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M. Ehanno,
C. Amoros,
D. Barret,
K. Lacombe,
R. Pons,
G. Rouaix, O. Gevin,
O. Limousin,
F. Lugiez,
A. Bardoux,
A. Penquer
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report on the development of an innovative CdTe detector plane (DPIX) optimized for the detection and localization of gamma-ray bursts in the X-ray band (below 100 keV). DPIX is part of an R&D program funded by the French Space Agency (CNES). DPIX builds upon the heritage of the ISGRI instrument, currently operating with great success on the ESA INTEGRAL mission. DPIX is an assembly of 200 elementary modules (XRDPIX) equipped with 32 CdTe Schottky detectors (4x4 mm2, 1 mm thickness) produced by ACRORAD Co. LTD. in Japan. These detectors offer good energy response up to 100 keV. Each XRDPIX is readout by the very low noise front-end electronics chip IDeF-X, currently under development at CEA/DSM/DAPNIA. In this paper, we describe the design of XRDPIX, the main features of the IDeF-X chip, and will present preliminary results of the reading out of one CdTe Schottky detector by the IDeF-X V1.0 chip. A low-energy threshold around 2.7 keV has been measured. This is to be compared with the 12-15 keV threshold of the ISGRI-INTEGRAL and BAT-SWIFT instruments, which both use similar detector material.
02/2007;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A new full custom readout ASIC is presented. Its name is IDeF-X V1.1 for imaging detector front-end. The actual version of the IDeF-X ASIC is a complete 16 channels analogue front-end with self triggering capability. The chip has been optimized for high resolution, X-ray or gamma ray spectroscopy (4 to 300 keV). Each channel includes a charge sensitive preamplifier with a continuous reset system, a pole zero cancellation system, a fourth order Sullen & Key type shaper with variable peaking time, a stretcher (peak detector plus storage capacitor) and a discriminator with a low level threshold common to all channels. An analogue multiplexer followed by an output buffer is used to read each stretcher output. All the discriminators feed a trigger output to the external data acquisition system. The electronic chain is optimized for detector capacitance from 2 to 5 pF.
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2006. IEEE; 12/2006
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The evolution of the CdTe detector properties (leakage current, capacitance, and geometry) requires a continuous improvement of the electronic frond-end in terms of geometry, noise, and power consumption. This is why our group is working on a new modular spectro-imaging system based on CdTe detectors coupled to dedicated full custom readout ASICs, named IDeF-X for imaging detector front-end. We present the most recent version of IDeF-X which is a sixteen-channel analogue readout chip for hard X-ray spectroscopy. It has been processed with the standard AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Each channel consists of a charge sensitive preamplifier, a pole zero cancellation stage, a variable peaking time filter and an output buffer. IDeF-X is designed to be DC coupled to detectors having a low dark current at room temperature and is optimized for input capacitance ranging from 2 to 5 pF.
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2005 IEEE; 11/2005
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Progress in the fields of Cd(Zn)Te detector development, microelectronics, and interconnection technologies open the way for a new generation of instruments for physics and astrophysics applications in the energy range from 1 to 1000 keV. Cd(Zn)Te based instruments operating in the range between -20 and 20°C will offer high spatial resolution (pixel size ranging from 300×300 μm<sup>2</sup> to few mm<sup>2</sup>), high spectral response, and high detection efficiency. To reach these goals, reliable, highly integrated, low-noise, and low-power consumption electronics is mandatory. Our group is currently developing a new full custom ASIC detector front-end named IDeF-X, for modular spectro-imaging systems based on the use of Cd(Zn)Te detectors. We present here the first version of IDeF-X that consists of a set of ten low-noise charge sensitive preamplifiers (CSA). It has been manufactured using the AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology. The CSAs are designed to be DC coupled to detectors having low dark current at room temperature. We have optimized the various preamplifiers to match detector capacitances in the range from 0.5 to 30 pF.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 11/2005; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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B P F Dirks,
P Ferrando,
U Briel, O Gevin,
E Kendziorra,
P Laurent,
O Limousin,
F Lugiez,
J Martignac,
M Authier,
C Chapron,
P Lechner,
G Pareschi,
Y Rio,
J P Roques,
P Salin,
L Strüder
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Simbol–X mission, currently undergoing a joint CNES-ASI phase A, is essentially a classical X-ray telescope having an exceptional large focal length obtained by formation flying technics. One satellite houses the Wolter I optics to focus, for the first time in space, X-rays above ∼ 10 keV, onto the focal plane in the second satellite. This leads to improved angular resolution and sensitivity which are two orders of magnitude better than those obtained so far with non-focusing techniques. Tailored to the 12 arcmin field of view and ∼ 15 arcsec angular resolution of the optics, the ∼ 8 × 8 cm 2 detection area of the spectro-imager has ∼ 500 × 500 µm 2 pixels, and covers the full energy range of Simbol–X, from ∼ 0.5 to ∼ 80 keV, with a good energy resolution at both low and high energy. Its design leads to a very low residual background in order to reach the required sensitivity. The focal plane ensemble is made of two superposed spectro-imaging detectors: a DEPFET-SDD active pixel sensor on top of an array of pixelated Cd(Zn)Te crystals, surrounded by an appropriate combination of active and passive shielding. Besides the overall concept and structure of the focal plane including the anti-coincidence and shielding, this paper also emphasizes the promising results obtained with the active pixel sensors and the Cd(Zn)Te crystals combined with their custom IDeF-X ASICs.
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report on the development of an inovative CdTe detector plane DPIX
optimized for the detection and localisation of gamma-ray bursts in the
X-ray band below 100 keV DPIX is part of an R D program funded by the
French Space Agency CNES DPIX builds upon the heritage of the ISGRI
instrument currently operating with great success on the ESA INTEGRAL
mission DPIX is an assembly of 200 elementary modules XRDPIX equipped
with 32 CdTe Schottky detectors 4x4 mm2 1 mm thickness produced by
ACRORAD Co LTD in Japan Each XRDPIX is readout by the very low noise
front-end electronics chip IDeF-X currently under development at CEA DSM
DAPNIA In this paper we will describe the main features of the IDeF-X
chip and will present preliminary results of the reading out of one CdTe
Schottky detector by the IDeF-X V1 0 chip A low-energy threshold around
2 keV has been achieved This is to be compared with the 12-15 keV
threshold of the ISGRI-INTEGRAL and BAT-SWIFT instruments We will
conclude this paper by presenting the next development phase which will
take us to the hybridization of an XRDPIX
36:3610.
-
M. Ehanno,
C. Amoros,
D. Barret,
K. Lacombe,
R. Pons,
G. Rouaix, O. Gevin,
O. Limousin,
F. Lugiez,
A. Bardoux,
A. Penquer
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report on the development of an innovative CdTe detector plane (DPIX) optimized for the detection and localization of gamma-ray bursts in the X-ray band (below 100 keV). DPIX is part of an R&D program funded by the French Space Agency (CNES). DPIX builds upon the heritage of the ISGRI instrument, currently operating with great success on the ESA INTEGRAL mission. DPIX is an assembly of 200 elementary modules (XRDPIX) equipped with 32 CdTe Schottky detectors (4 × 4 mm2, 1 mm thickness) produced by ACRORAD Co., Ltd. in Japan. These detectors offer good energy response up to 100 keV. Each XRDPIX is readout by the very low noise front-end electronics chip IDeF-X, currently under development at CEA/DSM/DAPNIA. In this paper, we describe the design of XRDPIX, the main features of the IDeF-X chip, and will present preliminary results of the reading out of one CdTe Schottky detector by the IDeF-X V1.0 chip. A low-energy threshold around 2.7 keV has been measured. This is to be compared with the 12–15 keV threshold of the ISGRI–INTEGRAL and BAT-SWIFT instruments, which both use similar bulk detector material.
Advances in Space Research.
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the field of the R&D of a new generation hard X-ray cameras for space applications we focus on the use of pixelated CdTe or CdZnTe semiconductor detectors. They are covered with 64 (0.9×0.9 mm2) or 256 (0.5×0.5 mm2) pixels, surrounded by a guard ring and operate in the energy ranging from several keV to 1 MeV, at temperatures between −20 and +20 °C. A critical parameter in the characterisation of these detectors is the leakage current per pixel under polarisation (∼50–500 V/mm). In operation mode each pixel will be read-out by an integrated spectroscopy channel of the multi-channel IDeF-X ASIC currently developed in our lab. The design and functionality of the ASIC depends directly on the direction and value of the current. A dedicated and highly insulating electronics circuit is designed to automatically measure the current in each individual pixel, which is in the order of tens of pico-amperes. Leakage current maps of different CdZnTe detectors of 2 and 6 mm thick and at various temperatures are presented and discussed. Defect density diagnostics have been performed by calculation of the activation energy of the material.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment.
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The very last member of the IDeF-X ASIC family is presented: IDeF-X ECLAIRs is a 32-channel front end ASIC designed for the readout of low capacitive (2 to 5 pF) and low leakage current (1 pA to 2 nA) cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium zinc telluride detectors (CdZnTe). Thanks to its ultra low noise performances (equivalent noise charge floor of 33 e<sup>-</sup> rms) and to its radiation hardened design (single event latchup linear energy transfer threshold of 56 MeV.cm<sup>2</sup>.mg<sup>-1</sup>), the chip is well suited for very low energy discrimination, very high energy resolution, "space proof," hard X-ray spectroscopy. We measured a very low energy threshold of less than 2 keV with a 14 pF input capacitor and a minimal sensitivity of the equivalent noise charge (ENC) to input capacitance of less than 7 e<sup>-</sup>/pF obtained with a 6 mus peaking time. IDeF-X ECLAIRs will be used for the readout of 6400 CdTe Schottky monopixel detectors of the 2D coded mask imaging telescope ECLAIRs aboard the SVOM satellite [1]. IDeF-X ECLAIRs has also been designed for the readout of a pixelated CdTe detector in the future miniature spectro-imager prototype CALISTE 256 that is currently foreseen for the high energy detector module of the SIMBOL-X mission [2], [3].
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2007. NSS '07. IEEE;
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the frame of the Simbol-X mission of hard X-ray astrophysics, a prototype of micro-camera with 64 pixels called Caliste 64 has been designed and several samples have been tested. The device integrates ultra-low-noise IDeF-X V1.1 ASICs from CEA and a 1 cm2 Al Schottky CdTe detector from Acrorad because of its high uniformity and spectroscopic performance. The process of hybridization, mastered by the 3D Plus company, respects space applications standards. The camera is a spectro-imager with time-tagging capability. Each photon interacting in the semiconductor is tagged with a time, a position and an energy. Time resolution is better than 100 ns rms for energy deposits greater than 20 keV, taking into account electronic noise and technological dispersal of the front-end electronics. The spectrum summed across the 64 pixels results in an energy resolution of 664 eV fwhm at 13.94 keV and 842 eV fwhm at 59.54 keV, when the detector is cooled down to −10 °C and biased at −500 V.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment.
