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ABSTRACT: A facultative anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-positive, coccus-shaped bacterium was isolated from an abscess on the right foot of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The colonies were β-haemolytic. Catalase and oxidase were negative. Lancefield group B antigen was expressed. On the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics, the bacterium was tentatively identified as a streptococcal species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the bacterium shared 96.7%, 96.4%, 96.1%, 95.8% and 95.7% similarities with S. gordonii, S. cristatus, S. intermedius, S. anginosus and S. constellatus, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (ddl), the β-subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (sodA) revealed that the bacterium represents a novel species closely related to, albeit different from, S. gordonii, S. cristatus, and the anginosus streptococci. The name Streptococcus troglodytidis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M09-11185T (=ATCC BAA-2337T =KCTC 33006T).
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 03/2012; · 2.11 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A 3-month-old fawn from a group of 12 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) displaying cutaneous lesions was presented to the Mississippi Veterinary Research & Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Postmortem examination identified multiple discrete, round, alopecic, flat, proliferative dermal lesions scattered along the skin of the lips, muzzle, pinna, ventral thorax, medial limbs, and most notably the abdomen. Multiple ulcers were present on the commissures of the lips, dorsal surface of the tongue, and left caudal buccal surface of the oral cavity. The abdomen was filled with fibrinopurulent exudate and ruminal contents. Multiple to coalescing transmural ulcers were identified in the rumen. Histopathological evaluation of the skin revealed markedly thickened epidermis and focal areas of superficial dermal fibrosis, intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions in swollen keratinocytes and lymphocytic and plasmacytic perivascular dermatitis. The rumen ulcers were surrounded with necrotic cellular debris mixed with fibrin, bacteria, hemorrhages, and a collection of mixed inflammatory cells. Some swollen ruminal mucosal epithelia had eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions. Poxvirus was isolated from the skin and rumen tissue specimens. Electron microscopy detected viral particles with poxvirus morphology. Polymerase chain reaction assays detected A21, a gene conserved within family Poxviridae, in the skin and rumen tissues. Phylogenic analysis of the A21 sequences indicated that the viral isolate (M10-9055) was closely related to known members of genus Cervidpoxvirus. In conclusion, findings indicate that Deerpox virus can produce extensive lesions in white-tailed deer.
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation: official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 09/2011; 23(5):965-70. · 1.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle. A successful control program requires early detection and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals. The objective of the current study was to develop, validate, and apply a cost-effective testing scheme for the detection of BVDV PI animals in exposed herds. Pooled samples were screened by using a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR), and individual positives were identified with an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACE). The detection limits of the optimized real-time RT-PCR were 10 and 100 RNA copies per reaction for BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, respectively. The semiquantitative results of real-time RT-PCR and ACE or real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were moderately correlated. The threshold cycle of real-time RT-PCR performed on pooled samples was significantly correlated with the pool size (R(2) = 0.993). The least-cost pool sizes were 50 at a prevalence of 0.25-0.5% and 25 at a prevalence of 0.75-2.0%. By using the combined real-time RT-PCR and ACE procedure, 111 of 27,932 samples (0.4%) tested positive for BVDV. At this prevalence, cost reduction associated with the application of real-time RT-PCR and ACE ranged from 61% to 94%, compared with testing individual samples by ACE, immunohistochemistry, or real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR screening also indicated that 92.94% of PI animals were infected with BVDV-1, 3.53% with BVDV-2, and 3.53% with both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. Analysis of the 5'-untranslated region of 22 isolates revealed the predominance of BVDV-1b followed by BVDV-2a.
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation: official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 01/2011; 23(1):16-25. · 1.21 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of selected cytokines and chemokines in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) was determined following in vitro infections with wild-type or type three secretion system (T3SS)-mutant Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) strains. All SE strains examined in this study elicited the expression of proinflammatory immune mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCLi1 (K60), CXCLi2 (IL-8), CCLi3 (K203), and CCLi4 (MIP-1beta). SE also triggered the expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, but repressed TGF-beta3 transcription. Both T3SS-1 (sipA and sipB) and T3SS-2 (pipB and ssaV) mutants showed reduced capacity, compared to the wild-type SE, to stimulate iNOS mRNA expression in COEC. T3SS-1 (sipA and sipB) mutants were significantly impaired in their ability to induce the expression of CXCLi1 and CXCLi2. T3SS-2 mutants displayed a wild-type phenotype in terms of modulating the expression of chemokines and cytokines in COEC. The expression of iNOS, but not CXC chemokines, correlated with the number of intracellular bacteria in COEC. Genetic complementation of the sipA mutation restored a wild-type phenotype. Thus, SE induction of CXCLi1 and CXCLi2 was sipA-dependent. These results provide enhanced insights into the complex interplay between local host innate immune system and bacterial virulence factors.
Avian Diseases 09/2009; 53(3):396-404. · 1.46 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of selected cytokines and chemokines in primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) was determined following in vitro infections with wild-type or type three secretion system (T3SS)–mutant Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) strains. All SE strains examined in this study elicited the expression of proinflammatory immune mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CXCLi1 (K60), CXCLi2 (IL-8), CCLi3 (K203), and CCLi4 (MIP-1β). SE also triggered the expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, but repressed TGF-β3 transcription. Both T3SS-1 (sipA and sipB) and T3SS-2 (pipB and ssaV) mutants showed reduced capacity, compared to the wild-type SE, to stimulate iNOS mRNA expression in COEC. T3SS-1 (sipA and sipB) mutants were significantly impaired in their ability to induce the expression of CXCLi1 and CXCLi2. T3SS-2 mutants displayed a wild-type phenotype in terms of modulating the expression of chemokines and cytokines in COEC. The expression of iNOS, but not CXC chemokines, correlated with the number of intracellular bacteria in COEC. Genetic complementation of the sipA mutation restored a wild-type phenotype. Thus, SE induction of CXCLi1 and CXCLi2 was sipA-dependent. These results provide enhanced insights into the complex interplay between local host innate immune system and bacterial virulence factors.
