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ABSTRACT: 1. Eggshell quality was compared in 6 different strains of laying hens. Three strains were commercial; the three others were experimental. 2. Four different variables describing the strength of eggshells were investigated. Three of them were the classical ones eggshell thickness, shell stiffness measured during quasi-static compression and breaking force. Dynamic stiffness, introduced by Coucke (Ph.D. Thesis, KU Leuven, 1998), was the 4th. The fact that this measurement is dynamic could be helpful in genetic selection for eggshell breakage, because forces applied to the egg in practice are dynamic, rather than static. 3. Hisex White hens produce eggs with the strongest eggshell, in terms of all 4 eggshell variables. However, their shell quality in terms of breaking force did not remain constant over the laying period, unlike 4 other strains. 4. All strains showed a decline in quasi-static stiffness over time. 5. The eggshell thickness of three strains showed a decline over time. 6. Dynamic stiffness remained constant or improved in all strain. 7. All variables describing the mechanical eggshell strength gave different information.
British Poultry Science 06/2002; 43(2):238-44. · 1.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 1. A new method was introduced for the measurement of mechanical eggshell characteristics based on the analysis of the vibration response of a chicken egg excited with a non-destructive impact. Four major topics were examined. 2. The 3 dimensional vibration pattern of an intact chicken egg was described for the spherical vibration with the lowest resonant frequency. 3. The resonant frequency of this basic vibration mode and the total egg mass were used to calculate a dynamic stiffness value of the eggshell based on a mathematical mass-spring model. 4. A correlation analysis between this dynamic stiffness value and several common egg and eggshell variable was calculated. Pearson correlation coefficients between the dynamic stiffness and static stiffness, eggshell thickness at the equator, eggshell width and shape index were all significantly different from zero and were 0.71, 0.60, 0.43 and 0.51, respectively. 5. Graphical analysis of the static vs. the dynamic eggshell stiffness indicated that eggs with thick shells (>360 microm) had a higher static stiffness value than the dynamic stiffness measurement, whereas the static stiffness of eggs with thin shells (>300 microm) was lower than the dynamic stiffness. 6. The new vibration test method is a promising alternative for evaluating mechanical eggshell properties because of its non-destructive nature and brief measuring time.
British Poultry Science 05/1999; 40(2):227-32. · 1.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The principal objective of this study was to examine the GH-dependency of IGF-I and IGF-II changes in the chicken. To this end, the regulation of GH-dependent hormones and enzymes were studied in undernourished normal and dwarf chickens. The dwarf chickens examined exhibit a Laron-type dwarfism and have been shown to be GH receptor deficient. Thus, they provide an interesting model to determine the GH-dependency of IGF-I and IGF-II changes. Short (1 day) and long-term (7 days) feed restriction was imposed on growing normal and dwarf chickens to follow the subsequent endocrine changes. Since short-term feed restriction of dwarf chickens resulted in decreased plasma IGF-I, it appears that this is not a GH-dependent effect. However, with longer term undernutrition, IGF-I was not decreased in dwarf chickens. So, after a longer restriction period, the regulation of these factors appears to become more GH-dependent. IGF-II was not depressed at all by feed restriction in the dwarf chicken, suggesting a degree of GH-dependency.
Life Sciences 02/1999; 64(16):1359-71. · 2.53 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Embryos from ascites sensitive (AS) and resistant lines (AR) were subjected during the third week of incubation to a high CO2 (0.4%) (HC) or normal CO2 level of 0.2% (NC) in the incubators. The effect on embryonic and hatching parameters and growth, ascites sensitivity and related physiological parameters was followed. At NC conditions AR embryos hatch earlier than AS ones but this difference completely disappeared under HC condition, since hatching time of the AS line was reduced. Moreover, AS embryos showed slightly lower T4 and T3 levels than AR embryos. Embryos of both lines incubated at HC had higher plasma T3 concentrations than those incubated at NC. Chickens that had been incubated at HC level showed less ascites mortality than those incubated at NC. RV/TV ratios were higher in NC birds compared with HC ones. It is concluded that different ventilation levels during incubation interact with total incubation time and thereby influence ascites susceptibility.
Avian Pathology 01/1999; 27(6):605-12. · 1.71 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Vorozole, a selective aromatase inhibitor, was administered in ovo to test the specific embryonic role of estrogen in conferring the sex distinction in GH release and body phenotype in broilers. On Day 6 of incubation, eggs were injected with saline or with different concentrations of vorozole. Postnatal blood samples were analyzed for T3, T4, GH, estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T). At the age of 4 wk, control and vorozole-treated birds were cannulated, and serial blood samples were withdrawn every 10 min for 5 hr, wherein GH pulsatility characteristics were determined using deconvolution analysis. The proportional abdominal fat pad weight was reduced significantly in the treated groups, especially in female birds. The vorozole treatment increased plasma T3, E2, T, and GH concentrations, and decreased T4. The frequency of the GH pulses was lower and the interval between the bursts (min) was higher in the vorozole-treated group, as were the mass secreted per burst (ng/ml), the amplitude (ng/ml/min) and the production rate (ng/ml/5 hr). In conclusion, early in ovo treatment with a potent aromatase inhibitor is able to increase the mean serum T3 and GH concentration and masculinize the GH pulse pattern, resulting in an economically favorable decrease in abdominal fat pad content in male and female broilers at slaughter age.
Domestic Animal Endocrinology 03/1998; 15(2):115-27. · 2.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Varying rates of partial fertilization (2-40%) were found in literature. These data gave evidence that the 'all-or-none' hypothesis on fertilization is not correct, at least in a number of sheep breeds and experimental conditions. Furthermore, there are indications for variability in prenatal mortality at different stages of pregnancy, as a function of ovulation rate (OR). Consequently, higher partial fertilization and foetal mortality rates interfere with the determination of prenatal survival (PS), based on the difference between OR and the number of living embryos at varying times before or at lambing, as was done in many studies on that subject. Indications for variability in PS within breeds were mainly an effect of differentiation between lines, depending on the selection criteria followed, e.g., growth rate vs, multiple ovulations. In some cases, this effect was associated with dam-embryo interactions or line-age interactions. Data on differences in PS between breeds and crosses were based, in m
Small Ruminant Research 01/1998; 29(2):129-142. · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In a two-factorial experiment, 420 1-day-old male commercial broiler chickens were randomly divided and fed a basal diet with or without vitamin C (500 parts/10(6)). Half of the birds within each group receiving the same kind of feed were fed a T(3 )supplemented diet from day 1, in order to increase the ascites incidence. Weekly body weight and feed intake were measured. Venous blood samples were taken from 10 birds per group weekly from day 14 on, for haematocrit measurements, blood gas analysis, measurement of thyroid hormones and lactate/pyruvate ratios. Ascites mortality was recorded daily. Dietary T(3) significantly increased ascites mortality. Adding vitamin C to the feed significantly reduced ascites mortality while it had no effect on performance parameters. Plasma thyroid hormone levels were significantly reduced by dietary vitamin C administration, but neither haematocrit nor blood gas levels were influenced.
Avian Pathology 04/1997; 26(1):33-44. · 1.71 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 1. The relationship between the length of incubation, hatching, hypoxic condition, thyroid hormones and the occurrence of ascites were studied in embryos of 2 broiler lines differing in susceptibility to the ascites syndrome. 2. Both the time of external pipping (ep) and hatching of embryos from the ascites-resistant (AR) broiler line was earlier compared to the ascites-sensitive line (AS). The interval between internal pipping (ip) and ep was the same between the lines, but the interval between ep and hatching was shorter in the resistant line. 3. The T3 and T4 concentrations in plasma of the AS line were lower compared to the AR line. 4. Analyses of partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the air cell of the egg revealed that at day 18 the AS embryos had lower pO2 and higher pCO2 concentrations compared to the AR embryos. 5. The delay in hatching of the AS embryos might induce a more pronounced and/or extended hypoxic environment, thereby creating an environment that evokes ascites.
British Poultry Science 01/1997; 37(5):1003-13. · 1.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effects of a long term partial food restriction were studied in chickens and rats. In chickens the treatment resulted in increased plasma T4 levels while T4 levels in rats remained unchanged. Plasma T3 decreased in both species. In vitro hepatic outer ring deiodinating type I (ORD-I) activity was not influenced by the food restriction, suggesting that the amount of ORD-I enzyme present in the liver remained unchanged. In vitro hepatic inner ring deiodinating type III activity, on the contrary, was greatly increased in both species. This increase may contribute to the decreased circulating T3 levels by increasing the degradation of T3 and diverting the deiodination of T4 to rT3 instead of to T3.
General and Comparative Endocrinology 01/1996; 100(3):334-8. · 3.27 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Sex-linked dwarf chickens have in plasma low triiodothyronine (T3) levels and slightly raised thyroxine (T4) concentrations and are functional hypothyroid. The kinetic parameters of T4 and T3 were investigated using 125I-labeled hormones. In addition the nuclear T3-receptors in the liver were examined using a radioreceptorassay and Scatchard analysis. Four-week-old dwarf (dw) and normal (Dw) chickens were injected with 125I-labeled T3 or T4 and blood samples taken 60, 120, 180, and 300 min after 125I-T3 injection and 120, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after 125I-T4 treatment. Labeled T4 and T3 and the degradation products were separated by paper chromatography. After the paper strips were dried, the iodinated compounds were visualized and counted in the gamma counter. The kinetic parameters, the half-life time (T1/2), the apparent distribution volume (Vd) and the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) were calculated using the natural base logarithm values of the measured radioactivity plotted against time and used for linear regression. T4 was cleared from circulation more slowly in dwarf than in control chicks and reflected a longer T1/2 (21.8%) and a reduced MCR (45%). The Vd tended to be lower (34.7%) in dwarfs. While the T1/2 of T3 was longer (28.1%) in dwarf chickens than in control animals, the MCR for T3 was considerably increased (31.8%). This results from an increased Vd (63.1%) in the dwarf chicks. The T3-receptor study in the liver of dwarf and non-dwarf chickens from Week 1 to Week 4 posthatching revealed that the total capacity and the affinity constant of the binding sites were comparable in dwarf and normal chickens. However, the occupancy of the receptors was higher in the dwarf animals.
General and Comparative Endocrinology 11/1994; 96(1):140-8. · 3.27 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The characteristics of the nuclear T3 receptor in the liver of the chick embryo were studied from incubation day 18 until day 1 posthatching. Treatment of the nuclei with 3 mol.l-1 MgCl2, which removed the endogenously bound hormone, was used in order to determine the total amount of receptors. The affinity constant Ka decreased between incubation day 18 (0.996 +/- 0.276.10(9) M-1) and day 19 (0.247 +/- 0.072.10(9) M-1), remained the same thereafter until hatching and increased again on day 1 posthatching (1.846 +/- 0.928.10(9) M-1). The total amount of receptors tended to increase from incubation day 18 to day 20 non-pipping (np) (from 4.40 to 11.55 fmol/micrograms DNA) and decreased thereafter to 2.38 fmol/micrograms DNA on day 1 posthatching. The amount of free binding sites reached a maximum on day 19 (6.91 fmol/micrograms DNA) and then decreased drastically until posthatching (0.19 fmol/micrograms DNA). The maximal specific binding was found on day 20 (np), just prior to penetration of the air chamber. During the time at which the level of T3 remains high in the plasma, a reduction in the amount of receptor was observed, which may be the consequence of a down-regulation by T3 itself.
Reproduction Nutrition Development 02/1992; 32(3):297-305. · 1.90 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of a single injection of 10 micrograms chicken GH on circulating thyroid hormones as well as in vitro liver 5'-monodeiodination (5'-D) activity was studied in posthatch chicks submitted to different feeding conditions. One group was normally fed after hatching, a second group was only fed after three days and a third group was food deprived after 2 days of feeding. Combination of all results indicates that the start of food intake abolishes the stimulatory effect of a GH injection on circulating T3 and liver 5'-D activity. Food deprivation after a period of food intake restores the GH effect on plasma T3 but not on liver 5'-D.
Hormone and Metabolic Research 11/1991; 23(10):469-72. · 2.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Adult fed and starved Warren chickens, 2 yr of age, and approaching the end of the second laying year, were injected iv with 1 of the following products: 10 micrograms of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH); 100 micrograms of bovine thyrotropin (bTSH); 100 micrograms of ovine growth hormone (oGH); saline. The influence on plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) or chicken GH (cGH) were followed. Prior to injection, it was clear from the control values that starvation for 3 d decreased plasma levels of T3 and increased cGH, whereas 7 d of fasting increased T4 and cGH. The plasma levels of cGH were elevated greater than 10-fold at 15 min following the TRH challenge in food-deprived chickens compared to a less than 4-fold increase in normal fed hens. This increase was followed by a rise in T3 after 1 h, which was also more pronounced in the starved animals, whereas T4 decreased or remained unaffected. Increases in T4 can, however, be obtained with 100 micrograms TSH in normal fed (2-fold) or starved animals (greater than 3-fold). Following injection of 100 micrograms oGH, a significant increase in T3 levels was observed which in fed animals was already present at 30 min, but the higher levels persisted for 1 and 2 h in fed and starved hens. At the same time, a decrease in T4 was observed in both groups of GH-treated chickens. It is concluded that TRH at the dose used is not thyrotropic but has a somatotropic effect and is responsible for the peripheral conversion of T4 into T3.
Reproduction Nutrition Development 02/1991; 31(4):431-9. · 1.90 Impact Factor
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19910409.
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ABSTRACT: Differences in ovarian follicular dynamics between ewe breeds and between lines within breeds were shown to result from a different follicle recruitment and selection process. Synchrony and asynchrony of embryos were shown to depend largely on luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and oestrogen levels in ewes before, during and post-mating. GnRH therapy suggested that the endocrine environment prior to ovulation has a fundamental influence on luteal function and hence on prenatal survival (PS). The decreasing effect of multiple ovulation on uterine efficiency was higher in androstenedione-immune Border Leicester×Merino (BL×M) than in immunized BL×Booroola Merino (BM) ewes. Exogenous progesterone increased lambing rate in Polypay (P) but not in Targhee ewes. The 200% of maintenance feeding level reduced plasma progesterone concentrations on day 12 near the threshold critical for embryo survival in M ewes but not in BL×Scottish Blackface ewes. The latter maintained pregnancy rate (PR) and PS at the same levels as the controls. In unilaterally twin ovulating ewes, foetal mortality was significantly lower in ewes in which distributive embryo migration occurred. Within this ovarian class, survival was lower in the Cheviot, probably because of a lower migration frequency, than in the Blackface breed. More embryos migrated in unilaterally twin ovulating M ewes in autumn than in summer mating, with a higher incidence of loss of one embryo in the latter season. A higher incidence of successful migration was observed in unilaterally twin ovulating BL×M than in M ewes. The higher mortality of a migrating embryo, compared with the nonmigrating, was attributed to an asynchronous environment in the contralateral horn, since ovine trophoblastine (oTP-1) might have preferentially altered the uterine environment of the ipsilateral horn. Studies on oTP-1 and protein in uterine flushings and on conceptus development at day 13 in ewes that displayed short or long oestrous cycles, as well as further studies on unilaterally ovariectomized ewes with two or three conceptuses, suggest that the ovine embryo stimulates the migratory process locally, in interaction with the dam. This review raises the question whether and to what degree pre-, peri-, as well as, post-ovulatory phenomena and the site of ovulation can be interacting factors for determining PS, especially in multiple ovulating sheep as a function of breed and breed–environment interactions.
Small Ruminant Research.
