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ABSTRACT: Triple play: The title reaction of an alkyl methyl ketone and two aldehydes using chiral (S)-binapo as a Lewis base catalyst allows access to 1,5-dihydroxy-3-pentanone derivatives with multiple chiral centers in good yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities in a single operation.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 02/2013; · 13.45 Impact Factor
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Hiroshi Watanabe,
Yohei Miyamoto,
Daisuke Honda,
Hisae Tanaka,
Qiong Wu,
Masayuki Endo,
Tsuyoshi Noguchi,
Daisuke Kadowaki,
Yu Ishima, Shunsuke Kotani,
Makoto Nakajima,
Keiichiro Kataoka,
Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama,
Motoko Tanaka,
Masafumi Fukagawa,
Masaki Otagiri,
Toru Maruyama
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ABSTRACT: The accumulation of p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), a uremic toxin, is associated with the mortality rate of chronic kidney disease patients; however, the biological functions and the mechanism of its action remain largely unknown. Here we determine whether PCS enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal tubular cells resulting in cytotoxicity. PCS exhibited pro-oxidant properties in human tubular epithelial cells by enhancing NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) activity. PCS also upregulated mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and active TGF-β1 protein secretion associated with renal fibrosis. Knockdown of p22(phox) or Nox4 expression suppressed the effect of PCS, underlining the importance of NADPH oxidase activation on its mechanism of action. PCS also reduced cell viability by increasing ROS production. The toxicity of PCS was largely suppressed in the presence of probenecid, an organic acid transport inhibitor. Administration of PCS for 4 weeks caused significant renal tubular damage in 5/6-nephrectomized rats by enhancing oxidative stress. Thus, the renal toxicity of PCS is attributed to its intracellular accumulation, leading to both increased NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production, which, in turn, triggers induction of inflammatory cytokines involved in renal fibrosis. This mechanism is similar to that for the renal toxicity of indoxyl sulfate.Kidney International advance online publication, 16 January 2013; doi:10.1038/ki.2012.448.
Kidney International 01/2013; · 6.61 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Treatment of an optically pure tartaric acid-derived diiodide and various secondary phosphine oxides with LHMDS provides the corresponding aryl group-modified DIOP dioxides (Ar-DIOPOs). The activities of Ar-DIOPOs as Lewis base catalysts were investigated for several asymmetric transformations using chlorosilane reagents. The p-tolyl-substituted DIOPO (p-tolyl-DIOPO) was most effective for the reductive aldol reaction of chalcone and aldehydes with trichlorosilane, whereas the 2,8-dimethylphenoxaphosphine-derived DIOPO (DMPP-DIOPO) afforded the best enantioselectivity for the phosphonylation of conjugated aldehydes and the chlorinative aldol reaction of an ynone and benzaldehyde.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 05/2012; 10(23):4562-70. · 3.70 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Trichlorosilyl triflate-promoted directed cross-aldol reaction between ketones in the presence of a chiral phosphine oxide as an organocatalyst is described. This is the first enantioselective cross-aldol reaction between simple ketones with good enantioselectivity.
Chemical Communications 04/2012; 48(44):5524-6. · 6.17 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Recently, p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) has been identified as a protein-bound uremic toxin. Moreover, the serum-free concentration of PCS, which is associated with its efficacy of hemodialysis, appears to be a good predictor of survival in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously found that PCS interacts with indoxyl sulfate (IS), another sulfate-conjugated uremic toxin, during renal excretion via a common transporter. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the interaction between PCS and IS on the binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Here, we used ultrafiltration to show that there is only one high-affinity binding site for PCS, with a binding constant on the order of 10(5) M(-1) (i.e., comparable to that of IS). However, a binding constant of the low-affinity binding site for PCS is 2.5-fold greater than that for IS. Displacement of a fluorescence probe showed that PCS mainly binds to site II, which is the high-affinity site for PCS, on HSA. This finding was further supported by experiments using mutant HSA (R410A/Y411A) that displayed reduced site II ligand binding. A Klotz analysis showed that there could be competitive inhibition between PCS and IS on HSA binding. A similar interaction between PCS and IS on HSA was also observed under the conditions mimicking CKD stage 4 to 5. The present study suggests that competitive interactions between PCS and IS in both HSA binding and the renal excretion process could contribute to fluctuations in their free serum concentrations in patients with CKD.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 04/2012; 40(7):1423-8. · 3.74 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Bulky tertiary amines, especially dicyclohexylisobutylamine, smoothly reduced α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of trichlorosilyl triflate to give the corresponding saturated ketones in excellent yields. Isotope-labeling studies revealed that an α-hydrogen of the amine was transferred to the enones during reduction.
Organic Letters 08/2011; 13(15):3968-71. · 5.86 Impact Factor
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Chemistry 05/2011; 17(29):7992-5. · 5.93 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Chiral lithium binaphtholate effectively catalyzed the enantioselective alkynylation of ketones using lithium acetylide as an alkynylating agent. This is the first example of the catalytic enantioselective addition of lithium acetylide to carbonyl compounds without the aid of other metal sources.
Chemical Communications 05/2011; 47(19):5614-6. · 6.17 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a recently identified anionic uremic toxin, is the main circulating metabolite of p-cresol. In cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD), it might be associated with cardiovascular outcomes and the progression of CKD. However, the renal excretion pathway of PCS is currently unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine whether organic anion transporters (OATs), which are renal tubular basolateral membrane transporters, play an important role in this process.
The uptake of PCS was investigated using rat renal cortical slices and human proximal tubular cells (HK-2). The active uptake velocity was calculated by subtracting the uptake velocity at 4°C (nonspecific uptake) from that at 37°C.
As evidenced by renal cortical slice experiments, the uptake of PCS was saturable with a mean K(m) of 231.6 μM, indicating that the active transport is involved in the basolateral uptake of PCS. Similar results were also observed in HK-2 cells. The active transport of PCS was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of OATs, such as probenecid, benzylpenicillin, p-aminohippuric acid and estrone sulfate. Similar inhibitions were observed in the presence of indoxyl sulfate and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionate, OATs substrates among uremic toxins. In contrast, digoxin and tetraethylammonium that did not interact with OATs had little inhibitory effect.
The findings of the present study strongly suggest that PCS serves as a substrate for OATs, is preferentially recognized by OAT3 and plays a key role in the renal tubular secretion process.
Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 02/2011; 26(8):2498-502. · 3.40 Impact Factor
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Chemistry - An Asian Journal 03/2010; 5(3):478-81. · 4.50 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Lycoperine A was synthesized through a highly convergent route in which a double alkylation of 2,6-dicyano-N-benzylpiperidine with the octahydroquinoline moiety gave the lycoperine skeleton. The octahydroquinoline was prepared by a desymmetrization reaction of 5-methylcyclohexane-1,3-dione. Hydrolysis, reductive amination, and cyclization gave lycoperine A in 13 steps and 3% overall yield. The absolute configuration of lycoperine A was assigned as 6R,6'R,8R,8'R,13S,17R.
Organic Letters 11/2009; 12(1):72-5. · 5.86 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Lewis bases such as Ph3P=O and HMPA catalyze the 1,4-reduction of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones with trichlorosilane, and because the 1,2-reduction of aldehydes scarcely proceeded under the conditions, one-pot reductive aldol reactions with aldehydes were successfully achieved; preliminary studies using a chiral Lewis base revealed a high potential for enantioselective catalysis.
Chemical Communications 10/2008; · 6.17 Impact Factor
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Synlett 01/2006; 2006(7):1116-1118. · 2.71 Impact Factor
