X.W. Huijsdens

Publications of X.W. Huijsdens

• Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase- and AmpC-producing clinical isolates derived from companion animals and horses.

  Authors: C M Dierikx, E van Duijkeren, A H W Schoormans, A van Essen-Zandbergen, K Veldman, A Kant, X W Huijsdens, K van der Zwaluw, J A Wagenaar, D J Mevius

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 03/2012;

  OBJECTIVES: To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in clinical samples of companion animals andOBJECTIVES: To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in clinical samples of companion animals and horses and compare the results with ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates described in humans. METHODS: Between October 2007 and August 2009, 2700 Enterobacteriaceae derived from clinical infections in companion animals and horses were collected. Isolates displaying inhibition zones of ≤25 mm for ceftiofur and/or cefquinome by disc diffusion were included. ESBL/AmpC production was confirmed by combination disc tests. The presence of resistance genes was identified by microarray, PCR and sequencing, Escherichia coli genotypes by multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. RESULTS: Sixty-five isolates from dogs (n = 38), cats (n = 14), horses (n = 12) and a turtle were included. Six Enterobacteriaceae species were observed, mostly derived from urinary tract infections (n = 32). All except 10 isolates tested resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime by broth microdilution using clinical breakpoints. ESBL/AmpC genes observed were bla(CTX-M-1, -2, -9, -14, -15,) bla(TEM-52), bla(CMY-2) and bla(CMY-)(39). bla(CTX-M-1) was predominant (n = 17). bla(CTX-M-9) occurred in combination with qnrA1 in 3 of the 11 Enterobacter cloacae isolates. Twenty-eight different E. coli sequence types (STs) were found. E. coli carrying bla(CTX-M-1) belonged to 13 STs of which 3 were previously described in Dutch poultry and patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study among a large collection of Dutch companion animals and horses characterizing ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. A similarity in resistance genes and E. coli STs among these isolates and isolates from Dutch poultry and humans may suggest exchange of resistance between different reservoirs.

• Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in The Netherlands.

  Authors: M N Mulders, A P J Haenen, P L Geenen, P C Vesseur, E S Poldervaart, T Bosch, X W Huijsdens, P D Hengeveld, W D C Dam-Deisz, E A M Graat, D Mevius, A Voss, A W Van De Giessen

  Epidemiology and infection. 05/2010; 138(5):743-55.

  To determine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in poultry and slaughterhouse personnel, 40 Dutch broiler flocks, in six slaughterhouses and 466 personnel were sampled. OfTo determine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in poultry and slaughterhouse personnel, 40 Dutch broiler flocks, in six slaughterhouses and 466 personnel were sampled. Of the employees, 26 were positive (5.6%), indicating a higher risk of exposure when compared to the general Dutch population (0.1%). This risk was significantly higher for personnel having contact with live animals (5.2%) - especially hanging broilers on the slaughterline (20.0%) - than for all other personnel (1.9%). Conventional electric stunning conferred a significantly higher risk of MRSA carriage for employees than CO2 stunning (9.7% vs. 2.0%). A total of 405 broilers were sampled upon their arrival at the slaughterhouse, of which 6.9% were positive. These broilers originated from 40 Dutch slaughter flocks of which 35.0% were positive. MRSA contamination in the different compartments of slaughterhouses increased during the production day, from 8% to 35%. Of the 119 MRSA isolates, predominantly livestock-associated MRSA ST398 was found, although 27.7% belonged to ST9 (spa type t1430). There is an increased risk of MRSA carriage in personnel working at broiler slaughterhouses, particularly those having contact with live animals.

• High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands.

  Authors: B A G L Van Cleef, E M Broens, A Voss, X W Huijsdens, L Züchner, B H B Van Benthem, J A J W Kluytmans, M N Mulders, A W Van De Giessen

  Epidemiology and infection. 02/2010; 138(5):756-63.

  Livestock-associated MRSA has been found in various animals, livestock farmers and retail meat. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of nasal MRSA carriage in pigLivestock-associated MRSA has been found in various animals, livestock farmers and retail meat. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of nasal MRSA carriage in pig slaughterhouse workers. Three large pig slaughterhouses in The Netherlands were studied in 2008 using human and environmental samples. The overall prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in employees of pig slaughterhouses was 5.6% (14/249) (95% CI 3.4-9.2) and working with live pigs was the single most important factor for being MRSA positive (OR 38.2, P<0.0001). At the start of the day MRSA was only found in environmental samples from the lairages (10/12), whereas at the end of the day MRSA was found in the lairages (11/12), the dirty (5/12) and clean (3/12) areas and green offal (1/3). The MRSA status of the environmental samples correlated well with the MRSA status of humans working in these sections (r=0.75). In conclusion, a high prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage was found in pig-slaughterhouse workers, and working with live pigs is the most important risk factor. Exact transmission routes from animals to humans remain to be elucidated in order to enable application of targeted preventive measures.

• In vitro activity of tigecycline against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including livestock-associated strains.

  Authors: E J M Verkade, C J M M Verhulst, X W Huijsdens, J A J W Kluytmans

  European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 02/2010; 29(5):503-7.

  The in vitro activity of tigecycline was determined using a well-defined collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (n = 202), including 33 livestock-associatedThe in vitro activity of tigecycline was determined using a well-defined collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (n = 202), including 33 livestock-associated strains. Susceptibility testing was performed using the Etest system. Among the 202 MRSA strains, three (1.5%) had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for tigecycline greater than 0.5 mg/l, which are considered to be resistant. When these strains were tested using Iso-Sensitest medium, the MICs were substantially lower and no resistance was found. This discrepancy warrants further investigations into the preferred test conditions for tigecycline. In conclusion, tigecycline showed good activity against MRSA strains in vitro.

• Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat.

  Authors: E de Boer, J T M Zwartkruis-Nahuis, B Wit, X.W. Huijsdens, A J de Neeling, T Bosch, R A A van Oosterom, A Vila, A E Heuvelink

  International journal of food microbiology. 01/2009;

  Recently the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from several food-producing animals has been reported. During slaughtering of MRSA-positive animals, contaminationRecently the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from several food-producing animals has been reported. During slaughtering of MRSA-positive animals, contamination of carcasses with MRSA may occur and consequently the meat of these animals may get contaminated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in raw meat samples from the retail trade. Samples of raw beef, pork, veal, lamb/mutton, chicken, turkey, fowl and game were collected from the retail trade. A detection method including a two-step enrichment in Mueller-Hinton broth+6.5% NaCl and phenol red mannitol broth containing ceftizoxime and aztreonam, followed by isolation on MRSA ID agar (bioMérieux) was evaluated and subsequently applied for the detection of MRSA in samples of raw meats. MRSA strains were isolated from 264 (11.9%) of 2217 samples analyzed. Isolation percentages for the meat species were: beef (10.6%), veal (15.2%), lamb and mutton (6.2%), pork (10.7%), chicken (16.0%), turkey (35.3%), fowl (3.4%) and game (2.2%). The majority (85%) of the isolated strains belonged to spa-types of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) non-typeable (NT)-MRSA, corresponding to the multilocus sequence type ST398, a type also recently isolated in the Netherlands from pigs. However, a smaller part of these strains were found to be of other ST's, possibly of human origin. Further studies are needed to elucidate transmission routes of MRSA in relation to meat and other foods and to provide the tools for preventing the spread of MRSA. At present the high prevalence of MRSA in meat has not been shown to contribute significantly to the dissemination of MRSA to humans and the possible health hazard for consumers of the presence of MRSA in foods should be further elucidated.

• Molecular characterisation of PFGE non-typable methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in The Netherlands, 2007.

  Authors: X.W. Huijsdens, T Bosch, M G van Santen-Verheuvel, E. Spalburg, G N Pluister, M van Luit, M E O C Heck, A Haenen, A J de Neeling

  Euro surveillance : bulletin européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 01/2009; 14(38).

  In 2007 in The Netherlands, 30% of all human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sent to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment could not be typed byIn 2007 in The Netherlands, 30% of all human isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sent to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment could not be typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (non-typable (NT)-MRSA). Molecular characterisation of the NT-MRSA isolates revealed 27 different spa types and two distinct SCCmec types, type IV and V. All NT-MRSA isolates were closely related based on spa and multi-locus sequence typing and belonged to the ST398 lineage. The rapid increase of NT-MRSA (ST398) isolates over the last years shows the importance of this relatively new clonal lineage.

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms.

  Authors: I V F VAN DEN Broek, B A G L VAN Cleef, A Haenen, E.M. Broens, P J van der Wolf, M.J.M. van den Broek, X.W. Huijsdens, J A J W Kluytmans, A W van de Giessen, E.W. Tiemersma

  Epidemiology and infection. 11/2008;

  SUMMARYWe compared the prevalence of human and animal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at pig farms in The Netherlands, and related this to individual and farm-levelSUMMARYWe compared the prevalence of human and animal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at pig farms in The Netherlands, and related this to individual and farm-level characteristics. More than half of the farms investigated (28/50) had MRSA in pigs or stable dust and about one third (15/50) of person(s) were identified as MRSA carriers. Human carriage was found only on farms with MRSA-positive pigs or dust. MRSA strains in human samples were the same spa-type as found in pigs and all were not typable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NT-MRSA). Multivariate analyses showed that risk factors for human MRSA carriage were: working in pig stables (OR 40, 95% CI 8-209) and the presence of sows and finishing pigs (OR 9, 95% CI 3-30). Veterinary sample collectors sampling the pigs showed transient MRSA carriage only during the day of the farm visit. Working in pig stables with MRSA-positive pigs poses a high risk for acquiring MRSA, increasingly so when contact with live pigs is more intensive or long lasting.

• High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs.

  Authors: A J de Neeling, M.J.M. van den Broek, E C Spalburg, M G van Santen-Verheuvel, W.D.C. Dam-Deisz, H.C. Boshuizen, A W van de Giessen, E. van Duijkeren, X.W. Huijsdens

  Veterinary microbiology. 07/2007; 122(3-4):366-72.

  Recently methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pigs and pig farmers in The Netherlands. In order to assess the dissemination of MRSA in the Dutch pig population, weRecently methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pigs and pig farmers in The Netherlands. In order to assess the dissemination of MRSA in the Dutch pig population, we screened 540 pigs in 9 slaughterhouses, where a representative portion of Dutch pigs (63%) was slaughtered in 2005. We found 209 (39%) of the pigs to carry MRSA in their nares. Forty-four of 54 groups of 10 consecutive pigs (81%), each group from a different farm, and all slaughterhouses were affected. All MRSA isolates belonged to 1 clonal group, showing Multi-Locus Sequence Type 398 and closely related spa types (mainly t011, t108 and t1254). Three types of the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCCmec) were found: III (3%), IVa (39%) and V (57%). All 44 tested isolates (1 isolate per group) were resistant to tetracycline, reflecting the high and predominant use of tetracyclines in pig husbandry. Twenty-three percent of the isolates were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin and 36% to kanamycin, gentamicin and tobramycin but only a single isolate was resistant to co-trimoxazole and none to ciprofloxacin and several other antibiotics. The percentage of MRSA positive pigs was significantly different among slaughterhouses and among groups within slaughterhouses, indicating a high prevalence of MRSA in pigs delivered from the farms as well as cross contamination in the slaughterhouses.

• Multiple cases of familial transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  Authors: X.W. Huijsdens, M G van Santen-Verheuvel, E. Spalburg, M E O C Heck, G N Pluister, B A Eijkelkamp, A J de Neeling, W J B Wannet

  Journal of clinical microbiology. 09/2006; 44(8):2994-6.

  The worldwide emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) can have severe public health implications. Familial transmissions of CA-MRSA in The NetherlandsThe worldwide emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) can have severe public health implications. Familial transmissions of CA-MRSA in The Netherlands were investigated. Among the families studied, two clusters of CA-MRSA could be identified. This report demonstrates that family members can serve as reservoirs of CA-MRSA which may become a serious problem in containing the spread of MRSA.

• High interlaboratory reproducibility of DNA sequence-based typing of bacteria in a multicenter study.

  Authors: M Aires de Sousa, K Boye, H de Lencastre, A Deplano, M C Enright, J Etienne, A Friedrich, D Harmsen, A Holmes, X.W. Huijsdens [......] J K Rasheed, E. Spalburg, B Strommenger, M J Struelens, F C Tenover, J Thomas, U Vogel, H Westh, J Xu, W Witte

  Journal of clinical microbiology. 03/2006; 44(2):619-21.

  Current DNA amplification-based typing methods for bacterial pathogens often lack interlaboratory reproducibility. In this international study, DNA sequence-based typing of the Staphylococcus aureusCurrent DNA amplification-based typing methods for bacterial pathogens often lack interlaboratory reproducibility. In this international study, DNA sequence-based typing of the Staphylococcus aureus protein A gene (spa, 110 to 422 bp) showed 100% intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility without extensive harmonization of protocols for 30 blind-coded S. aureus DNA samples sent to 10 laboratories. Specialized software for automated sequence analysis ensured a common typing nomenclature.

• High interlaboratory reproducibility of DNA sequence-based typing of bacteria in a multicenter study

  Authors: M. ires-de-Sousa, K. Boye, Lencastre H. de, A. Deplano, M.C. Enright, J. Etienne, A. Friedrich, D. Harmsen, A. Holmes, X.W. Huijsdens [......] J.K. Rasheed, E. Spalburg, B. Strommenger, M.J. Struelens, F.C. Tenover, J. Thomas, U. Vogel, H. Westh, J. Xu, W. Witte

  J.Clin.Microbiol. 02/2006; 44.

  Current DNA amplification-based typing methods for bacterial pathogens often lack interlaboratory reproducibility. In this international study, DNA sequence-based typing of the Staphylococcus aureusCurrent DNA amplification-based typing methods for bacterial pathogens often lack interlaboratory reproducibility. In this international study, DNA sequence-based typing of the Staphylococcus aureus protein A gene (spa, 110 to 422 bp) showed 100% intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility without extensive harmonization of protocols for 30 blind-coded S. aureus DNA samples sent to 10 laboratories. Specialized software for automated sequence analysis ensured a common typing nomenclature

• Emergence of virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes in The Netherlands.

  Authors: W J B Wannet, E. Spalburg, M E O C Heck, G N Pluister, E Tiemersma, R.J.L. Willems, X.W. Huijsdens, A J de Neeling, J Etienne

  Journal of clinical microbiology. 08/2005; 43(7):3341-5.

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains carrying the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes have been reported worldwide and are a serious threat to public health. The PVL genesMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains carrying the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes have been reported worldwide and are a serious threat to public health. The PVL genes encode a highly potent toxin which is involved in severe skin infections and necrotizing pneumonia, even in previously healthy individuals. We assessed the prevalence of PVL-positive MRSA in The Netherlands for two periods of time: (i) 1987 through 1995 and (ii) 2000 and 2002, and determined their characteristics by using multilocus sequence typing and staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCCmec) typing. It was found that up to 15% of all MRSA isolates detected in The Netherlands harbored the PVL genes. Most PVL-positive MRSA isolates were obtained from severe soft tissue infections in relatively young individuals. The first PVL-positive MRSA described in The Netherlands, isolated in 1988, was a single-locus variant of the "Berlin" epidemic MRSA clone. The 20 PVL-positive MRSA isolates studied in 2000 and 2002 consisted of five different sequence types (STs) that belonged to four clonal complexes. One of the STs, ST80, is considered to be a widespread European clone and was the most predominant ST (60%) in this study, while ST37 had never been found to be associated with PVL-positive MRSA. Most isolates harbored SCCmec type IV, a supposed marker for community-acquired MRSA. The number and type of virulence-associated genes varied among the different STs.

• Methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in and humans pigs

  Authors: A van Belkum, D.C. Melles, J.K. Peeters, W.B. van Leeuwen, E. van Duijkeren, X.W. Huijsdens, E. Spalburg, A J de Neeling, H A Verbrugh

  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (ST398 MRSA) was identified in Dutch pigs and pig farmers. ST398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus circulates among humans at lowMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 (ST398 MRSA) was identified in Dutch pigs and pig farmers. ST398 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus circulates among humans at low frequency (0.2%) but was isolated in 3 human cases of bacteremia (2.1%; p = 0.026). Although its natural host is probably porcine, ST398 MRSA likely causes infections in humans.

• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms

  Authors: Broek, I.V.F, van den, Cleef, B.A.G.L, A Haenen, E.M. Broens, Wolf, P.J, M.J.M, X.W. Huijsdens, J A J W Kluytmans, Giessen, A.W, van de, E.W. Tiemersma

  Epidemiology and Infection 137 (2009) 5.

  We compared the prevalence of human and animal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at pig farms in The Netherlands, and related this to individual and farm-level characteristics. MoreWe compared the prevalence of human and animal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at pig farms in The Netherlands, and related this to individual and farm-level characteristics. More than half of the farms investigated (28/50) had MRSA in pigs or stable dust and about one third (15/50) of person(s) were identified as MRSA carriers. Human carriage was found only on farms with MRSA-positive pigs or dust. MRSA strains in human samples were the same spa-type as found in pigs and all were not typable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (NT-MRSA). Multivariate analyses showed that risk factors for human MRSA carriage were: working in pig stables (OR 40, 95% CI 8¿209) and the presence of sows and finishing pigs (OR 9, 95% CI 3¿30). Veterinary sample collectors sampling the pigs showed transient MRSA carriage only during the day of the farm visit. Working in pig stables with MRSA-positive pigs poses a high risk for acquiring MRSA, increasingly so when contact with live pigs is more intensive or long lasting

• Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat

  Authors: E. de Boer, J.T.M. Zwartkruis-Nahuis, B. Wit, X.W. Huijsdens, A.J. de Neeling, T. Bosch, R.A.A. van Oosterom, A. Vila, A.E. Heuvelink

  International Journal of Food Microbiology.

  Recently the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from several food-producing animals has been reported. During slaughtering of MRSA-positive animals, contaminationRecently the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from several food-producing animals has been reported. During slaughtering of MRSA-positive animals, contamination of carcasses with MRSA may occur and consequently the meat of these animals may get contaminated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in raw meat samples from the retail trade.Samples of raw beef, pork, veal, lamb/mutton, chicken, turkey, fowl and game were collected from the retail trade. A detection method including a two-step enrichment in Mueller–Hinton broth + 6.5% NaCl and phenol red mannitol broth containing ceftizoxime and aztreonam, followed by isolation on MRSA ID agar (bioMérieux) was evaluated and subsequently applied for the detection of MRSA in samples of raw meats.MRSA strains were isolated from 264 (11.9%) of 2217 samples analyzed. Isolation percentages for the meat species were: beef (10.6%), veal (15.2%), lamb and mutton (6.2%), pork (10.7%), chicken (16.0%), turkey (35.3%), fowl (3.4%) and game (2.2%). The majority (85%) of the isolated strains belonged to spa-types of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) non-typeable (NT)-MRSA, corresponding to the multilocus sequence type ST398, a type also recently isolated in the Netherlands from pigs. However, a smaller part of these strains were found to be of other ST's, possibly of human origin.Further studies are needed to elucidate transmission routes of MRSA in relation to meat and other foods and to provide the tools for preventing the spread of MRSA. At present the high prevalence of MRSA in meat has not been shown to contribute significantly to the dissemination of MRSA to humans and the possible health hazard for consumers of the presence of MRSA in foods should be further elucidated.

• High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs

  Authors: A.J. de Neeling, M.J.M. van den Broek, E.C. Spalburg, M.G. van Santen-Verheuvel, W.D.C. Dam-Deisz, H.C. Boshuizen, A.W. van de Giessen, E. van Duijkeren, X.W. Huijsdens

  Veterinary Microbiology.

  Recently methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pigs and pig farmers in The Netherlands. In order to assess the dissemination of MRSA in the Dutch pig population, weRecently methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from pigs and pig farmers in The Netherlands. In order to assess the dissemination of MRSA in the Dutch pig population, we screened 540 pigs in 9 slaughterhouses, where a representative portion of Dutch pigs (63%) was slaughtered in 2005. We found 209 (39%) of the pigs to carry MRSA in their nares. Forty-four of 54 groups of 10 consecutive pigs (81%), each group from a different farm, and all slaughterhouses were affected.All MRSA isolates belonged to 1 clonal group, showing Multi-Locus Sequence Type 398 and closely related spa types (mainly t011, t108 and t1254). Three types of the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCCmec) were found: III (3%), IVa (39%) and V (57%). All 44 tested isolates (1 isolate per group) were resistant to tetracycline, reflecting the high and predominant use of tetracyclines in pig husbandry. Twenty-three percent of the isolates were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin and 36% to kanamycin, gentamicin and tobramycin but only a single isolate was resistant to co-trimoxazole and none to ciprofloxacin and several other antibiotics.The percentage of MRSA positive pigs was significantly different among slaughterhouses and among groups within slaughterhouses, indicating a high prevalence of MRSA in pigs delivered from the farms as well as cross contamination in the slaughterhouses.

• Project 13: MRSA-transmissie tijdens transport en in het slachthuis

  Authors: E.M. Broens, E.A.M. Graat, Jong, M.C.M, X.W. Huijsdens, D.J. Mevius, Wolf

  Veegerelateerde MRSA: epidemiologie in dierlijke productieketens, transmissie naar de mens en karakterisatie van de kloon.

• High prevalence of MRSA in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs

  Authors: Cleef, B.A, E.M. Broens, A Voss, X.W. Huijsdens, L. Zuechner, Benthem, B.H, J A Kluytmans, M.N. Mulders, Giessen, A.W, van de

• Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats living on pig farms

  Authors: Bosch, van den, Santen-Verheuvel, M.G, P.D. Hengeveld, X.W. Huijsdens, E.M. Broens, C.B. Reusken, Giessen, A.W, van de

• High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs

  Authors: A J de Neeling, M.J.M. van den Broek, E. Spalburg, M G van Santen-Verheuvel, W.D.C. Dam-Deisz, H.C. Boshuizen, A. van der Giessen, E. van Duijkeren, X.W. Huijsdens