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F Valfrè
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ABSTRACT: This paper describes the nutritional aspects, including drinking water, that produce a negative influence on safety, health, nutritional and technological properties of food of animal origin, such as dairy and meat products, eggs, fish, and including processed and manufactured products. The purpose was to define an overview concerning the main aspects of food safety and to produce guidelines that best fit the different breeding systems, aiming to prevent health risk to consumers from fraudulent practices that should be avoided with the application of current rules in animal husbandry.
Veterinary Research Communications 09/2008; 32 Suppl 1:S3-9. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The muscle tissue of coregonid ‘lavarello’ (Coregonus forma hybrida) from Lake Bolsena (Central Italy), ‘bondella’ (C. macrophthalmus) from Lake Maggiore (Northern Italy) and ‘bondelle’ (C. macrophthalmus) from Lake Neuchǎtel (Switzerland), sampled during the whitefishes' growth season, were analysed to evaluate the fat content and the fatty acid composition. In fact, the lipid profile of the muscle is strongly subjected to environmental influence and, as a consequence, its use as a parameter allowing ‘identification of origin’ of the fish products may be possible. ω3 HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids = C 20:5 + C 22:5 + C 22:6) content of fish from Lake Bolsena was lower than in coregonid from Lake Maggiore, while the saturated fraction (SFA) was higher. Fish from Lake Neuchǎtel showed a lower ω3 HUFA proportion than in the two other lakes. These data demonstrate that significant differences in fatty acid composition occur in similar fish species living in different lakes. Further studies are required to identify the role of each environmental variable, with special attention to temperature and food range.
Journal of Applied Ichthyology 07/2007; 12(1):57 - 59. · 0.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The presence of carotenoids in animal tissue reflects their sources along the food chain. Astaxanthin, the main carotenoid used for salmonid pigmentation, is usually included in the feed as a synthetic product. However, other dietary sources of astaxanthin such as shrimp or krill wastes, algae meal or yeasts are also available on the market. Astaxanthin possesses two identical asymmetric atoms at C-3 and C-3' making possible three optical isomers with all-trans configuration of the chain: 3S,3'S, 3R,3'S, and 3R,3'R. The distribution of the isomers in natural astaxanthin differs from that of the synthetic product. This latter is a racemic mixture, with a typical ratio of 1:2:1 (3S,3'S:3R,3'S:3R,3'R), while astaxanthin from natural sources has a variable distribution of the isomers deriving from the different biological organism that synthesized it. The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of all-trans isomers of astaxanthin was performed in different pigment sources, such as red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, alga meal Haematococcus pluvialis, krill meal and oil, and shrimp meal. With the aim to investigate astaxanthin isomer ratios in flesh of fish fed different carotenoid sources, three groups of rainbow trout were fed for 60 days diets containing astaxanthin from synthetic source, H. pluvialis algae meal and P. rhodozyma red yeast. Moreover, the distribution of optical isomers of astaxanthin in trout purchased on the Italian market was investigated. A characteristic distribution of astaxanthin stereoisomers was detected for each pigment sources and such distribution was reproduced in the flesh of trout fed with that source. Colour values measured in different sites of fillet of rainbow trout fed with different pigment sources showed no significant differences. Similarly, different sources of pigment (natural or synthetic) produced colour values of fresh fillet with no relevant or significant differences. The coefficient of distance computed amongst the feed ingredient and the trout fillet astaxanthin stereoisomers was a useful tool to identify the origin of the pigment used on farm.
Food Additives and Contaminants 12/2006; 23(11):1056-63. · 2.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of heat treatment during fish meal processing on amino acid racemization was studied. The hydrolysis-induced racemization rate (R) and the d-isomer content in the sample before hydrolysis (I) were differentiated by means of deuterium labelling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in selected ion monitoring mode. A preliminary experiment on laboratory-made herring meals cooked at 125°C for different time intervals showed aspartic acid (Asp) as the only amino acid with significant racemization before hydrolysis. Aspartic acid racemization rate appeared to be a nearly linear function of the duration of thermal treatment (R2= 0.93; P < 0.01). Analyses were carried out on several samples of commercial fish meals from different origin. Low-temperature-dried fish meals had a d-Asp content, expressed as I= 100 [d-isomer concentration before hydrolysis / (d- +l-isomer concentration before hydrolysis)], at less than 1%, while the d-isomer content of high-temperature dried fish meals exceeded 2%. Differences between the two commercial categories were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Further studies are required in order to evaluate the effects of d-Asp in protein of fish feeds and the role of the raw material and processing parameters in inducing amino acid racemization in protein of fish meals.
Aquaculture Nutrition 10/2006; 2(2):95 - 99. · 2.18 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The Lake Maggiore bondella Coregonus macrophthalmus use perivisceral adipose tissue for gonadal development (with particular evidence in females), and muscle fat as an energy source. Females use mainly saturated fatty acids (SFA) for energy purposes, while males use monounsaturates (MUFA) also. During vitellogenesis, females can also mobilize fatty acid precursors of gonadal highly unsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 family from muscle tissue, but in both sexes specific retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA=22: 6ω3) in muscle is evident. Landlocked shad, unlike several freshwater fishes, can utilize the liver as well as body cavity and muscle as a fat reserve depot. The perivisceral fat stored during the feeding period appears to be utilized mainly for winter energy maintenance requirements. Lipid reserves from liver and muscle are also mobilized to meet the requirements resulting from gonadal development. In particular, females seem to use liver reserves, especially 18: 1ω9, more than males, to meet the demands of ovogenesis. In the muscle, SFA are used mainly for energy purposes. During gonadal development, specific muscular and hepatic ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω3 HUFA=20: 5 + 22: 5 + 22: 6) and ω6 HUFA (20: 4+22: 4+22: 5) retention is evident in both sexes, while fatty acid precursors of ω3 and ω6 HUFA are mobilized, especially from muscle tissue.
Journal of Fish Biology 03/2005; 48(3):352 - 366. · 1.68 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The high cost and unpredictable availability of fish meal and fish oil (FO) forced feed mill companies to look for alternative ingredients for aquafeeds. In this study, the effects of alternative dietary lipid sources [FO as control, canola oil (CO), oleine oil (OO), poultry fat (PF) and pork lard (PL)] in trout feed on flavour volatile compounds occurring in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fillet were evaluated after 70 days of feeding (rearing temperature 14.6°C). Total amounts of volatile compounds identified were higher for fillets of fish fed diets containing only FO as lipid sources. Total amount of alcohols and aldehydes of the fillets were linearly directly related to the percentage content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 of brown trout flesh. The use of alternative dietary lipid sources, modifying the fillet fatty acids composition, affect the total amount of volatile compounds and, changing the relative amount of each volatile compound, affect the flavour of the fish flesh.
Journal of Applied Ichthyology 02/2004; 20(1):71 - 75. · 0.87 Impact Factor
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Veterinary Research Communications 10/2003; 27 Suppl 1:57-62. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: SummaryA 12-week feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of marine raw materials in the diet with soybean meal and beef tallow on growth and product quality of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Based on growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition, soybean meal was found to be an unsuitable ingredient for eel diets as a substitute for fishmeal (25% on a protein basis), probably because of the low digestibility of its carbohydrate content. However, beef tallow can be used to replace 50% of fish oil without reduction in growth, provided that digestible carbohydrates are present in the diet. No major effects of protein and lipid sources in the diet were found on fillet chemical composition. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between fish fed the control and the experimental diets, with the exception of salty taste which was significantly higher in fish fed combined soybean meal and beef tallow compared with fish fed the control diet.
Journal of Applied Ichthyology 03/2003; 19(2):74 - 78. · 0.87 Impact Factor
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Veterinary Research Communications 12/2002; 27:57-62. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Twenty-two samples of commercial fish meals from Norway, Chile and Peru were analysed for cholesterol and oxysterols using gas chromatography. Cholesterol content ranged from 25.2 to 64.8 g kg−1 total lipids. Detectable levels of the oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol were found and their identity was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples of fish meal exhibited wide variability in oxysterols content, 7β-hydroxycholesterol ranging from 3.9 to 105.6 mg kg−1 total lipids (0.4–9.4 mg kg−1 dry matter) and 7-ketocholesterol from 2.0 to 56.2 mg kg−1 total lipids (0.2–5.0 mg kg−1 dry matter). The formation of 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol in one sample of Norse LT94 fish meal stored at room temperature was also studied. Oxysterol content increased during the first 42 days of storage by about 350% and then decreased with further storage. The low amount of oxysterols measured indicates a limited degree of cholesterol oxidation in commercially available fish meals.
Aquaculture Research 12/2001; 31(10):785 - 791. · 1.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Restriction site analysis of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) products of cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA was applied to identify species in meat meal and animal feedstuffs. PCR was used to amplify a variable region of cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene. Species differentiation was determined by digestion of the obtained 359 bp amplicon with restriction enzymes, which generated species-specific electrophoresis patterns; the sequencing of PCR products was used as confirming analysis. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed the presence of meat meal in animal feedstuffs and distinguished species of interest. The results supported the application of the method in control measures which should be adopted for meat-meal-based animal feed, as suggested by EU law. As a technical improvement, to simplify the analysis, the number of enzymes presented in this study for the detection of different species was smaller than others described in the literature; discrimination between ruminant and nonruminant species and between mammalian and poultry species was possible with few digestions.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 09/2001; 49(8):3775-81. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The racemization kinetics of aspartic acid in heat-treated whole herring have been studied under conditions of treatment comparable to those that may occur in processing of fish meal. D-Aspartic acid content in the samples has been measured by RP-HPLC with precolumn automatic derivatization. The major parameters affecting the rate of racemization of aspartic acid k(Asp) have been demonstrated to be temperature (elevation of temperature from 95 to 120 degrees C resulted in an increase of k(Asp) from 0.46 to 3.39x10(-3) min(-1)), moisture of the raw material (reduction of the moisture content of the raw material from 80 to 15% lowered k(Asp) measured at 95 degrees C from 0.46 to 0.06x10(-3) min(-1)), and to a lesser extent, pH (k(Asp) at 95 degrees C was lowered from 0.46 to 0.37x10(-3) min(-1) following a decrease of pH from 7.0 to 4.0). No significant effects on the racemization rate of aspartic acid was observed for reducing the oxygen pressure to 0.8%. The results from the present study show that the content of D-aspartic acid in fish material is a function of heat exposure and may be used to predict the thermal history of fish meal.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 08/1999; 47(7):2879-84. · 2.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of polyamines in milk is milk is described. Polyamines were extracted in perchloric acid and derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl). The excess of reagent was reacted with aspartic acid before the analysis on a column-switching system. Linearity of derivatization was calculated for each amine and the coefficient of regression ranged from 0.994 to 0.999. Chromatographic separation of FMOC-polyamines was achieved with a gradient elution programme of water-acetonitrile. The correlation coefficients of the standard curves in the concentration range from 0.5 to 5 nmol ml-1 were higher than 0.991. The repeatability of the method, expressed as R.S.D. for each polyamines ranged from 3.0 to 8.6%. The percent mean recoveries at 1 nmol ml-1 spiking level were 49 +/- 3, 58 +/- 5, 61 +/- 5 and 48 +/- 4 for putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine, respectively. The limit of detection, calculated on the basis of three times signal-to-noise ratio, was 50 pmol ml-1 for each polyamine.
Journal of Chromatography 01/1998; 791(1-2):79-84. · 4.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxytetracycline in channel catfish muscle tissue is presented. Oxytetracycline is extracted three times from muscle tissue with an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt-McIlvaine buffer (pH 4.0) by using an Ultra Turrax. Analysis is carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography and an acetonitrile-oxalic acid (0.05 mol 1(-1), pH 2.2) mixture (14 + 86, v/v) is used as mobile phase. Oxytetracycline is separated on a Lichrosorb RP-8 125 x 4.0 mm i.d. column and ultraviolet detection at 355 nm is used. The limit of quantification is 10 ng g-1 and the linearity, tested in the spiking range 20-500 ng g-1, is 0.9997. Recovery from muscle spiked at 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ng g-1 levels is in the range 70-80%. Precision, expressed as percentage relative standard deviation, is below 7%. The method is applied to muscle tissue from channel catfish fed on a medicated diet.
The Analyst 01/1995; 119(12):2749-51. · 4.23 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Oxytetracycline is an antibacterial agent widely used in fish farming. The normal method of administration of oxytetracycline to the fish is to mix the drug into the feed. As a consequence, the concentration of the drug in feed, together with the preparation and the composition of feed, can influence the disposition of the drug itself. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the residue depletion of oxytetracycline from muscle tissue of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed different medicated diets. Three hundred channel catfish were randomly divided into six tanks (50 fish per tank), maintained at water temperatures of 18 degrees C (three tanks) and 23 degrees C (three tanks). The animals were fed with three diets, differing in their energy content and composition, for the duration of the experiment oxytetracycline was added to the diets at a level of 7500 mg kg-1 for 7 d. After cessation of the treatment, five fish from each tank were killed on days 1, 3, 8, 13, 18, 24, 30, 35 and 40. Oxytetracycline residues in muscle tissue were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that the energy level and chemical composition of the medicated diets administered to channel catfish influence oxytetracycline disposition in fish, and that temperature is an important factor in conditioning the reported dietary effects. Therefore, formulation of specific diets to administer drugs to farmed fish could assure better bioavailability of the chemotherapeutant and shorter withdrawal times.
The Analyst 01/1995; 119(12):2757-9. · 4.23 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Commencing on day 100 ± 10 of lactation, 10 Italian Friesian cows averaging 32·6 kg milk per day were injected biweekly with recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST), while 10 other cows averaging 33-4 kg milk per day were injected with a placebo. Cows were offered ad libitum a total mixed diet throughout the lactation. The experiment lasted 16 weeks; milk samples were taken before and 16, 62 and 91 days after the commencement of BST injection. The objective was to determine the impact of biweekly injections of BST on the synthesis and proportion of milk fatty acids, particularly on cis and trans isomers and on fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms (C15 and C17). A decrease in the proportion of shortchain (C4 to C14) fatty acids (P < 0·001) and an increase in the proportion of long-chain (C16 to C20) fatty acids (P < 0·001) were observed in the first period of the treatment. With regard to cis and trans isomers, a considerable increase of the cis isomers (P < 0·001), particularly C18.1cis9 (oleic acid) was observed, while differences in trans isomers were not statistically significant. Concentrations of C15 (pentadecanoic acid) were not affected but heptadecanoic acid (C17) concentration showed a considerable increase (P < 0·01) but only in the sample taken after 16 days.
Animal Production. 09/1993; 57(02):319 - 322.
