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ABSTRACT: Background and AimsElucidation of the mechanisms by which plants adapt to elevated CO2 is needed; however, most studies of the mechanisms investigated the response of plants adapted to current atmospheric CO2. The rapid respiration rate of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fruits (bolls) produces a concentrated CO2 microenvironment around the bolls and bracts. It has been observed that the intercellular CO2 concentration of a whole fruit (bract and boll) ranges from 500 to 1300 µmol mol(-1) depending on the irradiance, even in ambient air. Arguably, this CO2 microenvironment has existed for at least 1·1 million years since the appearance of tetraploid cotton. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the mechanisms by which cotton bracts have adapted to elevated CO2 will indicate how plants will adapt to future increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Specifically, it is hypothesized that with elevated CO2 the capacity to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) will increase relative to RuBP carboxylation.Methods
To test this hypothesis, the morphological and physiological traits of bracts and leaves of cotton were measured, including stomatal density, gas exchange and protein contents.Key resultsCompared with leaves, bracts showed significantly lower stomatal conductance which resulted in a significantly higher water use efficiency. Both gas exchange and protein content showed a significantly greater RuBP regeneration/RuBP carboxylation capacity ratio (Jmax/Vcmax) in bracts than in leaves.Conclusions
These results agree with the theoretical prediction that adaptation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 requires increased RuBP regeneration. Cotton bracts are readily available material for studying adaption to elevated CO2.
Annals of Botany 04/2013; · 4.03 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Using radioactively labelled amino acids to investigate repair of photoinactivated photosystem II (PS II) gives only a relative rate of repair, while using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters yields a repair rate coefficient for an undefined, variable location within the leaf tissue. Here, we report on a whole-tissue determination of the rate coefficient of photoinactivation k i , and that of repair k r in cotton leaf discs. The method assays functional PS II via a P700 kinetics area associated with PS I, as induced by a single-turnover, saturating flash superimposed on continuous background far-red light. The P700 kinetics area, directly proportional to the oxygen yield per single-turnover, saturating flash, was used to obtain both k i and k r . The value of k i , directly proportional to irradiance, was slightly higher when CO2 diffusion into the abaxial surface (richer in stomata) was blocked by contact with water. The value of k r , sizable in darkness, changed in the light depending on which surface was blocked by contact with water. When the abaxial surface was blocked, k r first peaked at moderate irradiance and then decreased at high irradiance. When the adaxial surface was blocked, k r first increased at low irradiance, then plateaued, before increasing markedly at high irradiance. At the highest irradiance, k r differed by an order of magnitude between the two orientations, attributable to different extents of oxidative stress affecting repair (Nishiyama et al., EMBO J 20: 5587-5594, 2001). The method is a whole-tissue, convenient determination of the rate coefficient of photoinactivation k i and that of repair k r .
Photosynthesis Research 04/2013; · 3.24 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Taking the super-high yielding cotton fields (lint yield > or = 4000 kg x hm(-2)) in Xinjiang as the objects, this paper studied the canopy light distribution, photosynthetic rate, and dry matter accumulation at different growth stages, as well as the relationships between the characteristics of canopy light environment and the photosynthetic production. From full flowering stage to late full bolling stage, the light absorption proportion in the upper, middle and lower canopy layers in the super-high yielding cotton fields was 2:2:1, and the canopy transmission coefficients for radiation penetration and diffuse penetration were 0.20-0.55 and 0.22-0.56, respectively, being at reasonable level. The leaves in the middle and lower canopy layers could well accept light, and the leaf photosynthetic rate had little difference among different canopy layers. Compared with high yielding (3500 kg x hm(-2)) and generally high yielding (3000 kg x hm(-2)) cotton fields, super-high yielding cotton field had higher leaf area index and the highest canopy photosynthesis rate at early full boiling stage, and slowly decreased leaf area index, higher canopy photosynthesis rate, increased contribution of non-foliar organs to photosynthetic production, and larger dry matter accumulation from early boll-opening stage to full boll-opening stage. In cotton cultivation, to adjust the canopy structure for the equidistribution of light and canopy photosynthesis capacity in vertical direction could be the important strategy for the efficient utilization of absorbed light energy and the realization of super-high yielding.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 05/2012; 23(5):1286-94.
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ABSTRACT: Under severe water stress, leaf wilting is quite general in higher plants. This passive movement can reduce the energy load
on a leaf. This paper reports an experimental test of the hypothesis that leaf wilting movement has a protective function
that mitigates against photoinhibition of photosynthesis in the field. The experiments exposed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to two water regimes: water-stressed and well-watered. Leaf wilting movement occurred in water-stressed plants as the
water potential decreased to −4.1MPa, reducing light interception but maintaining comparable quantum yields of photosystem
II (PS II; Yield for short) and the proportion of total PS II centers that were open (qP). Predrawn F
v/F
m (potential quantum yield of PS II) as an indicator of overnight recovery of PS II from photoinhibition was higher than or
similar to that in well-watered plants. Compared with water-stressed cotton leaves for which wilting movement was permitted,
water-stressed cotton leaves restrained from such movement had significantly increased leaf temperature and instantaneous
CO2 assimilation rates in the short term, but reduced Yield, qP, and F
v/F
m. In the long term, predrawn F
v/F
m and CO2 assimilation capacity were reduced in water-stressed leaves restrained from wilting movement. These results suggest that,
under water stress, leaf wilting movement could reduce the incident light on leaves and their heat load, alleviate damage
to the photosynthetic apparatus due to photoinhibition, and maintain considerable carbon assimilation capacity in the long
term despite a partial loss of instantaneous carbon assimilation in the short term.
Journal of Plant Biology 04/2012; 53(1):52-60. · 1.07 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Taking cotton cultivar Xinluzao 13 as test material, a soil column culture expenment was conducted to study the effects of water storage in deeper (> 60 cm) soil layer on the root growth and its relations with the aboveground growth of the cultivar in arid area with drip irrigation under mulch. Two levels of water storage in 60-120 cm soil layer were installed, i. e., well-watered and no watering, and for each, the moisture content in 0-40 cm soil layer during growth period was controlled at two levels, i.e., 70% and 55% of field capacity. It was observed that the total root mass density of the cultivar and its root length density and root activity in 40-120 cm soil layer had significant positive correlations with the aboveground dry mass. When the moisture content in 0-40 cm soil layer during growth season was controlled at 70% of field capacity, the total root mass density under well-watered and no watering had less difference, but the root length density and root activity in 40-120 cm soil layer under well-watered condition increased, which enhanced the water consumption in deeper soil layer, increased the aboveground dry mass, and finally, led to an increased economic yield and higher water use efficiency. When the moisture content in 0-40 cm soil layer during growth season was controlled at 55% of field capacity and the deeper soil layer was well-watered, the root/shoot ratio and root length density in 40-120 cm soil layer and the root activity in 80-120 cm soil layer were higher, the water consumption in deeper soil layer increased, but it was still failed to adequately compensate for the negative effects of water deficit during growth season on the impaired growth of roots and aboveground parts, leading to a significant decrease in the economic yield, as compared with that at 70% of field capacity. Overall, sufficient water storage in deeper soil layer and a sustained soil moisture level of 65% -75% of field capacity during growth period could promote the downward growth of cotton roots, which was essential for achieving water-saving and high-yielding cultivation of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 02/2012; 23(2):395-402.
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ABSTRACT: Non-foliar green organs are recognized as important carbon sources after leaves. However, the contribution of each organ to total yield has not been comprehensively studied in relation to the time-course of changes in surface area and photosynthetic activity of different organs at different growth stages. We studied the contribution of leaves, main stem, bracts and capsule wall in cotton by measuring their time-course of surface area development, O(2) evolution capacity and photosynthetic enzyme activity. Because of the early senescence of leaves, non-foliar organs increased their surface area up to 38.2% of total at late growth stage. Bracts and capsule wall showed less ontogenetic decrease in O(2) evolution capacity per area and photosynthetic enzyme activity than leaves at the late growth stage. The total capacity for O(2) evolution of stalks and bolls (bracts plus capsule wall) was 12.7 and 23.7% (total ca. 36.4%), respectively, as estimated by multiplying their surface area by their O(2) evolution capacity per area. We also kept the bolls (from 15 days after anthesis) or main stem (at the early full bolling stage) in darkness for comparison with non-darkened controls. Darkening the bolls and main stem reduced the boll weight by 24.1 and 9%, respectively, and the seed weight by 35.9 and 16.3%, respectively. We conclude that non-foliar organs significantly contribute to the yield at the late growth stage.
Planta 09/2011; 235(2):325-36. · 3.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Aims Our principal aim was to test the hypothesis that pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and upland cotton (G. hirsutum) have different photoinhibition and photoprotection strategies due to differences in light capturing and photosynthetic characteristics.Methods We measured diurnal leaf movement, incident photon flux density (PFD) on leaves, leaf temperature, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), PSII photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and photorespiration (Pr) in pima and upland cotton.Important findings Upland cotton had higher Pn and Gs than pima cotton. Nevertheless, the ratio of photorespiration rate to gross photosynthetic rate was generally higher in pima cotton. Pima cotton and upland cotton had similar degrees of photoinhibition. Furthermore, pima cotton had generally higher thermal energy dissipation capacity than upland cotton. All results indicated that differences in leaf diaheliotropic movement and Gs in pima cotton and upland cotton resulted in differences of both incident PFD on leaves and leaf temperature. Upland cotton and pima cotton preferentially used electron transport flux and thermal energy dissipation, respectively, for light energy dissipation toward photoprotection to against photoinhibition. Nevertheless, more electron transport flux was distributed into the photorespiration pathway to prevent over-reduction of the photosynthetic electrontransport chain and photoinhibition in pima cotton.
Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. 01/2010;
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ABSTRACT: A soil column culture experiment was conducted under the ecological and climatic conditions of Xinjiang to study the effects of water storage in deeper (> 60 cm) soil layers on the root physiological characteristics and leaf photosynthetic traits of cotton variety Xinluzao 13. Two treatments were installed, i.e., well-watered and no watering. The moisture content in plough layer was controlled at 70% +/- 5% and 55% +/- 5% of field capacity by drip irrigation under mulch during growth season. It was shown that the water storage in deeper soil layers enhanced the SOD activity and the vigor of cotton root, and increased the water use efficiency of plant as well as the leaf water potential, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis rate, which finally led to a higher yield of seed cotton and higher water use efficiency. Under well-watered condition and when the moisture content in plough layer was maintained at 55% of field capacity, the senescence of roots in middle and lower soil layers was slower, and the higher root vigor compensated the negative effects of impaired photosynthesis caused by water deficit to some extent. The yield of seed cotton was lower when the moisture content in plough layer was maintained at 55% of field capacity than at 70% of field capacity, but no significant difference was observed in the water use efficiency. Our results emphasized the importance of pre-sowing irrigation in winter or in spring to increase the water storage of deeper soil layers. In addition, proper cultivation practices and less frequent drip irrigation (longer intervals between successive rounds of irrigation) were also essential for conserving irrigation water and achieving higher yield.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 06/2009; 20(6):1337-45.
