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ABSTRACT: The size and shape of the thyroid gland is subject to much variation, as stated by Wood Jones. Literature is replete with a large number of variations of the gland. By utilizing various techniques like gross dissection, histology, developmental anatomy, and recently thyroid scans and scintigraphy, some common and certain rare anomalies of the thyroid with their possible developmental bases are described in the literature. An attempt has been made to study the thyroid glands in 90 male cadavers available in our department, with ages ranging from 60 to 75 years with mean height of 5'4". The parameters that were observed included the length and width of lobes, presence or absence of pyramidal lobe, levator glandulae thyroideae, and isthmus with its relation to the tracheal rings. The average length of the right lobe was 4.32 cm, and the left lobe was 4.22 cm. The thickness of the right lobe was 1.13 cm, and the left lobe was 1.18 cm. Pyramidal lobe was present in 34 (37.77%) cases, frequently arising from the left lobe, while the levator glandulae thyroideae was present in 27 (30%) instances, mostly attached superiorly to the body of the hyoid bone. The isthmus was absent in 15 (16.66%) cases; its relation with the tracheal rings greatly varied from the cricoid cartilage to the fourth tracheal ring. Knowledge of variations of the thyroid assumes significance as this has relevance in the resection of thyroid, tumours, and tracheostomy.
Folia morphologica 02/2010; 69(1):47-50. · 0.52 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Information on anatomy of intrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic vein openings in it is limited.
We studied the retrohepatic segment of IVC and hepatic vein openings in it in 69 livers obtained from cadavers. The retrohepatic portion of the IVC was opened posteriorly by a vertical cut, the exposed surface was divided into 12 quadrants and the position, size, and septation of ostia of hepatic veins and any accessory openings were charted; measurements were made using Vernier calipers.
The median length of the intrahepatic IVC was 5.7 (range 3.3-8.2) cm and its median diameter was 2.3 (range 1.5-3.0) cm. The superior (major) set of hepatic veins comprised of two veins (right and left-middle) in 45 (65%) cases, three veins (right, middle, and left) in 23 (33%) and four veins in one (2%) case. Median diameter of the right hepatic vein was 1.5 (range 0.8-2.7) cm and that of left hepatic vein was 1.2 (0.7-2.6) cm. Middle hepatic vein, when separate, had a median diameter of 1.1 (range 0.5-1.5) cm. The inferior (minor) set of hepatic veins had two to 16 (median 7) veins.
Our data provide information on number, size, position, and septation of hepatic vein openings into the IVC. This information may be useful to hepatologists, hepatic surgeons while planning segmental resection of the liver, and to radiologists planning diagnostic and interventional procedures on hepatic venous system.
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 12/2009; 28(6):216-20.
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ABSTRACT: A sound knowledge of the normal and variant liver anatomy is a prerequisite to having a favourable surgical outcome. Knowledge of the commonly-occurring variations assumes even more significance in the era of diagnostic imaging and minimally-invasive surgical approaches. Although the segmental anatomy of the liver has been extensively researched, very few studies have dealt with the surface variations of the liver.
90 formalin-fixed livers were utilised for the study. Variations regarding the shapes of the caudate and the quadrate lobes as well as the normal fissures were observed. The presence of the accessory fissures and any other variations on the surface of the livers were noted.
Varied shapes of the caudate and the quadrate lobes were encountered. Notching along the inferior border of the caudate lobe was seen in 18 percent of livers, a vertical fissure was observed in 30 percent, and prominent papillary process was seen in 32 percent. Accessory fissures and grooves were more common in the right lobe. Multiple prominent vertical grooves were observed on the anterosuperior surface of the liver in six percent of livers. Quadrate lobe was absent in four percent, and in two cases, it was found to be deeply buried. Presence of a pons hepatis, bridging the left and the quadrate lobes, was observed in 30 percent of the livers examined.
Our study is expected to serve as a guide for proper interpretations of liver images using various imaging modalities. It will also be useful to the operating surgeons to be aware of the frequently-occurring morphological variations on the liver surface.
Singapore medical journal 08/2009; 50(7):715-9. · 0.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Peroneus tertius (PT) muscle is peculiar to man, and man is the only member among the primates in whom this muscle occurs. The muscle is variable in its development and attachment. Because of functional demands of bipedal gait and plantigrade foot, part of extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) has migrated upwards into the leg from the dorsum of foot. PT is a muscle that evolution is rendering more important. In a total of 110 cadavers, extensor compartment of leg and dorsum of foot were dissected in both the lower limbs and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and PT muscles were dissected and displayed. PT was found to be absent in 10.5% limbs, the incidence being greater on the right side. The remaining limbs in which the PT muscle was present had a very extensive origin from lower 3/4th of extensor surface of fibula (20% on right and in 17% on left), and the EDL was very much reduced in size. In approximately 12%, the tendon of PT was thick or even thicker than the tendon of EDL. In 4%, the tendon extended beyond fifth metatarsal up to metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe, and in 1.5%, it extended up to the proximal phalanx of little toe. In two cases (both on the right side), where PT was absent, it was replaced by a slip from lateral margin of EDL. We conclude that PT, which is preeminently human, is extending its purchase both proximally and distally.
Clinical Anatomy 11/2006; 19(7):611-4. · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Peroneus tertius (PT) muscle is peculiar to man, and man is the only member among the primates in whom this muscle occurs. The muscle is variable in its development and attachment. Because of functional demands of bipedal gait and plantigrade foot, part of extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) has migrated upwards into the leg from the dorsum of foot. PT is a muscle that evolution is rendering more important. In a total of 110 cadavers, extensor compartment of leg and dorsum of foot were dissected in both the lower limbs and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and PT muscles were dissected and displayed. PT was found to be absent in 10.5% limbs, the incidence being greater on the right side. The remaining limbs in which the PT muscle was present had a very extensive origin from lower 3/4th of extensor surface of fibula (20% on right and in 17% on left), and the EDL was very much reduced in size. In ˜12%, the tendon of PT was thick or even thicker than the tendon of EDL. In 4%, the tendon extended beyond fifth metatarsal up to metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe, and in 1.5%, it extended up to the proximal phalanx of little toe. In two cases (both on the right side), where PT was absent, it was replaced by a slip from lateral margin of EDL. We conclude that PT, which is preeminently human, is extending its purchase both proximally and distally. Clin. Anat. 19:611–614, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical Anatomy 09/2006; 19(7):611 - 614. · 1.29 Impact Factor
