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ABSTRACT: Low B-vitamin status and high levels of serum homocysteine are found in depressed inpatients, but results of population-based studies of this association are inconclusive. We investigated whether a low dietary intake of B(6-9-12) vitamins and high levels of serum homocysteine are associated with depressive symptoms in elderly men.
The study sample included a total of 332 men aged 70-90 years who were free from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at baseline in 1990. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale at baseline in 1990 and dietary factors with the crosscheck dietary history method in 1985 and 1990. Serum levels of homocysteine were obtained in 1985. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed.
Dietary intake of folate (-1.19, 95% CI -2.03; -0.36) and vitamin B(6) (-2.09, 95% CI -2.92; -1.26) per standard deviation increase was associated with lower levels of serum homocysteine, while vitamin B(12) was not associated with serum homocysteine. Intake of folate, vitamin B(6), vitamin B(12) and levels of serum homocysteine were not related to depressive symptoms.
Our results do not support the hypothesis that a low dietary intake of B(6-9-12) vitamins and high levels of serum homocysteine are related to depression in healthy elderly men.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 06/2007; 62(8):939-45. · 2.46 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Objective: Low B-vitamin status and high levels of serum homocysteine are found in depressed inpatients, but results of population-based studies of this association are inconclusive. We investigated whether a low dietary intake of B6-9-12 vitamins and high levels of serum homocysteine are associated with depressive symptoms in elderly men. Methods: The study sample included a total of 332 men aged 70¿90 years who were free from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at baseline in 1990. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale at baseline in 1990 and dietary factors with the crosscheck dietary history method in 1985 and 1990. Serum levels of homocysteine were obtained in 1985. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Dietary intake of folate (-1.19, 95% CI -2.03; -0.36) and vitamin B6 (-2.09, 95% CI -2.92; -1.26) per standard deviation increase was associated with lower levels of serum homocysteine, while vitamin B12 was not associated with serum homocysteine. Intake of folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and levels of serum homocysteine were not related to depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results do not support the hypothesis that a low dietary intake of B6-9-12 vitamins and high levels of serum homocysteine are related to depression in healthy elderly men.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007).
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Hart Bulletin 40 (2009) 1.
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M.H. Kamphuis
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Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (2006) 14.
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ABSTRACT: Background: Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in vascular patients as well as in the general population. We investigated whether autonomic dysfunction could explain this relationship. Design: The Finland, Italy and The Netherlands Elderly (FINE) Study is a prospective cohort study. Methods: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale in 870 men, aged 70-90 years, free of CVD and diabetes in 1990. Resting heart rate was determined from a 15-30-s resting electrocardiogram in The Netherlands and Italy and as pulse rate in Finland. In addition, in The Netherlands, heart-rate variability (HRV) and QTc interval were determined. Results: At baseline, depressive symptoms were associated with an increase in resting heart rate, and nonsignificantly with low HRV and prolonged QTc interval. After 10 years of follow-up, 233 (27%) men died from CVD. Prospectively, an increase in resting heart rate with 1 SD was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.38]. In addition, low HRV (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61-1.01) and prolonged QTc interval (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) per SD were associated with cardiovascular mortality. The increased risk of depressive symptoms for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.21-1.58) did not change after adjustments for several indicators of autonomic dysfunction. Conclusion: This study suggests that mild depressive symptoms are associated with autonomic dysfunction in elderly men. The increased risk of cardiovascular mortality with increasing magnitude of depressive symptoms could, however, not be explained by autonomic dysfunction.
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 14 (2007) 6.
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms have been suggested to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but this may reflect reversed causality. We investigated to what extent depressive symptoms are a true risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in elderly men. DESIGN: The Finland, Italy and Netherlands Elderly (FINE) study is a prospective cohort study conducted in Finland, Italy and The Netherlands. METHODS: Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung self-rating Depression Scale in 799 elderly men, aged 70-90 years, free from cardiovascular diseases. Using Cox models, hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for specific cardiovascular mortality endpoints. The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, stratified on country and repeated after exclusion of men who died from cardiovascular diseases up to 5 years after baseline. RESULTS: During 10-years of follow-up 224 (28%) men died from cardiovascular diseases. The adjusted hazard for a five-point increase in depressive symptoms was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.23] for cardiovascular mortality. This risk was stronger for mortality from stroke (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.19-1.53) and heart failure (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.00-1.35) in comparison with mortality from coronary heart disease (HR 1.08; 95% CI 0.97-1.20) and other degenerative heart diseases (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.91-1.23). Exclusion of men who died from cardiovascular diseases within 5 years after baseline did not change the strength of the associations. There were no significant differences in HRs between northern and southern Europe. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further and more convincing prospective evidence for depressive symptoms as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in elderly men.
European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 13 (2006) 2.
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ABSTRACT: Background Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. We investigated to what extent subjective health status explained the apparent association between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular mortality in older European men. Methods Data were used from the population-based prospective Finland, Italy and the Netherlands Elderly (FINE) Study. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale in 909 men, aged 70¿90 years, free of CVD and diabetes in 1990. Subjective health status was estimated with a single question on self-rated health and with a standardized questionnaire about activities of daily living. Cardiovascular mortality was determined during ten years of follow-up. Results At baseline, poor self-rated health and more disability in activities of daily living were both associated with more depressive symptoms using multiple linear regression analysis. Prospectively men who reported to be unhealthy or with moderate to severe disability had an approximately 2.5 times higher risk of cardiovascular mortality using Cox regression analysis. An increase in depressive symptoms by one standard deviation was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.21¿1.56). A substantial part of this association was explained by self-rated health and disability (proportion explained 0.32; 95% CI 0.09¿0.55). However, a significant risk of depressive symptoms on cardiovascular mortality remained (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09¿1.43) after adjustment for subjective health status. Limitations Health status is based on subjective measures. Conclusions In older men, subjective health status explains a considerable part of the association between depression and risk of cardiovascular mortality
Journal of Affective Disorders 114 (2009) 1-3.