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ABSTRACT: Fluorescence characteristics of a biologically active natural alkaloid, luotonin A (LuA), were studied by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods. The rate constant of the radiationless deactivation from the singlet-excited state diminished by more than one order of magnitude when the solvent polarity was changed from toluene to water. Dual emission was found in polyfluorinated alcohols of large hydrogen bond donating ability due to photoinitiated proton displacement along the hydrogen bond. In CH2Cl2, LuA produced both 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 hydrogen-bonded complexes with hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) in the ground state. Photoexcitation of the 1 : 2 complex led to protonated LuA, whose fluorescence appeared at a long wavelength. LuA served as a bidentate ligand forming 1 : 1 complexes with metal ions in acetonitrile. The stability of the complexes diminished in the series of Cd(2+) > Zn(2+) > Ag(+), and upon competitive binding of water to the metal cations. The effect of chelate formation on the fluorescent properties was revealed.
Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 03/2013; · 2.58 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of 1:1 complex formation on the photochromic behavior of the merocyanine isomer of a nitro-substituted spirobenzopyran dye was studied in aqueous solution using 4-sulfonatocalixarene (SCXn) cavitands possessing four or eight phenol units. The binding constants were independent of the size of the macrocycle, and about 7-fold more stable associates were produced at pH 2.3 than in slightly alkaline solution. The complexation with SCXn diminished the acidity of protonated merocyanine (trans-MCH(+)) and precluded its photoinitiated transition to spirobenzopyran form, but did not affect the reactions in basic media. Upon exposure to light, the complexed trans-MCH(+) was converted to cis isomer. The association with 4-sulfonatocalix[4]arene slowed down the thermal back reaction in the dark to a larger extent than the confinement to 4-sulfonatocalix[8]arene. Both the activation energy and the Arrhenius A factor were significantly larger when the smaller, more rigid macrocycle served as a host.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 01/2013; · 3.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) on the spiropyran-merocyanine photochromic interconversion was studied in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions. The merocyanine (MC) isomer was found to be the thermodynamically most stable form both in water and in the presence of CB7. A preferential binding of the protonated merocyanine (MCH(+) ) to CB7 was observed with an equilibrium constant of 7.4 × 10(4) m(-1) , and the complex formation led to significant diminution of acidity of the guest. The photoinduced transformation of MCH(+) to the spiropyran isomer was accelerated 2.3-fold upon addition of CB7, whereas the rates of the other photochromic processes were not affected. The partial inclusion of MCH(+) in CB7 led to dual fluorescence due to the incomplete deprotonation in the singlet-excited state.
Photochemistry and Photobiology 05/2012; · 2.41 Impact Factor
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 12/2011; 116(2):899-900; discussion 901. · 2.95 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The effect of inclusion complex formation on the photochromic behavior of a spirobenzopyran dye and its merocyanine isomer was studied in aqueous solution using cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) as a host. The merocyanine (MC) and protonated merocyanine (MCH(+)) were the most stable forms both in water and inside the cavity of CB8. The equilibrium constant of 1:1 complexation with CB8 was found to be 1.7 × 10(5) and 2.0 × 10(6) M(-1) for the former and latter species, respectively. The encapsulation led to significant change in the rate of the photoinduced and thermal photochromic transformations and hindered the hydrolysis of MC. The effect of CB8 on the reaction kinetics strongly altered with pH. The transition from the spiropyran form to trans-MC in a thermal reaction had 33 kJ mol(-1) lower activation energy and more than 5 orders of magnitude smaller Arrhenius pre-exponential factor in CB8 than in water.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 09/2011; 115(43):12577-83. · 3.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The photooxidation of sanguinarine, coralyne and berberine was studied in oxygenated alkaline methanol solutions. Rose bengal as photosensitizer significantly accelerates the process, indicating the importance of singlet molecular oxygen in the reaction mechanism. The quantum yield of sensitized oxidation was found to increase significantly with pH and reaches 0.4 for berberine at pH 13.8. The direct oxidation of alkaloids is less efficient, the quantum yield does not exceed 0.01 even in oxygen-saturated solutions. The photoinduced electron ejection does not play a role in the oxidation. The uncharged pseudobase forms, which are present in alkaline medium, are oxidized much more easily than the alkaloid cations.
Photochemistry and Photobiology 08/2011; 87(6):1315-20. · 2.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The encapsulation of biologically important compounds in the cavity of cucurbit[7]urils (CB7) brings about a variety of effects. The binding of lumichrome to CB7 promotes the tautomerization from alloxazine- to isoalloxazine-type structure in the ground-state, leading to substantial changes in the absorption and fluorescence properties. Even partial embedding in CB7 macrocycle is able to protect sanguinarine, a natural alkaloid, against nucleophilic addition and photooxidation. The inclusion of berberine in CB7 results in about 500-fold enhancement of its fluorescence intensity, and the change in its fluorescence decay characteristics indicates ternary complex formation with cations. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dication) is an excellent fluorescent probe for the study of the CB7 complex formation with ionic liquids, surfactants, and biologically important compounds. The binding of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ions to CB7 is strongly exothermic; both the enthalpy and the entropy change in the reaction go through a minimum when the 1-alkyl group is lengthened, reaching the smallest values for the hexyl derivative.
Israel Journal of Chemistry. 04/2011; 51(5‐6):625 - 633.
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ABSTRACT: The inclusion of sanguinarine, a biologically active natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid, in cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) was studied by NMR and ground-state absorption spectroscopy, as well as steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements in aqueous solution. The iminium form of sanguinarine (SA(+)) produces very stable 1 : 1 inclusion complex with CB7 (K = 1.0 × 10(6) M(-1)), whereas the equilibrium constant for the binding of the second CB7 is about 3 orders of magnitude smaller. Marked fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime enhancements are found upon encapsulation of SA(+) due to the deceleration of the radiationless deactivation from the single-excited state, but the fluorescent properties of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes barely differ. The equilibrium between the iminium and alkanolamine forms is shifted 3.69 pK unit upon addition of CB7 as a consequence of the preferential encapsulation of the iminium form and the protection of the 6 position of sanguinarine against the nucleophilic attack by hydroxide anion. On the basis of thermodynamic cycle, about 225 M(-1) is estimated for the equilibrium constant of the complexation between the alkanolamine form of sanguinarine (SAOH) and CB7. The confinement in the CB7 macrocycle can be used to impede the nucleophilic addition of OH(-) to SA(+) and to hinder the photooxidation of SAOH.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 02/2011; 9(4):1061-70. · 3.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of flavopereirine, a pharmaceutically important natural alkaloid, were studied to reveal how the complex formation and the change of the microenvironment affect the deactivation kinetics from the singlet-excited state. The fluorescence lifetime was not influenced by the ionic strength, but a significant deuterium effect was observed showing that hydrogen bonding in the singlet-excited state promoted energy dissipation. Nucleotides caused both static and dynamic quenching. The rate constant of the latter process increased when the nucleobase was capable of donating electron to the excited flavopereirine. The spectrophotometric measurements provided evidence for non-cooperative binding to double-stranded DNA with an equilibrium constant of 4.6 × 10(5) M(-1). Time-resolved fluorescence signals showed that three kinds of complexes are formed with distinct fluorescence lifetimes. Flavopereirine binding to chondroitin sulfate was also found, which led to different fluorescence characteristics at pH 2 and 6.
Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 01/2011; 10(4):592-600. · 2.58 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The binding of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ions (Cnmim+) to p-sulfonato-substituted calix[4]arene (SCX4) and calix[6]arene (SCX6) was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry in aqueous solution at 298 K. The complexation had 1:1 stoichiometry and was enthalpy driven for all cations. The equilibrium constants of inclusion were determined at pH 6.5 and compared to those previously reported at pH 2. The driving force of encapsulation showed smaller pH dependence for SCX4 than for SCX6. The binding enthalpy changed only slightly when the 1-alkyl moiety of the imidazolium ring was lengthened and did not depend on the size of the calixarene macrocycle. The complexation with SCX4 caused smaller entropy loss and steeper linear enthalpy-entropy correlation.
Thermochimica Acta 01/2011; 523(1-2):227-231. · 1.80 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The photoprocesses of berberine, palmatine, coralyne, sanguinarine, flavopereirine and ellipticine were studied in several solvents. The quantum yields Φ(Δ) of singlet molecular oxygen formation of berberine, palmatine and sanguinarine are moderate in dichloromethane (0.2-0.6) and much smaller in acetonitrile or trifluoroethanol. For the other alkaloids examined, Φ(Δ) is rather independent of solvent polarity. The direct and ketone-sensitized photolysis, using steady-state irradiation at 313 nm or 248/308 nm laser pulses, was studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Thereby, radicals were observed yielding eventually dihydro derivatives as major products, which are thermally back-converted on admission of oxygen. The quantum yield of conversion of alkaloids to dihydroalkaloids is enhanced in the presence of triethylamine. The reaction in the presence of ketones and electron or H-atom donors has a quantum yield of close to unity.
Photochemistry and Photobiology 12/2010; 87(2):284-91. · 2.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The encapsulation of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in the cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) cavity was studied by absorption, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopic methods in aqueous solution. The profound change in the fluorescence characteristics was attributed to the formation of a very stable 1:1 inclusion complex. Three independent methods provided (1.1+/-0.1)x10(7) M(-1) value for the binding constant. DAPI proved to be an excellent fluorescent probe for the investigation of the competitive binding of ionic liquids, surfactants, and biologically important compounds to CB7. The equilibrium constant of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium inclusion was found to go through a maximum as the aliphatic chain length was increased, reaching the highest value for the hexyl derivative. The variation of the anion had a small effect. Among cationic surfactants containing a dodecyl tail, the stability of CB7 complex diminished with the growing hydrophobicity of the head group.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 02/2009; 113(6):1645-51. · 3.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Association of ionic liquids possessing n-octyl moiety either in the cation or in the anion has been studied in aqueous solution with conductivity and turbidity measurements as well as using 2-hydroxy-substituted Nile Red solvatochromic probe. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate was found to act as a surfactant above 0.031 M critical micelle concentration. In contrast, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride produced inhomogeneous solution of larger aggregates, which were dissolved on the addition of more than 2:1 molar excess of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) due to mixed micelle formation. Even small amount (<10 mM) of ionic liquids could markedly reduce the polarity of the Stern layer of SDS micelle.
Chemical Physics Letters.
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ABSTRACT: Association of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (CnMImBr) ionic liquids has been studied in aqueous solution at 298 K. Micelle formation was proved by conductivity measurements and fluorescent probes. Mean aggregation number of micelles was determined by pyrene fluorescence quenching method. Linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the number of carbon atoms in the surfactant hydrocarbon chain. The cmc values of ionic liquids were between those of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (CnTAB) and sodium alkyl sulfates possessing the same alkyl tail. The fluorescent behavior of pyrene probe indicated higher polarity in CnMImBr micelles than in the corresponding CnTAB micelles. The interfacial layer of ionic liquid micelles was also characterized using the highly fluorescent, solvatochromic 2-hydroxy-substituted Nile Red dye.
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects.
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ABSTRACT: The fluorescent properties of 2-hydroxy Nile red dye (HONR) proved to be highly sensitive to the basicity of hydrogen bond acceptors. Fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence decay profiles were measured as the function of the concentration of organic nitrogen compounds in solvents of various polarities. The detailed mechanism and the kinetics of the fluorescence quenching were revealed with the combined analysis of the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic data. The relative contribution of the competing reaction steps was found to be very sensitive to the basicity of the additive and to solvent polarity. The most profound change appeared in the unimolecular deactivation pathways of the excited hydrogen-bonded HONR, whereas the formation rate of this species varied to a lesser extent. The dissociation into excited HONR and ground-state base was able to compete with the energy dissipation only when 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine was used as hydrogen bond acceptor in toluene. The bimolecular quenching of the excited hydrogen-bonded complex played significant role in apolar solvents. Proton displacement along the hydrogen bond in the excited complex led to excited ion pairs in polar media.
Photochemistry and Photobiology 81(5):1212-8. · 2.41 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Addition of cucurbit[7]uril to an aqueous solution of lumichrome led to the formation of a new red-shifted band in both the absorption and fluorescence spectra indicating that binding to this rigid macrocyclic host facilitated the partial transformation into isoalloxazine-type structure. Global analysis of the results of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric titrations provided log K = 3.92 ± 0.06 for the logarithm of the equilibrium constant of 1:1 association. The dual fluorescence of the complex was quenched by protons in a diffusion-controlled process. Cucurbit[7]uril was found to exert negligible effect on the deprotonation of lumichrome in basic solution.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 207(1):47-51.
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ABSTRACT: Remarkably, strong binding of lumichrome to fluoride and acetate anions has been found even in such a polar solvent as acetonitrile. Global analysis of the spectrophotometric titration data proved that both 1:1 and 1:2 lumichrome–anion complexes are formed. Interaction with the second anion in the ground state led to isoalloxazine-like absorption and fluorescence spectra because of the anion-promoted electron density redistribution in the heterocyclic rings. The lifetime and the quantum yield of the fluorescence for the excited 1:2 complex closely agreed with the value previously reported for lumiflavine, an analogous compound with isoalloxazine structure, providing further evidence for the anion-induced tautomerization. Effect of water on the complex formation was also revealed.
Chemical Physics Letters 411:238-242. · 2.34 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Novel positively charged naphthalimide derivatives were synthesized, in which N-methylpyridinium substituent was attached to the dicarboximide moiety. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were studied, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence yields and triplet yields were determined in acetonitrile and CH2Cl2. Ion-pairing was found to markedly alter the photophysical properties in the latter solvent. The association with iodide counterion decreased the radiative rate constant. The triplet formation was much more rapid for the 2,3-isomers, whereas the 1,2-derivatives emitted stronger fluorescence. The rate of internal conversion proved to be more than one order of magnitude higher for all N-methylpyridinium derivatives compared with that of the parent compounds, which might indicate that the significantly smaller energy gap between the S1 and S2 excited states led to more efficient excited state relaxation.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 182(1):99-106.
