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ABSTRACT: Purpose: Investigation the influence of kind of PVD coatings structure (homogenous or gradient) on properties of deposited tool materials: cemented carbides and cermets.Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of the structure, analysis of the mechanical and functional properties: surface roughness, microhardness tests, scratch tests, cutting tests. The Ti(C,N) gradient coating was investigated by XPS method with multifunctional PHI 5700/660 spectrometer. The characteristic of surface region coating were determined from XPS depth profile. X-ray qualitative phase analysis and the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) was employed to collect the detailed information about phase composition of investigated material’s surface layer. Microstructural of investigations substrates and coatings by transmission electron miocroscopy (TEM) were done.Findings: Results of the investigation the influence of PVD coatings structure (homogenous or gradient) and kind on properties of coated tool materials: cemented carbides and cermets are given in the paper. Coatings are characterized by dense, compact structure, there have been identified no pores, fractures and discontinuities. The coatings were deposited uniformly onto the investigated substrate materials and show a characteristic columnar, fine-graded structure. The results of roughness, microhardness and cutting tests confirm the advantages of the PVD coatings. The coatings deposited onto the investigated substrates are characterised by good adhesion and causes increasing of wear resistance. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) in the investigated coatings were used to describe the structure and gradient character of the coatings.Practical implications: Deposition of hard, thin, gradient coatings on materials surface by PVD method features one of the most intensely developed directions of improvement of the working properties of materials.Originality/value: New techniques of gradient coatings deposition is one of the most spectacular aspect of the materials engineering development in the last years. The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction method (GIXRD) in the investigated coatings were used to describe the gradient character of the coatings.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 01/2010;
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ABSTRACT: Purpose: The goal of this work is to investigate and compare the properties of (Ti,Al)N, Ti(C,N) and (Ti,Al,Si)N coatings, deposited on cemented carbide and cermet substrates.Design/methodology/approach: Coatings deposition were carried out using the PVD method by the cathodic arc evaporation (CAE) process. Investigations of surfaces and structures of the deposited coatings were carried out with use of SEM and TEM methods. Roughness parameter measurements, adhesion evaluation of the coatings on the investigated inserts, the Vickers microhardness measurements and detailed cutting tests were carried out to compare the properties of the investigated materials.Findings: The results of the investigations carried out confirm the advantages of PVD coatings deposited onto both: cemented carbides and cermets, especially in case of (Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Al,Si)N coatings. Coatings deposited onto the investigated substrates are characterised by good adhesion, high microhardness, taking effect in very high increasing of wear resistance.Practical implications: Deposition of hard, thin, multicomponent coatings on materials surface by PVD method features one of the most intensely developed directions of improvement of the working properties of materials. Employment of introduced combinations of substrates and coatings make it possible to transit of machining of semi-products from roughing to semi-finishing or finishing in one setting.Originality/value: Coatings based on (Ti,Al)N, (Ti,Al,Si)N as well as Ti(C,N) were developed to provide better performance over titanium nitride since the incorporation of aluminum or carbon in TiN increased hardness, decreased coefficient of friction of the coatings. Tools with such coatings reveal a significant life extension in service compared to the uncoated tools or coated with simple coatings based on monolayers of nitrides or carbonitrides, improvement of the tribological contact conditions in the tool-chip-machined material contact zone, and protection of the tool edge from oxidation and extensive overheating.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. 01/2010;
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ABSTRACT: Purpose: This paper presents investigation of gradient coating of (Ti,Al,Si)N deposited on the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide ceramics substrate deposited with the PVD process.Design/methodology/approach: Structure of substrate and coating was investigated with use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM); The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry (AES) examinations was carried out for proving the gradient character of the (Ti,Al,Si)N coating. The investigation includes also microhardness and roughness tests of the deposited coating and used substrate. Scratch test results was analysed to introduce adherence of the investigated coating.Findings: Gradient structure and main properties of the investigated materials were introduced. It has been stated, that properties of the coated with gradient (Ti,Al,Si)N coating oxide tool ceramic increase in comparison with uncoated material.Practical implications: Depositing the wear resistant gradient coating onto the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic results in a significant increase of the surface layer microhardness, contributing most probably in this way in machining to the decrease of the wear intensity of cutting tools’ flanks made from the Al2O3+SiC(w) oxide tool ceramic.Originality/value: Gradient coatings are an innovative idea. The composition, microstructure and properties of gradient materials change continuously from the surface to the interior of the material.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 01/2009;
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ABSTRACT: Purpose: The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) and Auger Electrons Spectroscopy (AES) analysis of PVD coatings were performed for samples, made from cemented carbides, cermets and composite gradient tool materials.Design/methodology/approach: The Ti(C,N) gradient coating was investigated by XPS and AES method with multifunctional PHI 5700/660 spectrometer. The characteristic of surface region coating were determined from XPS depth profile. The transition region between Ti(C,N) coating and substrate was analyzed by AES method as line profile.Findings: The coating consists mainly of TiC and TiN compound. The oxygen impurities of investigated coating is below 2%. The “fresh” surface of Ti(C,N) coating is covered by thin films TiO2. There was observed homogeneous distribution of carbon, titanium and nitrogen elements in the surface region. The ratio of C/N obtained for surface region is characteristic for deposited coating. The transition region is also homogeneous between coating and cermet substrate.Practical implications: PVD deposition techniques making it possible to obtain surface layers with the varying thickness values, respectively, with the structure changing across the layer depth along with the change of its chemical or phase compositions for improvement of its properties, and especially for the advantageous combination of the very high abrasion wear resistance of the surface along with the relatively high ductility of the core of materials used for, respectively, blanking tools and for hot working, profile cutting tools with ductility high enough and for the heavy duty very high speed cutting tools.Originality/value: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are an excellent tools for performing surface analysis and for determining elemental composition as a function of depth. AES or XPS analyzes the residual surface left after a certain sputtering time with rare gas ions. In this way composition depth profiles can be obtained that provide a powerful means for analyzing worked layers, modified layers, thin films, multiple-layered coatings, lubricants, reaction film products, transferred films, and their interfaces.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 01/2008;
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ABSTRACT: Purpose: The main aim of researches was investigation of structure and properties of the (Ti,Al,Si)N gradient wear resistant coatings.Design/methodology/approach: The structural investigations include the metallographic analysis on the transmission and scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, glow-discharge optical emission spectroscope GDOES, auger electron spectroscope (AES) and using the X-ray diffractometer. The investigations include also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the materials: substrate hardness tests and microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings as well as cutting properties.Findings: Deposition of the multicomponent gradient coatings with the PVD method, based on the Al and Si solid secondary solution in the TiN titanium nitride, isomorphous with the alternating pure titanium nitride TiN, on tools made from oxide, nitride ceramics and tool cermets, results in the increase of mechanical properties in comparison with uncoated tool materials, deciding thus the improvement of their working properties.Practical implications: Deposition of (Ti,Al,Si)N nanocrystalline coatings by the use of PVD method causes the increase of cutting properties of tools made of cermets for ca. 300% and of Al2O3+ZrO2 for ca. 100% comparing to adequately uncoated tools.Originality/value: Comparison of the wide range of modern sintered tool materials with wide unique set of PVD coatings.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. 01/2008;
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ABSTRACT: Purpose: This paper presents investigation results of the properties of the multicomponent (Ti,Al)N and gradient Ti(C,N) wear resistant coatings, deposited with the PVD process onto the substrate from the cemented carbides, cermets and Al2O3+TiC type oxide tool ceramics.Design/methodology/approach: The methodology includes analysis of the mechanical and functional properties. The Ra parameter was assumed to be the value describing surface roughness. The microhardness tests using the Vickers method were made with use of dynamic ultra microhardness tester. The measurements were made in the „load - unload” mode. Tests of the coatings adhesion to the substrate material was made with use of the scratch test. Surface roughness tests were done both before depositing the coatings and after completing the PVD process. Cutting properties of the investigated materials were determined based on the technological continuous cutting tests of the EN-GJL-250 grey cast iron.Findings: Main properties of the investigated materials were introduced. It has been stated, that properties of the cemented carbides, cermets and oxide tool ceramics with deposited multicomponent (Ti,Al)N and gradient Ti(C,N) PVD coatings increase in comparison with uncoated material. Multiple increase of tool life result among other things from almost double increase of microhardness of PVD coated materials in comparison with uncoated cemented carbides, cermets and oxide tool ceramics, increasing of thermal and chemical wear resistance and improving of chip formation and removing process’ conditions.Practical implications: Pro-ecological dry cutting processes without the use of the cutting fluids and in the „Near-Net-Shape” technology.Originality/value: Application of multicomponent (Ti,Al)N and gradient Ti(C,N) types of coatings onto sintered tool materials in order to improve cutting properties of tools.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 01/2007;
