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ABSTRACT: The degradability characteristics of film with 4 kinds of starch acetate coated and inhibitors amended urea were analyzed by FTIR, which was purposed to supply theoretical basis for applying starch acetate coated urea fertilizers in farming. The result showed that the chemical component, molecule structure and material form of the membrane were not changed because of adding different inhibitors to urea. The main peaks of the film degradation process were brought by the H--O, --OH, CO2, C==O, --CH2, --CH3, C--O, C--O--H and C--O--C vibrancy in asymmetry and symmetry. In brown soil, the trend of absorbing value of the most high peak was 0>15>30>60>90>120>150>310 d. The infrared spectra of 4 kinds of fertilizers were not different remarkably, and the film was comparatively slowly degraded before 15 d. But a majority of the film had been already degraded after 150 days. The main components of film materials were degraded fastest in 310 days. The speed of film degradation wasn't more impacted by different inhibitors. The characteristic of starch acetate film degradation may be monitored entirely and degradation speed difference of the film could be represented through infrared spectrum.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 06/2012; 32(6):1519-25. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The degradability characteristics of film with 4 kinds of methyl methacrylate coated urea amended with inhibitors were analyzed by FITR, which was purposed to supply theoretical basis for applying the FITR analysis method to film decomposition and methyl methacrylate coated urea fertilizers on farming. The result showed that the chemical component, molecule structure and material form of the membrane were not changed because of adding different inhibitors to urea. the main peaks of expressing film degradation process were brought by the -C-H of CH3 & CH2, -OH, C-O, C-C, C-O-C, C=O, C=C flexing vibrancy in asymmetry and symmetry in 3 479-3 195, 2 993--2 873, 1 741-1 564, 1 461-925 and 850-650 cm(-1). The peak value changed from smooth to tip, and from width to narrow caused by chemical structural transform of film The infrared spectrum of 4 kinds of fertilizers was not different remarkably before 60 days, and the film was slowly degraded. But degradation of the film was expedited after 60 days, it was most quickened at 120 day, and the decomposition rate of film was decreased at 310 day. The substantiality change of film in main molecule structure of 4 kinds of fertilizers didn't happen in 310 days. The main component of film materials was degraded most slowly in brown soil. The speed of film degradation wasn't heavily impacted by different inhibitors. The characteristic of film degradation may be monitored entirely by infrared spectrum. The degradation dynamic, chemical structure change, degradation speed difference of the film could be represented through infrared spectrum.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 03/2012; 32(3):635-41. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Analysis of leaf reflectance can provide a rich source of information about plant physiological process, surface properties of the leaf, as well as internal structure. In the present paper, the changes of reflectance spectra and spectral indices for transgenic barley and non-transgenic control variety based on measurements of single leaf were studied. The results showed that the ratio spectra that calculated by dividing one reflectance spectrum of transgenic barley by its' non-transgenic counterpart spectra were better to illustrate fine differences among spectra of leaves from different barley varieties. Ratio spectra varied between each pairs, but for most ratio spectrum indicated the reflectance differences between transgenic barley and non-transgenic counterpart were most obvious in the red spectrum around the chlorophyll peak and red edge (650-700 nm) and nearly identical in the green spectrum near 550 nm and within the near infrared region (beyond 750 nm). Across the entire calculated spectrum, the changes of reflectance within the region from 650 to 700 nm seem to be very sensitive to respond to possible unintended effects of genetic modification. Six published reflectance indices, the red edge (lambdaRE), the modified normalized difference vegetation index (mND), the structure-independent pigment index (SIPI), the ratio of reflectance in the red and green regions of the spectrum (R(Red)/R(Green)), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the near-infrared reflectance at 800 nm (NIRR(800)) were used to make comparisons possible between species. The analyses of changes of these indices indicated that they were highly dependent on growth stages and barley varieties. Once indices described above have significant changes will mean that photosynthetic process, function and status of plants may be changed.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 01/2012; 32(1):204-8. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: After transgenic cotton residues incubated in soil 430 d, the contents and structural characteristics of soil humus fractions, fulvic acid, humic acid and humin were measured by potassium dichromate titrimetric method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that all soil humus fractions increased after the degradation of cotton residues, and the most relative increase was with humin and the least was with fulvic acid. Compared to their near-isogenic non-transgenic cottons, soil humus content for transgenic Bt cotton residue decreased, and that forr transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton Z41 was approximate, but that for transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton SGK321 increased. Infrared spectroscopy of fulvic acid, humic acid and humin showed the addition of cotton residue decreased the content of oxygenous groups, and increased the alkyl and amide groups. There were differences in the speed to form soil humus among three transgenic cottons. Transgenic Bt cotton was slower than its counterpart, transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton Z41 was approximate to its counterpart, but transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton SGK321 was faster than its counterpart.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 01/2011; 31(1):77-81. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The black soil, albic soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil in Northeast China were selected as research objects, and their mineral characteristics were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the mineral atlas of test soils were of montmorillonite type. Quartz was the main component of clay minerals in the four soils. Montmorillonite and high mountain stone had higher amounts in black soil and albic soil, and mica and high mountain stone were more in brown soil and cinnamon soil. Generally, the surface of mineral particles in black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil seems to be of laminarization with significant un-uniformity, and compared with black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil had more smooth surface. In contrast, the mineral particles in albic soil had distinct profile and smooth surface with some interstice. It was indicated that the components and characteristics of soil clay minerals could be analyzed by soil spectroscopy, and the related information to be obtained could be accurate and available.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 07/2010; 30(7):1918-21. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The infrared spectrum was used to discuss structure change of soil humus and components of chemical groups in soil humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) isolated from soils in different fertilization treatment after 26 year's fertilization. The result indicated that using the infrared spectroscopy method for the determination of humus, humus fractions (HA and FA) and their structure is feasible. Fertilization affected the structure and content of soil humus and aromatization degree. After 26 years' fertilization, the infrared spectrum shapes with different treatments are similar, but the characteristic peak intensity is obviously different, which reflects the effects of different fertilization treatments on the structure and amounts of soil humus or functional groups. Compared with no fertilization, little molecule saccharides decreased and aryl-groups increased under application of inorganic fertilizer or combined application of organic and chemical fertilizer. The effect was greater in Treatment NPK and M+NPK than in Treatment M1 N and M2 N. Organic and NPK fertilizer increased the development of soil and increased soil quality to a certain extent. Results showed that organic fertilization increased aromatization degree of soil humus and humus fractions distinctly. The authors could estimate soil humus evolvement of different fertilization with infrared spectroscopy.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 05/2010; 30(5):1210-3. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In the present paper, polylactic acid (PLA), poly (butylenes succinate) (PBS) and polycarbonate (PC) were selected as test coating materials, and the variations in their IR spectra under conditions of outdoor illumination and pot incubation were studied, aimed to approach the degradability of these coating materials under sunlight and in soil. The IR spectra showed that after 4 months under outdoor illumination and pot incubation with brown soil and black soil, all the test coating materials had definite variations in their structural configuration, being more obvious under pot incubation than under outdoor illumination, which suggested that the test materials were degradable, and the degradability was greater in soil than under sunlight. PC had the greatest degradability, followed by PLA, and PBS. The degradability of PLA and PC was greater in black soil than in brown soil, while that of PBS was reverse.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 02/2010; 30(2):323-6. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: After the potassium bichromate-strong sulfuric acid hot process, the ultraviolet spectrophotometer was used on the contrast with the traditional titrimetric method to analyze soil (51 years, 43 year, 32 year, 20 year vegetations restores in the Tenggeli sand) humus and the humus components content. At the same time, the infrared spectrum was used to discuss their structure change during restoring process. The result indicated that using the visible spectroscopy method for the determination of the humus and the humus component is feasible. The spectroscopy method determination of organic matter is better (coefficient of variation at most is 7.26%) than the traditional titrimetric method, as it is accurate, fast and simple, and favors large quantities. The result indicated that humus content presents increasing tendency along with restoring ages. Change is big in early restore time, and tends to be stable in the later period. Infrared spectrum shape is similar, but the characteristic peak intensity has obvious difference. Compared with the wind-drift sand, little molecule saccharides decrease and aryl-groups increase.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 01/2010; 30(1):179-83. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Coated fertilizer is a hot spot in the domain of fertilizer research. Related researches mainly focused on the action mechanisms of coating materials in controlling the nutrient release from coated fertilizers, but less information is available on the structural variation of the coating materials before and after spraying on fertilizers, which is the key to whether we can directly use coating materials to extrapolate its mechanisms in controlling coated fertilizers' nutrient release. With polylactic acid (PLA), poly (butynelenes succinate) (PBS), and polycarbonate (PC) as test materials, the variations of their IR spectra before and after spraying on urea fertilizer were determined, which was aimed to supply theoretical basis for further studying the action mechanisms of coating materials in controlling coated fertilizers nutrient release. The results showed that PLA and PC had less variation in their IR spectra before and after spraying on urea fertilizer, while PBS acted in reverse, suggesting that the former two coating materials could be directly used for studying the patterns of nutrient release from coated fertilizers.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 09/2009; 29(9):2361-4. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The ultraviolet absorption spectra of phenol and its derivatives were studied under water solution condition. The results show that the introduction of 2-, 3- and 4- substituent of group leads to a bathochromic shift of position of the maximum absorption wavelength lambda(max), and also increases the molar extinction coefficient epsilon(max). However, the extent of influence of substituent of group on lambda(max) and epsilon(max) differs with the introduction position. Compared with 2- and 3- substituent, the 4-substituent induces a bathochromic shift of lambda(max) and the increase of epsilon(max) more greatly, due to the more formation of conjugated structure between 4-substituent of group and benzene ring. The characteristics of 4-nitrophenol's lambda(max) and E(max) supply evidence that nitro is a better auxochrome for phenol derivatives. So UV methods were established for the determination of the contents of phenol derivatives. Using these methods, the adsorptive percentage of four phenol derivatives with epsilon(max) >10 000 was determined, which indicates that phenol derivatives have larger adsorptive percentage in soils with heavy texture, and the solution of inorganic compound with larger concentrations could increase its adsorptive percentage.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 08/2009; 29(8):2232-5. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: With the fluorescent compound conjugates substrates, soil xylanase and cellulose in a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment were measured on the base of 96 microplate and fluorescence detection, aiming at testing its feasibility in sacchariase activity measurement. The results show that sacchariase activity can be tested and the data exhibit better repeatability(coefficient of variability <= 4.879%). Compared with spectrophotometric assay, this method allows a large number of soil samples and/or enzymes to be analyzed in a short time accurately and conveniently. Soil xylanase activity tends to be greater at elevated CO2 which significantly increases in jointing, heading and ripening stages of wheat and in heading and ripening stages of rice (P < 0.05), and the crop metabolizes rapidly under FACE condition and soil microorganisms are affected, which causes elevation of xylanase acitivy. Compared with ambient CO2, soil cellulose activity decreased slightly under elevated CO2 but there was no significant difference between treatments, indicating the cellulose activity was not influenced intensively in a short time.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 06/2009; 29(5):1341-4. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The ultraviolet absorption spectra of pyrazoles and 1-carboxamidepyrazoles were studied. The results indicated that substitution in the 3 or the 5 position it leads to a bathochromic shift of the position of the maximum absorption by about 3-4 nm, whereas in the 4 position leads to a much larger bathochromic shift (> 10 nm). The introduction of carboxamide causes a bathochromic shift of the position of the maximum absorption by about 20-26 nm. Its also leads to an increase in molar extinction coefficient by about 2-3 times. So UV methods were established for determining the contents of pyrazoles and their derivations. Using these methods, the content of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in stabilized urea was determined to be 1.15% of urea-N, the hydrolytic half lives of 1-carboxamide-3-methylpyrazole (CMP) in water solution at 20, 25 and 30 degrees C were 48, 30 and 18 h, respectively, and the extraction percentage of nitrification inhibitor 3-methylpyrazole phosphate (MPP) in 3 soils by 3 different extractants were ranged from 63.2% to 89.2%.
Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu 04/2009; 29(3):781-5. · 0.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The agronomic, environmental, and ecological significances of applying nitrification inhibitor (NI) have been demonstrated by many researches, but the efficiency of NI application was affected by many factors. In this paper, the effects of NI on soil N transformation, nitrate leaching and greenhouse gases emission, fertilizer N use efficiency, yield and quality of agricultural products, and availability of soil nutrients besides N were reviewed, and the factors affecting the efficiency of NI application as well as the evaluation criteria of NI were summarized.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 08/2008; 19(7):1611-8.
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ABSTRACT: To improve the use efficiency of fertilizer N while alleviate its pollution is one of the keys in ensuring the high yield and good quality of agricultural products and the sustainable development of agriculture and environment, for which, applying nitrification inhibitors to retard the course of soil nitrification is an efficient measure. In this review, the definition, screening criteria, major varieties being widely used, and action mechanisms of nitrification inhibitors were introduced, and the existing problems and prospects in related researches were discussed.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 07/2008; 19(6):1389-95.
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ABSTRACT: With ventilating chamber, this paper measured the ammonia volatilization from a meadow brown soil rice field after N fertilization under different water conditions in lower Liaohe River Plain. The results showed that there was an obvious ammonia volatilization after N fertilization. The total ammonia volatilization during rice growth period was 11.64-34.01 kg N x hm(-2), accounting for 4.66%-11.66% of applied N. The volatilization loss of applied N at different growth stages followed the order of tillering stage > booting stage > before transplanting, and the peak was appeared at 2-4 days after N fertilization. Field water condition had a strong effect on ammonia volatilization. Under waterlogging, both the amount of total ammonia volatilization and the percentage of lost fertilizer N were higher, and the ammonia volatilization rate increased with increasing N application rate, being significantly different among different N levels (P < 0.05). Under un-waterlogging, the ammonia volatilization was relatively low. N application rate and the ammonium concentration and pH in surface water were the main factors affecting ammonia volatilization, while P application rate had little effect when the N application rate was 180 kg N x hm(-2).
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 01/2008; 18(12):2771-6.
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ABSTRACT: With aerobic incubation test, this paper studied the effects of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPZP) on soil nitrification, taking dicyandiamide (DCD) as reference. The results indicated that when the dosage was 1.0% of applied N, DMPZP could significantly inhibit the oxidation of soil ammonium, increase soil NH4+ -N concentration, and decrease soil NO3- -N concentration. The inhibitory effect of DMPZP increased with its increasing dosage. DCD showed a higher efficacy when its dosage was the same with DMPZP, but a lower efficacy when the DMPZP was applied two-fold. However, the efficacy of equimolar DMPZP was significantly higher than that of DCD, because of the smaller molecular weight of DCD. The highest inhibitory effect of DMPZP was observed during the period of 7-14 days after its application, with an inhibition rate higher than 30%. Compared with the control, the apparent inhibition rate was decreased by 29.3% and 41.7% on the 7th day, and by 18.6% and 34.3% on the 14th day when the application rate of DMPZP was 1.0% and 2.0% of applied N, respectively. DMPZP could also slow down the falling rate of soil pH, but no significant difference was observed between the treatments of applying DMPZP and DCD.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 06/2007; 18(5):1033-7.
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ABSTRACT: Aromatic compounds (ACs) in soil can induce competitive inhibition for soil NH3 oxidation, and nitrification inhibitors can be used to this end. A laboratory incubation experiment was performed with 12 nitroaromatic compounds (NACs), 15 amidoaromatic compounds (AACs) and 20 hydroxyaromatic compounds (HACs) to assess the inhibitory effects of ACs on soil nitrification. Based on these results, the critical and optimal concentrations of ACs were determined for better inhibitory effects. Most of the test ACs were able to inhibit soil nitrification; the effectiveness differed with soil type. Among the ACs, the NACs with m-nitryl, amino or hydroxyl and the AACs with a nitro group or a chlorine atom on aromatic ring or with a p-hydroxyl were more effective. 3-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol and 3-nitrophenol showed the greatest potential as nitrification inhibitors. The critical concentration of these compounds in brown soil and cinnamon soil was found to be 0.5 mg kg−1 soil. Due to the toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of ACs, further toxicological and ecotoxicological research is necessary before ACs are used as nitrification inhibitors in agricultural and horticultural practices.
Pedosphere.
